Toon cultivation and management technology
1. Seedling cultivation Toon seedlings can be cultivated using two methods: asexual propagation and sexual propagation. Asexual propagation is commonly used by the masses to raise seedlings by root tillers and branch cuttings. The method is simple and easy to manage, but the reproduction coefficient is small, making it difficult to quickly provide large quantities of seedlings. Large-scale off-season production of toon buds in solar greenhouses requires a large and concentrated amount of seedlings. Seed propagation and cultivation are generally used or tissue culture technology is used for rapid propagation. However, the latter has not yet been put into actual use in actual production. Therefore, sowing seeds for sexual cultivation The method of propagating seedlings is the main way in current production.
Seed nursery: ①Selection and treatment of seeds: Try to choose fresh seeds whose climate and other growing conditions are similar to those of the local area. Before sowing, the germination rate must be measured according to the prescribed method. ② Seed soaking and germination: Toon seeds must be soaked and germinated before sowing. The method depends on the production conditions. What is more difficult to achieve is constant temperature germination after seed soaking. If the conditions are poor, the following method can be used: put warm water (30-40°C) that is about three times the volume of the seeds into the container, pour the seeds into the container and stir continuously. When the water temperature drops to 25°C, replace it with new warm water and rub it lightly. Wash, then change to warm water and keep them warm for 12 hours, then take out the seeds, drain the water, mix them with 2-3 volumes of wet sand, put them in a heated kang or greenhouse for germination, and adjust the temperature in time (around 25°C) ) and humidity (the humidity of the sand is suitable for holding it in a ball but not dripping). It can be sown after about 1 week when 30% of the seeds are white. ③ Sowing at the right time: Toon likes warmth and is sensitive to low temperatures. The temperature at which the buds germinate is about 8-12°C, and it can grow normally above 14°C. The suitable sowing period for spring toon is generally from the end of March to the beginning of April. If covered with mulch after sowing, the sowing date can be appropriately advanced. Choose a fertile, loose, and well-illuminated plot for the nursery. Pour enough water before sowing. Rake the soil in time when it becomes dry. Dig the trench at a row spacing of 25 × 30 cm. The width of the trench is 5-6 cm. After sowing in the ditch, cover it with 1 cm thick fluvoid. The sowing density is 3-4 kg per mu, and about 15,000 seedlings per mu can be preserved. ④Seedling management: The seeds will begin to emerge about 7 days after sowing without mulch covering, and it will take about half a month for all the seedlings to emerge. Covering with mulch can speed up seedling emergence, but care must be taken to prevent high temperature damage. When the seedlings start to dig into the soil, break the membrane in time to release the seedlings, and tighten the opening of the membrane to release the seedlings. At this time, the root system of the seedlings is not developed, and the sowing cover is shallow, so they are most afraid of water shortage and cold. When there are three true leaves, they need to be irrigated once. It is best to spray warm water at 15-20℃. After the seedlings reach a height of 5 cm, the amount of watering should be appropriately reduced. Pay attention to tilling to loosen the soil and weeding, and spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves. Carry out thinning when there are 4-5 leaves. After thinning, strengthen water and fertilizer management to cultivate strong seedlings. June to August is the period of rapid growth of seedlings, which is also a critical period for cultivating strong seedlings. During this period, topdressing of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be combined with irrigation, and combined with foliar fertilization to promote the lignification of seedlings and improve their cold resistance to form Plump terminal buds. In order to cultivate strong seedlings and prevent the seedlings from growing excessively during the rainy season, the seedlings will be dwarfed after June to lay a good foundation for transition to greenhouse production after autumn. It is currently believed that using paclobutrazol to treat toon seedlings has the best effect. The method is: use 15% paclobutrazol 200-400 times solution from mid-to-late July on perennial seedlings from the end of June, and spray 2-3 times in succession every 10-15 days to control Leggy, early topping and dwarfing, increasing dry matter accumulation.
2． Transplanting (1) Transplanting of seedlings for both vegetable and vegetable use: For the development of courtyard economy and ecological construction of returned farmland, large seedlings can be transplanted appropriately. Choose strong seedlings with a diameter of more than 1 cm and a plant height of more than 1 meter before the leaves sprout in spring. plant. The tree pit should be dug as large as possible, with a diameter of 1 meter and a depth of 0.8-1 meter. Apply enough fertilizer and irrigate in time. Saplings transplanted in autumn should be filled with enough overwintering water before freezing, and proper anti-freezing measures should be taken for the saplings.
(2) Transplanting vegetable seedlings in greenhouses: Seedlings used in greenhouses in warm winters are usually transplanted after the leaves fall in late autumn (before the first frost in mid-to-late October) when the daily average temperature is 3-5°C. First prepare the soil, fertilize, and make borders, plant in large and small rows, and straighten out the root system. For example, when making borders in the north-south direction, small seedlings should be in the south and large seedlings in the north. The spacing between planting plants is generally 15-20 cm, the width of the border is 1 meter, 3 rows are planted in each border, and the density is about 8000-10000 plants per acre.
3. Production management technology (1) Toon in the open field For vegetable toon, the soil must be weeded and loosened every year, especially for toon trees planted on converted farmland. Organic fertilizers and appropriate amounts of nitrogen fertilizer must be applied in combination with the loosened soil, and single plants should be planted (1-2×0.2 -0.5m) or cluster planting (2×0.5-1m, 3-5 plants per hole). Plant types are cultivated according to actual conditions. Commonly used plant types are multi-layered, broom type, dwarf jungle type, shrub type, etc. , promote branching and growth, and increase bean sprout yield. Toon is used as bud material, the density can be determined according to actual conditions, and toon buds should not be harvested within 2 to 3 years after planting. Remove the top of the tree when it is more than 3 meters tall to promote side branches.
(2) Temperature control of toon in greenhouses: The toon buds produced when the temperature is controlled at 18-25℃ are of the best quality. When the local temperature reaches 18℃ in late spring or early summer, the covering film must be removed in time to allow the saplings to grow. Receive natural sunlight.
Temperature control: Moisture management should be moderate. Note that if the seedlings are too wet, the seedlings will rot, and if they are too dry, they will be stunted. For ground humidity, it is better to knead the seedlings into balls with your hands and let go to spread them into grains.
Fertilization management: In addition to sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers as base fertilizer, Chinese toon has higher requirements for potassium fertilizer. For each 200 square meter greenhouse, 2 kilograms of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 50 kilograms of plant ash need to be added.
Topping branches: The seedlings moved into the greenhouse after falling leaves in autumn are not topping temporarily, so that they can produce the first crop of toon buds, and can perform photosynthesis during growth to promote root growth. The second crop of toon can be harvested. When budding, top and set the pole, which can be cut 40 cm above the ground. After setting the pole, spray paclobutrazol once to promote dwarfing and branch development. In the future, every time you pick toon buds, you must top them according to the tree's development to ensure more branches and more buds.
Pest and disease control: Toona in greenhouses are generally pest-free. In order to produce high-quality green products, it is strictly forbidden to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides with residual toxicity. Air disinfection can be carried out using artificial high-voltage discharge and lightning technology, once every 10 days, in three places at the same time in a greenhouse, which has the effect of killing insects and sterilizing and promoting production. The main diseases in field production are: root rot, leaf rust, dry blight, and powdery mildew. Insect pests include brown-edge green moth, cloud-spotted longhorn beetle, etc. You can irrigate the roots with zinc, spray Bordeaux mixture, ammonium, etc. at the base of the roots. Use lime sulfur mixture and powder rust to control leaf rust. Use thiophanate and zinc chloride, glycerin or 10% alkaline water to prevent dry blight. Use lime sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture, and antibacterial powder to control powdery mildew. Pests can be trapped with lights or sprayed with malathion, dichlorvos, etc.
Bagging technology to promote quality: after the greenhouse is removed, the Chinese toon grows under natural sunlight. It develops quickly and is prone to fibrosis, which affects its quality. In order to improve product quality and ensure the crispy characteristics of the toon buds, when the toon buds grow to about 5 cm, they can be put in a black and red two-layer polyethylene film bag to grow in isolation. When they grow to 15 cm, remove the bag and remove it. The outer bag can be used over and over again.
(3) Toona sprouts: In addition, toona sprouts produced from toon seeds have developed rapidly in recent years. The sprouts are more tender in quality and can be eaten with the roots after cleaning. In addition, the production is generally Using soilless cultivation, it is safe and pollution-free, and is not limited by external conditions. It has a short growth cycle and high yield efficiency. Sprouts are nutritious, suitable for annual factory production, and have great development potential.
Production of toona buds in greenhouses
Toon seedlings can be raised from seeds, root tillers, root cuttings and tissue seedlings. The seed nursery technology is briefly introduced as follows:
1. Nursery preparation: Choose a high-dry plot with fertile soil, good ventilation, and drainage and irrigation for the nursery. Toon should not be used in nurseries on land with heavy clay soil, high water table and former solanaceous crops. Apply 4000-5000 kilograms of decomposed farmyard fertilizer per acre, and at the same time, apply 30-40 kilograms each of superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer. 50-75 kg of multi-component compound fertilizer can also be used as base fertilizer. After fertilization, it should be dug deeply into the soil to avoid direct contact of the seeds with the fertilizer. Where there are many underground pests, apply 3% erysipelas furans and spray 5% phoxim. The seedbed is 1.2 meters wide, and the land is carefully prepared and leveled for sowing. 2. Seed treatment: Red toon has a stronger fragrance, so red toon No. 1 seeds can be used to raise seedlings. Before sowing, you can soak it in warm water for 4-6 hours, then soak it in clean water for 10 hours, then put it in a wet sack and place it at 20-25°C for germination. Rinse with warm water once a day and turn the seeds. After 7-10 days, when a small number of seeds crack, they can be sown. If sown in severe winter or early spring, germination is generally not required.
3. Sowing seeds: It is generally appropriate to sow seeds in March. There are 110,000 toona seeds per kilogram, and the dosage of seeds per mu is 2-3 kilograms.
Drill sowing can be used, with row spacing of 25 cm. After sowing, cover with 1-1.5 cm of fine soil and flatten lightly. In order to maintain a certain humidity, it needs to be covered with straw, straw or dry livestock manure. It can also be covered with plastic film, but attention should be paid to high temperature burns. When 50% of the seedlings are unearthed, you can remove the straw and other materials on rainy days. Seedlings can also be raised in small sheds.
4. Nursery management: Toon is not tolerant to sunlight when it is young, so tall crops such as corn can be planted to provide shade. During drought, irrigation can infiltrate the roots. Flood irrigation should be avoided. Toon should not be waterlogged. Drainage ditches should be cleared in a timely manner. In order to promote the growth of seedlings, 0.2-0.3% urea can be applied. After May, 10 kilograms of urea can be used per acre. Combined with drought resistance, large amounts of water and fertilizer can be applied. In mid-August, 10-15 kilograms of potassium sulfate can be applied per acre to accelerate the woodiness of seedlings. change.
After all the seedlings are in place, the work of determining the seedlings should be stepped up. Dating of seedlings needs to be done in multiple stages. There are about 15,000 seedlings per acre of nursery land. There are 0.8 to 12,000 first- and second-grade seedlings per mu of nursery land.
5. Prevention and control of pests and diseases: If the seedlings are infected with root rot (blight out), you can water the roots with 50% zinc or 70% dimethon 800 times. Pay attention to the occurrence of leaf rust and powdery mildew, and spray with 15% triadimefon 800. Also be wary of the occurrence of toon caterpillars.
Toona sinensis seedling cultivation technology
1. Select the site and fertilize. For seedlings, fertile loam or sandy loam soil should be selected as the seedling land. The seedling raising time is generally between the spring equinox and Qingming Festival. First prepare the land to make a border, which runs east-west and is 1-1.2 meters wide. The length varies from place to place. Apply 10,000 kilograms of soil fertilizer and 100-200 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer per acre on the border, then dig it into the soil, level it and rake it finely, and 4 days before sowing. -Irrigate for 6 days to create ridges, insert arch strips, cover with film to increase temperature, and then sow.
Seed treatment: 3-5 days before sowing, mix the seeds with two cool and one boiling water into warm water, soak the seeds for 15-20 hours, take them out, put them into a cloth bag or container, and leave them for 25-30 Under the conditions of ℃, germination is carried out. After one-third of the seeds are white, the seeds can be sown. Germination should not be too long, otherwise it will be easy to break during sowing and the emergence rate will be low. The seed amount per acre is 2.5-3 kg.
Sowing: Generally drill sowing is used. First, draw a sowing trench 3 cm deep and 25-30 cm row spacing. Then pour small amounts of water. After the water seeps in, spread the germinated seeds evenly into the trench. , and then cover with 1.5-2 cm of fine sandy soil, and cover with film after sowing. After 2-4 leaves have grown, ventilation can be done appropriately at noon on a sunny day without wind. If the soil is short of water and drought, spray or water in time, and pay attention to weeding and thinning during the process. When the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, the film can be removed to allow the seedlings to fully receive light to promote healthy growth of the seedlings.
2. Transplanting and colonization. Toona seedlings can be transplanted and planted when they reach a height of 10 cm and have 8-9 leaves. The time is from late May to early June. At this time, the transplant survival rate is higher. By transplanting, the radicle is injured to weaken the main root and promote the vigorous growth of lateral roots. This can also control the plant height and increase the stem thickness.
Chinese toon is a very light-loving crop, and whether the seedlings are strong or not is greatly affected by density. The density is different, and the light intensity within the group varies greatly. If the density is high and the light is insufficient, the seedlings are easy to grow leggy, the stems are thin but not strong, and the seedlings cannot form strong. Therefore, the density should not be too high when planting. Generally, it is appropriate to plant 6,000-7,000 plants per acre. In order to give the seedlings a larger nutritional area and sufficient light, they can cultivate strong seedlings. The spacing between rows of plants is 20*50 cm or the distance between large and small rows is 20*40-60 cm. Planting in large and small rows is easy to manage. Water the seedbed 3-4 days before transplanting. When transplanting, try to keep the seedlings' roots covered with soil to increase their survival rate. When planting, water in holes or ditches. During the process of slowing down the seedlings, pay attention to frequent spraying or dripping water. After the seedlings are slowed down, start pouring water.
3. Fertilizer and water management. Strengthening fertilizer and water management is also an important measure to cultivate strong seedlings. Therefore, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before planting. Generally, 2000-3000 kilograms of soil fertilizer per mu and 50-60 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer are used as base fertilizer. As for top dressing, in principle, top dressing should be done once after slowing down the seedlings, that is, in mid-to-late June, 10-15 kg of urea and 20 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per acre should be applied by digging a ditch and watering after application. After mid-July, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves 1-2 times. After late August, start controlling water and fertilizer to promote the lignification process.
Toona sinensis has fleshy roots and has high requirements for soil aeration. It likes water and is afraid of waterlogging. In rainy conditions, if drainage is not timely, root retting should be prevented. Drainage should be done in time after heavy rain to prevent water accumulation, but watering should be paid attention to during drought.
4. Dwarfing of seedlings. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, it is necessary to carry out chemical control and dwarfing treatment during field planting to meet the requirements of off-season planting in greenhouses. The chemical control uses metrophin with a concentration of 100-125 times. Spray the leaves on the leaves when the seedlings are 40-50 cm tall. Spray again about 15 days after the first spray, and stop in late August. Dwarfing by topping has an impact on the lignification of seedlings and the terminal buds are not plump, so it is generally not suitable to be used.
5. Pick leaves and ventilate them. Starting from late July, remove some of the leaves at the base of the seedling stems to reduce blindness to facilitate ventilation and cultivate strong seedlings. The method is to gradually remove one-third to one-half of the compound leaves from the base of the seedling stem. It can not only promote the lignification of seedlings, but also achieve the purpose of dwarfing. When picking old leaves, be careful not to damage the stems of the seedlings. Leave 1-2 small leaves from the base of the pinnate leaves and pinch or cut them off. The plucked leaves can also be eaten to increase income.
6. Pest and disease control. The main pests include thorn moths, bridge-building insects, autumn caterpillars and red spider mites, which can be controlled with 40% Lesbon 1500 times or 1% insecticide 1000 times. Leaf rust, powdery mildew, etc. can be controlled with 86.2% copper master or 25% triadimefon 1000 times liquid. Black stem disease can be controlled with 300-500 times liquid Shuangxiang Ling or dry coating with Thiram. Paramecium scale insects can be treated by spraying 40% poisonous silk book 1000 times.
7. Fake implants. Toona seedlings in the field have grown to a later stage. In order to protect them from frost and meet the toona's low-temperature dormancy requirements, they need to be planted fake. The time for fake planting is usually before the onset of frost. Generally, in late October, toon seedlings are first raised from the field. When raising the seedlings, attention should be paid to keeping the root system intact. The seedlings should be raised with leaves, and the seedlings should be raised and fake planted at the same time. When planting, dig a trench 1.5 meters wide and 0.7 meters deep in a cool place, plant the seedlings upright or tilted in the trench, cover the seedlings with soil, then water them, and cover them with straw thatch or grass thatch. To protect against frost. It will be transplanted into the greenhouse in early November.