China is the hometown of soybeans, and China has cultivated soybeans for 5000 years. At the same time, it is also the first country to develop and produce bean products. For thousands of years, the working people in ancient China have created many far-reaching and widely circulated bean products by using various beans, such as tofu, shredded tofu, fermented bean curd, soybean milk, fermented soybean, soy sauce, bean sausage, bean bran, bean fish, shredded tripe, cat ears, vegetarian chicken wings and bean ears.
Chinese name: The main raw materials of bean products: soybean, adzuki bean and mung bean. Practice: The origin of soybean milk coagulation: China Inventor: Liu An Literature records: the origin, development, classification, nutritional value, medical pharmacology, advantages and disadvantages of Ciyuan. Men should be careful when eating it, and pay attention to prevention. China is the hometown of soybeans, and China has cultivated soybeans for 5000 years. At the same time, it is also the first country to develop and produce bean products.
From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, people took soybeans (glutinous rice) as their staple food. Farmers have sung more than once: "There are cymbals in the Central Plains, and Shu Ren adopted them. Pick and choose, Valley of the Basket. Cooking sunflower in July is silent. " The ancients not only regarded soybean as the staple food, but also gradually developed bean products such as tofu, lobster sauce, soy sauce, raw bean sprouts and oil pressing, which was a great contribution to mankind. Only ordinary tofu has swept the world so far!
Tofu originated from Liu An, the king of Huainan in Han Dynasty. Liu An, the king of Huainan, the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, and the son of Huainan Wang Changlu, named Huainan Wang after his father, all lived in Chunchun for 42 years. There are thousands of alchemists in Anyang, Liu, all of whom are immortal secret methods.
The way of red treasure. Among his clients, Su Fei, Li Shang, Tian You, Jinchang and Zuo Wu are the most famous, and they are called "Eight Xia". Hachi accompanied Liu An all day to refine the elixir of life on the north mountain of Shouchun. When Liu An and others were in an alchemy, they occasionally ordered some soymilk with gypsum and made tofu through chemical changes. There are many records about Liu An's invention of tofu in ancient books. There are as many as forty or fifty kinds of books about Liu An's invention of tofu. The main points are summarized as follows.
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"Ci Yuan" records: "Take beans as it. Production method: soaking in water, grinding, removing slag, frying into salt and marinade, and then collecting. Some people put it in a jar and collect it with gypsum. According to legend, it was built by Liu An, the king of Huainan in Han Dynasty. "
Song Zhuxi's poem "Liu Xiu Ye Cai" has thirteen rhymes: "It is rare to grow peas, and my heart is exhausted; If I knew the art of Huainan, I would find silk and cloth.
This is the earliest record in the existing literature that tofu is called "Huainan Shu".
Yuan's Compendium of Materia Medica says: "The method of tofu began with Liu An, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty". Ming Ye Ziqi's Essays on Grass Art said: "Tofu began in the Han Dynasty,
Liu Zhishu, Huainan Wang also ".
Su Bingheng, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, wrote the poem "Tofu Poetry", saying: "It is best to spread Huainan, but the skin fades to see the essence. A round of grinding nectar, boiling soup rolling snowflakes. There is a shadow on the eaves of a crock dipped in water, and the golden knife cuts the jade flawless. Who knows the taste, mostly in monks and Taoists. " Li Mingzhizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica Bone Nourishing Tofu says: "The method of tofu began in Liu An, Chu Huaiwang, Southern Han Dynasty".
Mingji Chen Ru's Collection of Books says: "Tofu was made by Liu An, the king of Huainan".
Xin's Origin contains: "Lu 'an Begins Tofu".
Wang Qingji's "The Original Material Society" said that there was a record of "tofu made in Liu An" in the ancient books of the Western Han Dynasty. Shi Zhi Shi Xin is completely reliable.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Fang Yizhi's Annals of Physical Properties said, "When beans are rotten, the king of Huainan comes out.".
Ancient historical sites are the archaeological basis of tofu culture. During the Second Tofu Culture Festival in China, an "International Symposium on Tofu Culture" was held in Shouxian, an ancient city. Experts and scholars attending the meeting were invited to visit Shouxian Museum. I saw the water mill unearthed in Wafang Village, Cha 'an Township, Shou County in April 1965. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, there is no doubt about the time and place when tofu was invented in the Han Dynasty.
Liu An, the king of Huainan, invented tofu. In the next two thousand years, tofu making gradually spread all over China. Working people all over the country constantly improved according to the regional characteristics, and finally formed the tofu culture in China. The first China Tofu Culture Festival was held in Beijing and Taipei on September 1990, and the birthday of Liu An, the inventor of Huainan Tofu, was designated as China Tofu Culture Festival, and a grand commemorative event was held every year. Classified bean products are mainly divided into two categories, soybean food with soybeans as raw materials and other bean products with other miscellaneous beans as raw materials. Soy food includes bean powder, tofu, shredded tofu, soybean milk, soybean milk powder, bean curd skin, oil skin, dried bean curd, yuba, vegetarian chicken, vegetarian ham, bean products, soybean protein powder and its products, soybean sticks, soybean frozen food, etc. Fermented bean products such as shellfish, fermented bean curd, lobster sauce, sour soybean milk, etc. Nutritional value of bean products After bean products are processed into tofu, the content of inorganic salts such as calcium and magnesium is increased due to the use of brine, which is suitable for patients with calcium deficiency. Bean products are processed from soybeans, such as tofu, shredded tofu, dried tofu, soybean milk, tofu, yuba and bean sprouts. Because soybean is processed, not only the protein content is not reduced, but also the digestion and absorption rate is improved. At the same time, all kinds of bean products taste delicious and promote appetite. Bean sprouts are also rich in vitamin C, which can play a regulatory role in winter and spring when vegetables are scarce. The nutrition of bean products is mainly reflected in its rich protein content. Bean products contain essential amino acids, similar to animal protein, and minerals needed by human body, such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins Bl, B2 and cellulose. However, bean products do not contain cholesterol, so some people advocate that patients with obesity, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and coronary heart disease should eat more beans and bean products. For healthy people, it is not advisable to have a single source of nutrition. Bean products can be used as one of the sources of protein. Bean products are an important part of a balanced diet. Although bean products of medical pharmacology are rich in nutrition and good in color, smell and taste, they are not suitable for everyone. People with the following diseases should avoid eating or eat less: bean products (1) peptic ulcer: people with severe peptic ulcer should not eat soy products such as soybeans, broad beans, shredded tofu and dried tofu, because they have high purine content and can promote gastric juice secretion; Dietary fiber in whole beans can also cause mechanical damage to gastric mucosa. Oligosaccharides contained in beans, such as stachyose and raffinose, can not be digested and absorbed by digestive enzymes, but can be fermented by intestinal bacteria and decomposed to produce some small molecular gases, which in turn causes belching, bowel sounds, abdominal distension and abdominal pain. (2) Gastritis: Patients with acute gastritis and chronic superficial gastritis should not eat soy products to avoid gastric acid secretion and flatulence. (3) Renal diseases: Patients with nephritis, renal failure and renal dialysis should adopt a low-protein diet. In order to ensure the basic needs of the body, appropriate foods rich in essential amino acids and low in non-essential amino acids should be selected within the range of * *. Compared with animal protein, beans contain higher nonessential amino acids, so they should be fasted. (4) Diabetic nephropathy: Diabetic nephropathy is the main complication leading to the death of diabetic patients. When patients have urea nitrogen retention, soy products should not be eaten. (5) Typhoid fever: Although patients with typhoid fever for a long time should adopt a high-calorie and high-protein diet, in the acute and recovery periods, in order to prevent abdominal distension, it is not advisable to drink soybean milk to avoid gas production. (6) Acute pancreatitis: During the attack of acute pancreatitis, you can drink clear liquid with high carbohydrate content, but avoid using soybean milk that can secrete gastric juice and pancreatic juice. (7) Gout: The pathogenesis of gout is purine metabolism disorder, which is manifested as hyperuricemia. The disease is more common in wealthy families, and a high-protein and high-fat diet is easy to cause gout. Food protein often combines with nucleic acid to form nucleoprotein, in which nucleic acid is decomposed into purine and then into uric acid. Therefore, foods containing more purines should be banned in the acute stage, including dried beans and bean products, and even in the remission stage, consumption should be restricted. (8) Galactose and lactose intolerance: Because these patients lack enzymes related to catabolism of galactose and lactose, they should avoid eating foods containing lactose in their diet. Stachyose and raffinose in bean food can produce some galactose after intestinal decomposition, and soy products should be banned in severe patients to avoid aggravating the condition. (9) Phenylketonuria: This is a common congenital metabolic defect in children. The treatment of this disease mainly depends on eating special low phenylalanine food to control the concentration of phenylalanine in blood, and at the same time, pay attention to fasting or using less soy products and animal foods rich in protein. Yidou is a specialty of our country and occupies an important position in the diet. Beans include soybeans, broad beans, peas, mung beans, black beans and other varieties, of which soybeans have the highest nutritional value. Beans are rich in protein, and the amino acid composition of protein is similar to that of animal protein. They are high-quality protein, rich in vegetable oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids, and rich in B vitamins, which are easy to digest and absorb. In addition, beans also contain inorganic salts such as calcium, phosphorus and iron, which are very nutritious. Bean products such as tofu, soybean milk and bean sprouts also have high nutritional value and are easier to digest and absorb than dried beans. Among them, tofu is a good food and medicine, which contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, as well as unsaturated fatty acids and lecithin lacking in animal food. Therefore, eating tofu regularly can protect the liver, promote the body's metabolism, increase immunity, and have the effect of detoxification. Many women like bean food, because experts have long believed that bean products contain certain estrogen, which is beneficial to women. But a recent article in Washington post pointed out that men should also eat more soy products. Professor Sacher of Cincinnati Children's Hospital even declared: "Real men start by eating soybeans." The benefits of soybeans for men are mainly reflected in protecting the prostate. Professor Sacher pointed out that studies have shown that drinking a cup of soy milk every day can reduce the risk of prostate cancer in men by 30%. Drinking two glasses can reduce the risk by 70%. He explained that this is mainly because people will decompose a substance in the intestine after eating soybeans and their products, which can inhibit the formation of ethanethiol, which is likely to lead to prostate cancer. This substance can also prevent hair loss, which is undoubtedly good news for men with hair loss tendency. In addition, compared with meat, beans are rich in protein, but contain no cholesterol, and the content of saturated fatty acids harmful to human body is very low, which is more beneficial to health. Many men cherish their bodies. Protein, which is rich in beans, can supplement muscles and enhance the fitness effect. Professor Sacher said that soybean has some similar benefits for both men and women: first, it is rich in carbohydrates and will not raise people's blood sugar level. Secondly, experiments have proved that eating 1/3 cups of soybeans or bean products (about 240 ml per cup) every day can prevent cardiovascular diseases. Third, soybean can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in gastrointestinal tract, which is beneficial to promote digestion and prevent rectal cancer. Fourth, eating more soybeans can also prevent osteoporosis. Dr. james anderson, who studies soy foods at the University of Kentucky, believes that some men are skeptical about soy products, mainly because soy is rich in isoflavones, which are estrogen analogues. However, a recent experiment in the United States shows that eating soybeans in daily life will not cause men to become thinner and fatter at all, so there is no need to worry at all. The ancients said, "A saint will get sick if he doesn't cure." In ancient society, people found many therapeutic drugs when looking for food. There is a comment that "medicine and food are homologous". In recent years, clinical nutrition has been gradually recognized and valued by medical workers and the general public. The health function of bean products is 1. Prevention of osteoporosis in bones, calcium exists in the form of inorganic salts and is the main component of human bones. The main cause of osteoporosis is calcium deficiency. Bean products are rich in calcium and a certain amount of vitamin D. The combination of the two can effectively prevent osteoporosis. 2, improve the body's immunity: different ages and different physiological conditions, the body's demand for nutrition is different. To improve the body's immunity, we must first obtain balanced nutrition through a reasonable diet. Bean products are rich in lysine, unsaturated acid, starch sucrose and various vitamins and minerals. 3. Prevention of constipation: The reason of constipation is that intestinal peristalsis slows down, food residues stay in the intestine for too long, and intestinal water is absorbed too much. For a long time, enterotoxin absorbed by human body is a cause of intestinal cancer. Legume peristalsis provides sufficient nutrition for the intestine and plays a positive role in preventing constipation, anal fissure, hemorrhoids and intestinal cancer. 4. Prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases The risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases include high-fat diet, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Soybean sterols and unsaturated fatty acids contained in bean products have a good degreasing effect, and the calories are very low, so they can lose weight. The intake of soybean after enzymolysis has a good effect on the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in obese middle-aged and elderly people. 5, weight loss effect The fat content of soy products is extremely low, and carbohydrates can only be absorbed by half. Obese people not only feel full after eating, but also have lower calories than other foods, so it is beneficial to lose weight. 6, delay menopause: bean products are rich in estrogen, vitamin E and phospholipids necessary for the brain and liver, which has a significant effect on delaying aging and improving menopausal symptoms in menopausal women. With the progress of society and the improvement of people's living standards, people's demand for nutrition has gone beyond the scope of simply satisfying survival or preventing diseases, and it is also an important means to prevent and treat diseases. A reasonable diet structure is an effective way to improve the quality of life, prolong life and maintain a healthy state by providing people with various nutrients in a complete range, sufficient quantity and appropriate proportion. Soybean and its products are part of the dietary guidelines recommended by China Nutrition Society for China residents. Disadvantages inhibit the normal absorption of iron. Protein in bean products will hinder the absorption of iron by human body. Excessive intake of soybean protein can inhibit the normal absorption of 90% of iron, which will lead to different degrees of fatigue, lethargy, physical weakness and other symptoms, and even lead to iron deficiency anemia. Increase the burden on the kidneys. Plant protein will produce certain metabolites in the process of metabolism, which will be excreted through the kidney. If you eat too much soy products, the metabolites will increase, which will increase the nitrogen-containing waste produced by your body, increase the burden on your kidneys and damage your health. Leading to precocious puberty in children. Excessive consumption of soy products can lead to precocious puberty in children. This is because soy products contain isoflavones, which are phytoestrogens, and their chemical structure is very similar to estrogen, so they can be used as substitutes for estrogen to promote the growth of bone cells. This phytoestrogen is beneficial to women's health and can treat menopausal syndrome. However, if children eat too much soy products, phytoestrogens will interfere with their normal growth and development, and the most direct consequence is precocious puberty. Precocious puberty can easily lead to premature bone healing in children, leading to short stature. Affect male reproductive function. Phytoestrogens in soy products are also bad for men. Excessive consumption of soy products, phytoestrogens accumulated in the body may "mimic" the function of estrogen, leading to a decline in the number of * * * *, thus affecting the reproductive function of men. Damage to gastrointestinal function. Bean products contain more purines, which can promote the secretion of gastric juice. Hyperacidity can cause nausea and vomiting. Bean products also contain a flatulence factor, which can cause flatulence, diarrhea, indigestion and other symptoms. (2) People who don't eat soy products should be less, because excessive consumption of soy products has these negative effects on the body. Some experts pointed out that the following seven groups of people should try to eat less or not to eat soy products: children. Children should try to eat less soy products and not eat too much. Because bean products are high-calcium foods, if they are eaten in excess, the calcium content in blood will be too high, which will hinder the absorption of zinc by the human body and cause the zinc content to be relatively insufficient. Zinc deficiency in human body will lead to loss of appetite and stunting, which is not good for children's physical and mental health. In addition, eating too much tofu will make children precocious. This has been mentioned in the article. Old man. The renal function of the elderly is relatively weak. If you eat a lot of soy products, you will inevitably consume too much plant protein, which will lead to an increase in nitrogen-containing waste in the body, increase the burden on the kidneys, and lead to a decline in renal function. Gout patients. The pathogenesis of gout is purine metabolism disorder, and bean products contain more purine, which will have adverse effects on the body. Therefore, gout patients should eat less or not eat soy products. Patients with acute pancreas. When acute pancreatic disease occurs, don't eat soy products secreted by stomach and pancreas. Nephropathy patients. Patients with kidney disease should eat foods rich in essential amino acids but low in non-essential amino acids. Compared with animal protein, bean products contain more non-essential amino acids, so we should try to fast. Diabetic patients. When the blood urea nitrogen of diabetic patients increases, eating soy products will aggravate the nitrogen content, so we should fast. Patients with stomach diseases. Insulin in bean products is not good for patients with gastric diseases. High purine content will promote gastric juice secretion and cause flatulence and other symptoms. Although bean products are rich in nutrition, the more the better, and not everyone is suitable. Therefore, it is scientific to eat in moderation and avoid excessive consumption. Men's careful eating of soy products has always been a healthy food that people admire, but not everyone is suitable for eating soy products. For some men, eating too much soy products may harm the kidneys. First of all, Chinese medicine believes that bean products such as tofu are mostly cold products. Therefore, men with stomach cold and fatigue, spleen and kidney deficiency, diarrhea due to yang deficiency and frequent nocturnal emission should not eat more, so as not to aggravate the symptoms of kidney deficiency and yang deficiency. Secondly, men with renal insufficiency should also eat less soy products. Compared with animal protein, bean products contain a lot of plant protein. If you eat too much, it will inevitably increase the nitrogen-containing waste produced in the body, increase the burden on the kidneys, and further reduce the renal function. Therefore, patients with renal insufficiency should eat less soy products and increase the intake of animal protein to reduce the burden on the kidneys and avoid the accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the body. A recent study by Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast, England, also showed that soybean isoflavone in soybean is a phytoestrogen, and proper supplementation of soybean isoflavone can prevent osteoporosis and prostate diseases in middle-aged and elderly men. However, men tend to eat a lot of soy products in adolescence, and too much phytoestrogen will affect the development of secondary sexual characteristics, make their appearance dim or tend to be feminine, and also cause the quality of * * * to decline, leading to reproductive dysfunction in the future. How to protect kidney in life? You can often drink Eucommia ulmoides tea to tonify kidney and strengthen yang. Chop Eucommia ulmoides leaves 12g, put them into a teacup filled with 3g green tea, brew with boiling water10min and drink. According to Compendium of Materia Medica, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Sweet, warm and slightly pungent, it has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, strengthening bones and muscles, and benefiting waist and knees. This prescription is suitable for treating waist and knee pain, impotence and premature ejaculation, frequent micturition and urgency, hypertension, heart disease, liver cirrhosis and so on caused by kidney-liver yang deficiency. Long-term drinking has the effects of anti-aging and prolonging life; Proper exercise can delay aging, but the intensity should not be too great. We should choose exercise within our power to promote blood circulation and improve blood stasis and qi loss. Walking, jogging, brisk walking, or walking barefoot on pebbles will promote blood circulation and have an auxiliary therapeutic effect on kidney deficiency; Men exposed to too much detergent can also hurt their kidneys, so families should use less detergent to clean tableware and fruits and vegetables to avoid excessive detergent residue. Too many bitter and cold foods are easy to hurt the kidneys, such as bitter gourd, pork, goose and beer. Note: Bean products and honey are both good nutrients, but these two foods can't be eaten together. Tofu can clear away heat, disperse blood and turn turbid qi in large intestine. Honey is sweet, cool and slippery, and it is easy to have diarrhea when they are eaten together. At the same time, honey contains a variety of enzymes, and tofu contains a variety of minerals, plant proteins and organic acids, which are easy to produce biochemical reactions that are not conducive to the human body. Therefore, after eating tofu, honey should not be eaten, nor should it be eaten together. The protein content of soybean milk is higher than that of milk, while honey contains a small amount of organic acids. When they are mixed, organic acids combine with protein to produce denatured precipitate, which cannot be absorbed by human body. In addition, it is best not to add brown sugar to soybean milk, because brown sugar contains a variety of organic acids, which combine with protease in soybean milk, and easily denature and precipitate protein, which is not easily absorbed by human body. White sugar will not have this phenomenon. Beans contain inhibitors, saponins and lectins, which are harmful to human body. The best way to deal with them is to cook soybean milk, and people who eat soybean milk for a long time should not forget to supplement zinc. Honey is nutritious, rich in carbohydrates, niacin and minerals such as potassium, magnesium and iron. Sweet in taste and flat in nature, it can tonify spleen and stomach, tonify deficiency and moisten dryness, nourish yin and moisten lung. Pay attention to the following three points when eating honey: it is best to take honey with warm boiled water, not just boiled water, so as not to destroy its nutrients. Honey should not be eaten with cold foods such as watermelon and loofah at the same time, so as not to cause diarrhea. Honey should be eaten 2 hours before meals or 2 hours after meals 1-2 hours. For patients with hyperacidity or peptic ulcer, drinking honey water about 2 hours before meals can not only inhibit gastric acid secretion, but also reduce gastric acid level, which is beneficial to ulcer surface healing.