Hoof margin
The hoof margin is the hairless part between the hoof and the skin, which is about 0.5 cm wide and is semi-annular. The dermis at the hoof margin forms a very sparse nipple, and the top of the nipple hangs down. The cutin produced by the mucus layer on the hoof edge epidermis covers the hoof wall downwards to form the outermost layer of the hoof wall, which is called glaze or hoof paint.
Toe crown
The hoof crown is located below the hoof edge and above the hoof wall. There is a groove about 1.5 cm wide in the cuticle of the hoof crown to accommodate the dermis of the hoof crown. There are many papillae on the dermal surface of the hoof crown. The nipple is conical, with the top facing down, and the surface is covered with epidermal mucus layer. Keratin produced by mucus layer forms the protective layer of hoof wall.
Hoof wall
The epidermis of hoof wall is the thickest, which can be divided into three layers: glaze layer, protective layer (crown layer) and horny lobule layer. Keratinous lobules are embedded between dermal lobules, so that the cutin of hoof wall is firmly combined with the dermis of hoof wall. Keratinous lobules can produce yellowish keratin, thus forming yellowish white line on the negative edge of hoof wall, also known as yellowish line.
The hoof sole is composed of the outer edge of the hoof sole, the white line and the lower edge of the hoof wall canopy, which is the part that bears the weight of the horse. The cutin of hoof wall is usually divided into toe wall, lateral wall and heel wall. The part of the heel wall that turns to the sole of the shoe is called the hoof branch, and its turning angle is called the hoof branch angle.
Toe base
The bottom of the hoof is located in the white line, in front and on the side of the fork. The front part of the sole cutin is the plantar body, and the back part forms two plantar branches, which are respectively connected with the hoof fork and the hoof branch.
horse
It is a herbivore of the genus Chiroptera, with two subspecies of domestic horse and wild horse. Mustang's neck hair is erect without drooping, its forehead hair is extremely short, its tail hair is long, and its limbs are hairless. In summer, the upper body is light brown, reddish brown and red ochre, and the back of the skin is light brown in winter.
Domestic horses are divided into heavy horses, ponies and pocket ponies according to their breeds; Domestic horses have long limbs, solid bones, well-developed tendons and ligaments, hard hoofs, various coat colors, mostly chestnut and blue-black, well-developed sweat glands and strong chewing ability.
Horses can be divided into grassland species, desert species, mountain species and forest species according to their natural environmental conditions, appearance characteristics and performance differences. Grassland species are distributed in vast grassland areas; Desert species live in dry desert areas; Plant in the mountains and be good at walking mountain roads; Forest species live in cold forest areas. Horses are sexually mature at the age of 4, mate in June and give birth in April-May of the following year. The average life span of a horse is 30-35 years old, and the longest is 60 years old.