The earliest audience in China was Xuan Di, the mother of Qin during the Warring States Period. In 306 BC, King Zhao of Qin succeeded to the throne at the age of 17, and his mother, Empress Xuan, began her regency career for 4 1 year in the name of her youngest son, which opened the way for the harem to participate in politics. & shy;
The queen mother's regency began in the state of Qin during the Warring States period. According to historical records, Qin Zhaowang's mother, Empress Xuan, was young, and Empress Xuan knew things. Wei Ran, whose mother and brother are the same, was appointed as the general, and he was appointed as the prime minister. The queen mother's regency began here. "Xuan queen is the first woman in power in China. ?
When Xuan Di was in power, it also brought negative influence to Qin. Externally, in order to consolidate the power position of the descendants in the State of Qin, Wei Ran adopted the strategy of seeking further from the near to expand his private fief. Internally, he opposed Qin's long-term implementation of the Keqing system, which enabled family members to master the power inside and outside the court. Hua Yangjun, for example, became a general at first and then a prime minister. Both Gao and Jingyang Jun hold important positions and participate in the state affairs. With the expansion of the territory of Qin State, the influence of Empress Xuan's family in the imperial court also expanded. They are the largest landlords in the country, and they practice dictatorship in Korea, which weakens the power and centralization of the monarch. At that time, people called Anghou, Hua Yangjun, Gaolingjun and Jingyangjun "Four big noble". Thinking of your family is "rich in the royal family" and even "jealous of the virtuous and talented, guarding the lower part of the house and making personal affairs". Queen Xuan's coming to power, to a certain extent, led to the haze of domestic politics, and there were different decrees. & shy;
In the past 40 years, Empress Xuan has been the supreme ruler of Qin, forming a situation in which Qin only knows that there are "Empress Dowager, Anhou, Gaoling, Huayang and Jingyang, but they don't know that they have kings". Zhao Haoqi thinks that he can't be the master of state affairs and must "invite the Queen Mother as soon as possible". Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has been highly concentrated in the hands of the monarch. Zhao Haoqi could not tolerate his mother's long-term dictatorship over North Korea. Finally, he listened to Fan Ju's advice, recovered all the power, and expelled the "Four big noble" from the customs, replacing Fan Ju as the prime minister, completely ending the situation that Empress Xuan monopolized the state affairs of Qin for a long time.
Second place: Empress Dowager Zhao.
The second person who listened to politics was Zhao, the queen of Zhao in the Warring States Period. In 266 BC, King Huiwen, the monarch of the State of Zhao, died, and his son Xiao succeeded to the throne. Because he is too young, the queen mother is in power. Empress Zhao, the famous Zhao Ceng, said, "If you have no age, how can you get people?" ? If you have no people, how can you have a gentleman? "Is a very capable old lady. The famous article "Touching the Dragon and Telling the Queen of Zhao" in our middle school Chinese textbook is her story.
In 265 BC, Zhao Huiwen died, his son Xiao became Wang Xinli, and the Queen Mother took power. Qin seized the opportunity to attack Zhao and even pulled out three cities. Zhao is in a hurry. At this time, attacking Qin is the best policy. In this article, Touching the Dragon first avoids contradictions when the Queen Mother is furious and resolutely refuses to remonstrate, and then gently points out that the love of the Queen Mother for her youngest son is not true love. Because of her thorough reasoning, Empress Zhao changed her original stubborn attitude. Touching the dragon's warning concept of "the minister and grandson respect white, and the thick ones reward white" will inevitably lead to "those who are near harm the health, those who are far away and their descendants", which still plays a warning role.
Touching the Dragon on the Queen Zhao tells that Touching the Dragon takes advantage of the situation, combines rigidity with softness, and persuades Queen Zhao with the principle of "loving her son deeply", so that her beloved son can get quality in exchange for reinforcements and relieve the national crisis, and praises Touching the Dragon's quality of putting national interests first and his ability to do ideological work.
Third place: Empress Dowager Deng
Deng Sui, a new savage, was the granddaughter of the Empress of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the emperor Gaomi Deng Yu, and was known as Empress Deng in history. Deng Sui studied history books at the age of 6, and studied The Book of Songs and The Analects at the age of 65,438+02, concentrating on ancient books, regardless of family matters. His family is called "Zhu Sheng", and his talents are beyond the reach of his brothers. His father, Deng Xun (then a captain protecting Qiang), often asked Deng Sui what problems he had. She was elected to the palace at the age of 15, and was made a nobleman at the age of 16. Because Deng Sui is slender, beautiful, cautious and kind to servants, he enjoys great prestige in the harem and is deeply loved by He Di. So Empress Yin was jealous of her and threatened to get rid of Deng Sui. Deng Sui got this information and cried to He Di. In the 24th year of Yong 'an (102), after He Di abolished Yin, he made Deng Sui the queen, and Sui finally got his wish. & shy; In the first year of Yuanxing (105), He Di died at the age of 27. Queen Deng has no biological sons, but she knows that there are two sons born in the harem who are fostered among the people. One is old, but sickly and unable to succeed; One is a newborn baby, just over one hundred days old. She was made emperor, that is, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, and was honored as the Empress Dowager Deng. After all, she was young and widowed, so she was inconvenient to move, so she appointed her younger brother Deng Zhi as a general riding a bicycle and invited her to the palace for deliberation. In the first year of Yanping (A.D. 106), the Shang Emperor died, and Deng Sui appointed Liu An, the king of Qinghe River, as Han 'an Emperor at the age of 13. Empress Deng continued to live in North Korea. She didn't die of illness until the second year of Yongning (A.D. 12 1) and listened to politics 16 years.
During this period, she kept in mind the lessons of Empress Yin, eliminated all evils, promoted good and eliminated evil, and let bygones be bygones. She successively reduced or exempted the people punished by Queen Yin, gave them property and land to make a living, and pardoned Huang Shihe's family members for crimes committed as civilians, so as to ease the contradictions within the ruling class. She specializes in running schools for his wife, Deng, Ma and Dou's children, teaching classics and cultivating famous families. Sui strict control, internal inspection left and right, external suppression of clan. Even his brother violated the criminal law and hell payment. She streamlined the internal redundant staff and reduced more than 500 old, weak and useless officials in the palace. She praised Cai Lun's paper-making reform, ordered publicity and promotion, and named Cai Lun Houdi, paving the way for one of China's four great inventions. Working day and night, Queen Deng, who was only 4 1 year old, fell ill with hemoptysis and died in bed. In March of A.D. 12 1, she died and was buried in Shunling, where she was buried with the emperor He.
Fourth place: Empress Chu
As the empress dowager of a country, she accompanied the five emperors all her life and went out to listen to politics three times, each time playing a different role: mother, aunt and cousin; Three titles were awarded to the throne, and all major events in China were promulgated and implemented in the form of "the Queen Mother's Letters"; He listened to the government three times and retired from the government three times. He not only sympathizes with the people, but also deals with powerful ministers. He has convincing courage and strategy, and he also has a valuable mind. This is unique in the history of China. Chu Suan Zi, the queen of Sima Yue, the Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, can definitely be regarded as the best among many great women in ancient China. Chu garlic was born in a noble family, and the Chu family was an official for generations. She was smart since she was a child, and her temperament and knowledge were different from ordinary people, so she was chosen as a princess by Sima Yue, the king of Langya. In 342 AD, Sima Yan, the emperor of Jincheng, died of illness. Because the son was still young, he was transferred to his younger brother Sima Yue, so the Chu operator at the age of 19 was crowned the queen.
Holding my youngest son for the first time. Sima Yue died only two years after he became emperor. When his two-year-old son Sima Dan succeeded to the throne, Chu Garlic was promoted to Queen Mother. Because Sima Dan was too young to be in charge of state affairs, courtiers demanded that Chu operator take power in the near future. In 357 AD, when Sima Dan 15 years old, the Empress Chu returned to her son, and the Chu operator retired to Chongde Palace.
I was ordered to listen to politics for the second time. In 36 1 year, Sima Dan died of sudden illness at the age of 19. At this time, Sima Pi, the son of Emperor Sima Yan, has grown up, so the Chu operator attributed the throne to orthodoxy and made Sima Pi emperor. Who knows that Sima Pi is not interested in politics, so the ministers have to invite Sima Pi's aunt, Empress Chu, to take the stage for the second time. & shy; Less than a year after the curtain fell, Sima Pi died. Chu garlic then gave the empress dowager an imperial edict, and made Sima Yi, Sima Yi's younger brother, emperor. Later, due to rumors, Huan Wen proposed to Chu Garlic to abolish Sima Yi and change the Prime Minister Sima Yi into emperor. Empress Chu was forced by Huan Wen's arrogance and Sima Yi's prestige. After weighing the pros and cons, she had to write to abolish Sima Yi. Chu garlic moved to Chongde Palace and was honored as the Queen Mother of Chongde.
Sima Yi is Huan Wen's puppet. The emperor is not dignified, and he is scared all day. He died only eight months after taking office. Sima Yi was timid all his life, but before he died, he did something for himself, which was considered as daring to compete with Huan Wen. He bequeathed his son Sima Yao, who was 1 1, to his throne, and failed to give him the throne according to Huan Wen's wishes. Although Huan Wen was ill, he died. So the ministers went to the table again and asked Chu garlic to abdicate Chongde Palace for the third time. The 50-year-old Chu Suanzi, as a cousin, has been listening to politics for the third time. She has been in politics for a long time and has matured her. This time in power, the Chu operator gradually wiped out the descendants of Huan Wen and took control of the situation in North Korea.
Fifth place: Lv Hou.
Lv Hou, a famous pheasant, was born in Shan County. She has been beautiful and intelligent since she was a child, and is famous for her perseverance and cruelty. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang prized Miracle and had the idea of abolishing Lv Hou and establishing a new dynasty. In order to keep her throne, Lv Hou took the queen's precious seal in her hand and came up with all kinds of tricks. At that time, Han Xin, who was brave and had the intention of rebellion, was a menace to Liu Bang. Because Liu Bang had an appointment with Han Xin, he wouldn't kill anyone who saw everything, so Liu Bang had no choice but to take Han Xin away. In order to establish his prestige, Lv Hou decided to kill Han Xin, which made ministers respect him. ?
Lv Hou tricked Han Xin into the palace, ordered him to be wrapped in cloth and stabbed Han Xin with a bamboo stick. Since then, Lv Hou's position has become even more unshakable. Lv Hou was in power 16 years. It is reported that when she came to power, there was a prosperous South Vietnamese country in today's Guangzhou area. In order to restrict the development of South Vietnam, Lv Hou issued an order prohibiting the sale of iron horses to South Vietnam, thus imposing an economic blockade on South Vietnam. At that time, Lv Hou used this queen's seal to issue orders. ?
Sixth place: Xiao Taihou.
The master and the Xiao family were married in the Liao Dynasty, and the Xiao family was the queen. The image of Xiaoyan is no stranger to people. She is Xiao Taihou from Yang Jiajiang. However, Xiao Taihou in history is not a vicious woman who led the tiger and wolf to fight the sixteen states in the Northern Song Dynasty as described in the novel, but a virtuous woman who made great contributions to the development of the Liao Dynasty.
When Liao ascended the throne, facing the chaotic situation, he wanted to make great efforts to do something big, but he was in poor health since childhood. Besides relying on the ministers of the Han Dynasty, the most important thing for military affairs is her queen Xiao Chuo (Xiao Yanyan). He once told the minister that when writing the queen's speech, he should also call it "I" or "Yu", which can be used as law. This shows that Xiao Yanyan can be an emperor. In September of Ganheng four years, Emperor Jing Zong of Liao died, Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao acceded to the throne, and Xiao Yanyan was honored as the Queen Mother and Regent. At that time, Xiao Yanyan was only 30 years old, and three cases were only 12 years old, assisting ministers Yelu Xiezhen and Han Derang. The status of the empress dowager and the saint has been consolidated.
In June of the first year of Tonghe, Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao led his ministers and gave Xiao Yanyan the title of "Empress Dowager Chengtian". As the Empress Dowager Chengtian, Xiao Yanyan has been in charge of military affairs, thus beginning the famous "Regency after Chengtian" period in Liao history. Xiao Yanyan is open-minded, sincere, and has no doubt about employing people, which is imitated by later politicians. She has the boldness of vision of a man, strict law enforcement and no weakness. She even "favored the imperial army, referring to the three armed forces, with clear rewards and punishments, and soldiers used their lives." The army of the Northern Song Dynasty was killed everywhere, and the famous Yang Ye was captured alive. A few years later, he established a "love alliance" with Song Zhenzong, which initiated a period of peaceful development of the Song and Liao Dynasties and was of great significance in the history of China.
Seventh place: introduce Queen Su Ming.
Su Zhaoming, formerly known as Liu E, was the queen of Song Zhenzong and the first regent of the Song Dynasty. She has made outstanding contributions and is often compared with Lv Hou in the Han Dynasty and Wu Zhi in the Tang Dynasty. The history books say that she is "a talent without the evil of Lu Wu".
In February of the 4th year of Tianxi (1020), Zhenzong fell ill and his daily political affairs were hard to support. In fact, all the government affairs presented to the emperor were handled by Empress Liu E. Later, Zhenzong became seriously ill and ordered Liu E to take charge of government affairs. The princes began to feel uneasy. Although Liu E is not the birth mother of the prince, she regards the prince as her own son and tries her best to be a mother. No one can alienate her. In February of the first year of Ganxing (1022), Zhao Heng, a 54-year-old Song Zhenzong native, died in Yanqing Hall. The testamentary edict said: The Prince ascended the throne, the Empress Dowager Wei Liu and the Princess Yang Weigui. The military valued "seizing power" and Empress Dowager Cixi was punished. The little emperor Zhao Zhen was only eleven years old at this time. Actually, Liu E handles government affairs. ?
However, Ding Wei wanted to monopolize the power in the Song Dynasty, deceiving his superiors and deceiving his subordinates, and thought Liu E was a woman without knowledge. Although Liu E cultivated him because of his unstable position, she had already discovered Ding Wei's illegal behavior in the Song Dynasty for many years, and now she was even more angry and determined to get rid of him. In June of that year, Lei Yungong, the eunuch who colluded with Ding Wei in the Song Dynasty, was punished, and Ding Wei was relegated to the Song Dynasty. After Ding Wei was demoted to Song Dynasty, Liu E began to listen to the political decision of Injong Zhao Zhen and formally made a curtain call. ?
Liu E strict orders, moderate rewards and punishments. Although she is inevitably partial to her family, she does not condone their interference in state affairs. In the face of right and wrong, she paid more attention to the opinions of the literati. Wang Zeng, Zhang, Lu Zongdao are all people she values, and Liu's in-laws have never done anything harmful to the country. Although Liu E has been in power for a long time and is unwilling to give power to Injong, she is still a loving mother. Renzong was weak and sick when he was young. Liu E was busy with government affairs and asked Yang to take care of her. Injong called Liu E the "big queen" and Yang Fei the "little queen"?
Eighth Queen Mother Ling Wei
In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Empress Ling came to the imperial court to listen to politics. She is dissolute and depraved. When Emperor Su Zong Xiaoming ascended the throne, he was only 6 years old, and only his mother, Empress Ling, was in charge of the imperial power. The people used by Queen Ling are all sycophants. She allowed these people to be corrupt and illegal, and as a result, "the civil and military forces collapsed, the soil collapsed and the fish rotted", and the world was centrifugal.
In order to show off her wealth, Empress Ling was generous with the country's money, and ordered the princes and nobles, civil and military officials to take home the silks and silks in the national treasury as long as they had the strength. Chen Liugong, Zhang Wu and Rong sprained their waist and feet because they carried too much silk. At that time, people described it as "Liu Chen Zhang Wu, hurting his waist and breaking stocks, greedy for people's property and humiliating me."
Empress Dowager Cixi is no less famous than Liang Wudi, and spent a lot of money to build temples and Buddhist caves. In 5 16 AD, she ordered the construction of the large-scale Yongning Temple, with 1 Buddha statue and 2 gold jade buddhas, 9-story pagodas with a height of more than 40 feet, including more than 20 Jin Duo 120 and 5,400 gold nails. The Buddhist temple is like the Tai Chi Hall where the emperor went to court. There are more than 1000 monk rooms in the temple, each of which is decorated with luxurious pearls and jade. Its huge consumption and exquisite decoration are amazing. Queen Ling also spent 24 years, using more than 800,000 migrant workers to build a Buddha cave in Longmen, Luoyang. She also held many Buddhist ceremonies and paid tens of thousands of dollars to Buddhist temples. As a result, the treasury of the Northern Wei Dynasty was empty, and the people could not bear it. & shy;
During the reign of Empress Ling, the Northern Wei government increased the exploitation of the people, which led to the intensification of social contradictions. A massive uprising broke out in six towns and a peasant uprising led by them. Erzhurong, the chieftain of Chihu, took the opportunity to capture Luoyang, killed the Queen Ling and her young emperor, and entrapped more than 2,000 princes and ministers, which was known as the "River Yin Change" in history. Soon, the Northern Wei Dynasty perished.
Ninth place: Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian's life is a great miracle. A woman, finally became an emperor, never seen before. However, this great miracle is made up of several small miracles. Without these little miracles, the ultimate great miracle cannot be realized. What is a little miracle? The abolition of the king is a small miracle. Unexpectedly, his father's concubine became his son's queen, but Wu Zetian did it.
In the first year of Linde (664), Wu Zetian killed Shangguan Yi. I began to listen to politics from behind the scenes to the front desk. Unlike most people in history who listen to politics behind closed doors. When Wu Zetian listened to politics, it was not the little emperor who sat in front of him, but her husband, who was called Ersheng.
Wu Zetian openly went to the front desk to listen to politics, in order to show the people all over the world that Emperor Gaozong recognized the legitimacy of Wuhou's participation in politics. For Wu Zetian, the first advantage of this is that the minister can no longer plot against her with the emperor. Just imagine, in the face of Wu Huanghou, who dares to say to the emperor: It is better to abolish the queen's dictatorship. The second advantage is that Wu Hou's participation in state affairs is no longer limited to the emperor's illness, and her political experience and influence have further increased. From then on, no matter whether the political situation is good or bad, we can no longer ignore the role of Wu Hou. Bureaucrats began to get used to bowing to a woman, and finally, they watched her step by step to the peak of power with mixed feelings.
No. 10: Empress Dowager Cixi
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the system of hanging curtain and listening to politics reached its peak, forming a strict, systematic and perfect political system. However, the formation of this system was not smooth sailing, but accompanied by cruel political struggle and experienced a very tortuous course. & shy;
At the beginning of the founding of the Qing Dynasty, empresses were not allowed to interfere in state affairs. When the young master ascended the throne, the regent often acted as the imperial power or assisted the little emperor in handling state affairs. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), Fu Lin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, died. Emperor Kangxi is still young. Nan Zhou, a student from Tongcheng County in the south of the Yangtze River, once asked Empress Xiao Zhuang to listen to politics. Sourdrang queen has political talent, and her prestige and status can completely control the situation, so she would rather help Kangxi behind the scenes than come to Taiwan to pull the curtain, so Nan Zhou's suggestion was rejected by sourdrang queen. The "ancestral law" that banned Empress Dowager Cixi from listening to politics in the Qing Dynasty was not broken by Empress Dowager Cixi's iron fist until the end of the Qing Dynasty. ?
Cixi aroused people's interest, largely because she was a woman, a mysterious woman of the last dynasty. In the patriarchal society, Cixi has to face not only internal troubles and foreign invasion, but also the logical conclusion that "female chaos will lead to death". ?
The most famous Empress Dowager Cixi in history was the last female ruler of China feudal society, and she also directed a thrilling scene on the political stage at that time. Later, the "Reform Movement of 1898" failed, Guangxu was jailed, and the old Cixi was called to the court for the third time. * * * mastered the politics of the Qing Dynasty for 48 years. With the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the system of "listening to politics behind the scenes" which lasted for more than two thousand years came to an end.