The physiological characteristics of this period are the rapid development of body and reproductive organs, the formation of secondary sexual characteristics and the beginning of menstruation. ① General development: With the arrival of adolescence, the whole body grows rapidly and matures gradually. ② Development of reproductive organs: With the gradual increase of ovarian development and sex hormone secretion, there are obvious changes in various parts of the genitals, which are called primary sexual characteristics. The external genitalia changed from infant type to adult type, with swollen pubic mound, thickened labia majora, enlarged labia minora and pigmentation, increased vaginal length and width, thickened vaginal mucosa and wrinkles. The uterus is enlarged, especially the uterine body is obviously enlarged, so that the uterine body accounts for 2/3 of the total length of the uterus; Tubal thickening and curvature reduction; The ovary is enlarged, and there are follicles at different stages of development in the cortex, which makes the surface slightly uneven. ③ Secondary sexual characteristics: refers to the unique signs of women except reproductive organs. At this time, the girl's tone becomes higher, her breasts are plump and bulging, and armpit hair and pubic hair appear. The development of transverse diameter of pelvis is larger than that of anteroposterior diameter, and there is more subcutaneous fat in her chest and shoulders, which shows the unique posture of women. Menstruation: Menstruation is an important sign of adolescence. Because the ovarian function is not perfect, the menstrual cycle after menarche has no certain regularity, and it must be gradually adjusted to get close to normal.
Adolescent physiology changes greatly, and thoughts and emotions are often unstable. Families and schools should pay attention to their physical and mental health.
Menstruation usually occurs in adolescence, with an average age of 12~ 18. Few people menstruate less than 10 or later than 18.
Menstruation is related to the periodic changes of ovary and uterine membrane. From puberty, the egg cells in the ovary gradually mature and are discharged. At the same time, the ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone, which promotes endometrial thickening and vascular proliferation and creates conditions for the development of fertilized eggs in the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, the secretion of estrogen and progesterone in the ovary will decrease rapidly, causing endometrial tissue necrosis and shedding, and blood vessels rupture and bleeding. Fallen endometrial debris is discharged from the vagina with blood, which is menstruation.
Breast care
The development of adolescent breasts marks the beginning of adolescent maturity. Protruded breasts also reflect the unique curvaceous beauty and healthy beauty of women's mature figure. It also prepares conditions for breastfeeding babies in the future. Therefore, breast protection and health care are the main aspects of female adolescent health. Some phenomena in the process of breast development may cause girls' confusion and anxiety, such as whether to wear a bra, breast dysplasia, breast too small or too large, bilateral breast asymmetry, breast deformity, breast lump and so on. The following are the suggestions of health care doctors.
Girls shouldn't wear corsets.
Adolescent girls should never wear tight underwear. Girdling is harmful to girls' development and health. First, the heart, lungs and great vessels are compressed when the chest is tied, thus affecting the normal development of internal organs of the body. Second, girdling the abdomen will affect the respiratory function. Under normal circumstances, chest breathing and abdominal breathing cooperate to ensure the normal gas exchange of human body; However, the embrace of the chest affects the chest breathing, so that the chest can not be fully expanded, the lung tissue can not be fully extended, and the amount of inhaled air is reduced, which affects the supply of oxygen to the whole body. Third, the chest ring compresses the breast, which makes the blood circulation not smooth, thus causing blood stasis in the lower part of the breast, causing pain, breast swelling and discomfort, and even causing nipple invagination and breast dysplasia, which affects bodybuilding and makes it difficult to breastfeed in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to repeatedly publicize the dangers of corsets. Girls should be encouraged to tell their mothers about breast development so as to get necessary health care guidance in time.
(2) Wear a suitable bra
After breast development is basically finalized, it is necessary to promptly guide girls to choose and wear appropriate bras. The breast development of female students is basically set at about 15 years old, but there are great individual differences. In general, you can use a soft ruler to measure from the upper edge of the breast through the nipple to the lower edge, and you can wear a bra when the upper and lower distance is greater than 16 cm.
Wearing a bra has the following advantages: first, it shows the beauty of women's bodies; Second, support the breast to prevent sagging; Third, it can prevent breast diseases caused by blood stasis in the lower part of the breast; Fourthly, reducing the local pressure of the heart, promoting the smooth blood circulation, is conducive to the development of lactation; Fifth, reduce breast vibration caused by exercise or manual labor to avoid breast injury; Sixth, protect the nipple from abrasion or pain; Bras also keep warm in autumn and winter. In a word, bra is not only an ornament, but also a key product for women. Because girls have different body shapes and different chest sizes, they should choose a bra with the right size and be comfortable and not tight after wearing it. It is also necessary to change the bra at any time according to the fat and thin changes in physical development. Never blindly pursue the beauty of your figure and force yourself to wear an inappropriate bra. The texture of the bra should be soft and absorbent. Wash and change frequently and keep clean. Take off your bra when you sleep at night. Get into the habit of wearing a bra. No matter spring, summer, autumn and winter, stick to the old age.
(3) Breast hygiene
Adolescent girls, due to endocrine reasons, may have breast swelling and nipple itching before and after the menstrual cycle. At this time, girls should never squeeze their breasts and pick their nipples casually, so as not to cause cracks and infections. Always clean nipples, areola and breasts. Because there are many glands in the areola, it will secrete oily substances, which can protect the skin, but it will also be contaminated with dirt and cause redness, so it is necessary to keep the breasts clean and hygienic.
(4) Breast dysplasia If you find that the breast is too small or too large, the bilateral breast development is uneven, the breast is not developed, the breast is deformed, and the breast has a lump, don't panic. If these situations are found, first, we can promote the development of chest muscles through bodybuilding, so that breasts look plump; Second, proper treatment should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor. Girls can't determine whether their breasts are stunted until they are physically developed and sexually mature. Don't jump to conclusions
Menstrual care
Girls are often frightened by the first vaginal bleeding; When you know that it is normal menarche, you may be at a loss about how to deal with menstruation. Therefore, it is necessary to learn menstrual hygiene knowledge before menarche.
Menstruation is a process in which women's endometrium exfoliates and menstrual blood is discharged from the vagina. During the menstrual period, the endometrium falls off to form a wound, and the normal acidic environment in the vagina may also be diluted by menstrual bleeding. At the same time, the cervix is slightly open, and pelvic congestion leads to the decline of local defense function of reproductive organs. If you don't pay attention to hygiene, bacteria can easily invade the reproductive organs. During the menstrual period, girls' brain excitability decreases, their whole body resistance decreases, and they are prone to fatigue, colds or other diseases. Therefore, girls should be instructed to pay attention to the following aspects of health care during menstruation.
(1) Keep the vulva clean. Wash vulva with clean warm water frequently to avoid scabbing during menstruation. When cleaning vulva, don't soak your lower body in water. Prevent dirty water from infiltrating into vagina. Can't wash vulva with foot towel and feet. The basin for washing vulva should also be separated from the footbath. Wipe the toilet paper from front to back after defecation to avoid bringing bacteria around anus to vulva.
(2) Maintain an optimistic and stable mood. During menstruation, girls often feel irritable, irritable or depressed because of some physical discomfort, such as breast fullness, backache, abdominal distension and headache. Emotional fluctuations in turn affect menstruation. Maintaining a good mood and self-regulating emotions can reduce menstrual discomfort and prevent menstrual disorders.
(3) Properly control the amount of exercise. Pay attention to rest during menstruation, keep enough sleep and enhance the body's resistance. Avoid strenuous exercise and heavy physical labor. If female students go to physical education class during menstruation, they can explain the situation to the teacher and take part in some relaxing sports, such as gymnastics, walking, playing badminton or table tennis.
(4) Keep warm. During menstruation, the body's resistance drops and the pelvic cavity is congested. Keep warm. Avoid getting wet in the rain, wading, swimming or taking a bath with cold water, washing your hair and feet, and it is best not to sit on the wet ground. Don't drink too many cold drinks in summer, so as not to catch cold, catch cold, stimulate pelvic vasoconstriction, lead to decreased menstrual flow or sudden menopause, and cause other diseases.
(5) Pay attention to food hygiene and strengthen nutrition. During menstruation, you can eat some foods that are easy to digest and absorb, such as eggs, lean meat, bean products, vegetables and fruits. At the same time, drink plenty of boiled water, increase the frequency of urination, and flush the urethra to prevent inflammation. Do not eat cold and spicy things, keep the stool unobstructed and reduce pelvic congestion.
(6) Keep a record of menstrual cycle. By recording, you can observe your menstrual regularity or not, and it is also convenient to prepare for menstruation. If menstruation does not come according to the date, you should go to the doctor in time to find out the reason.
Perineal hygiene
Adolescent girls are in the stage of vigorous metabolism, and sweat glands and sebaceous glands secrete more, nourishing the surrounding skin. The wrinkled inner wall of labia majora is easy to accumulate dirt, especially for fatter girls. In addition, in adolescence, due to active ovarian function, vaginal secretions increase, and vulva and vagina are close to anus or urethra, which are easily polluted by urine and feces. These reasons will cause girls' vulva itching, and also cause secondary infection and folliculitis. Long-term itching stimulation may cause insomnia, haggard, anxiety and high tension. Therefore, perineal hygiene is very important.
First of all, clean the vulva with warm water every night, generally do not need to use disinfectants such as potassium permanganate, so as to avoid adverse stimulation to the vulva and vagina;
Second, the basin, towel and water for cleaning vulva should be used alone, and should not be mixed with the basin, towel and water for washing feet;
Third, don't wear other people's underwear, choose cotton fabric with good permeability and strong hygroscopicity for your underwear;
Fourth, develop the habit of wiping toilet paper from front to back to prevent bacteria from entering the vagina;
Fifth, pay attention to menstrual hygiene; Sixth, if there is a large amount of leucorrhea and there is odor or blood color, you should go to the hospital for examination and treatment in time to avoid vaginal infection and vulvar itching.
Characteristics and nutrition of adolescent girls
When a girl enters puberty, great changes will take place in her physiology. Especially the girls of 12 ~ 17 are in the pre-puberty, their bodies have changed greatly, their weight will also increase, and their appearance will also change to a great extent. Generally speaking, the height should be increased by about 10 cm, and the weight should be increased by about 7 ~ 8 kg. All organs except lymphoid tissue are swollen, and menstruation is coming. The energy consumed by the whole body every day is 1.25 times that of adults. Therefore, adolescent girls must eat a lot of carbohydrates, and they must also eat enough calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid and so on. If malnutrition occurs during this period, young girls will be short stature, stunted or stunted, late menstruation, and even weak or deformed.
Daily nutritional requirements of adolescent girls
Adolescent girls are active and grow rapidly, so the demand for various nutrients is bound to increase. In addition to adequate carbohydrates, protein 70 ~ 90 mg, calcium 1 ~ 1.5 mg, iron 13 ~ 17 mg, vitamin A2200 ~ 2500 IU or carotene 3 ~ 5 mg, and vitamin B/kloc should be supplemented. Vitamin B2 1. 1 ~ 1.6 mg, nicotinic acid 13 ~ 18 mg, vitamin C 70 ~ 100 mg, vitamin D 400~800 international units and other vitamins and minerals. Only by taking enough nutrition can we ensure the growth of girls, otherwise there will be symptoms such as nutritional deficiency and stunting. However, if girls consume too much nutrition every day, then too much nutrition will be converted into fat and stored in the body, which will make girls fat and affect the balanced development and physical beauty of the body.