Asparagus likes warm and humid climate, is not cold-resistant, and can't overwinter in Beijing. Wild on slopes, canyons, valley bushes or trees. Distributed in South China, Southwest China, Central China, Henan, Shandong and other provinces, with an altitude of 300 ~1000 m. The annual average temperature in Zhejiang production area is 16℃, the average temperature in 10 is 4℃, the average temperature in July is 28℃, and the annual rainfall is about1000 mm. Avoid direct sunlight, especially at seedling stage. Once exposed to the hot sun, the stem tip will wither or even die. When planting, it should be moderately shaded or intercropped with tall crops, trees or other medicinal materials.
The root system is developed and the depth is 50 cm. Deep, fertile loam or sandy loam with good drainage is better, while heavy clay, barren soil and places with poor drainage are not suitable for planting.
With the increase of cultivation years, the number of tuberous roots in biennial plants is generally 140 ~ 200, and that of perennial plants is 360 ~ 600.
Section 2 Cultivation Techniques of Asparagus
First, land selection and land preparation
In many places in Sichuan, the altitude is 600 ~ 1000 meters, and the soil with deep soil layer and rich humus is better. It is best to plant in mountainous areas with sand. If you plant in woodland, you should choose mixed forest or sparse broad-leaved forest, because the woodland soil is deep, fertile and moist and loose. Pine forest and heavy clay are not suitable for farming. If planted on cultivated land, it needs to be intercropped with other crops.
Asparagus tubers are deeply buried. After the previous harvest, dig deep into the soil and open the surrounding drainage ditch. When planting, it should be trimmed and leveled, and there is no need to build a border.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer before sowing, and 3000 ~ 3500 kg can be applied per mu.
Second, the method of reproduction.
There are seed propagation, ramet propagation and small root propagation. At present, ramet propagation is mostly used.
First, seed reproduction
1. Seed collection: Asparagus plants are dioecious. Generally, there are many male plants and few female plants. Seeing the female plants in cultivation, it is necessary to increase fertilizer and manage them diligently to make them grow healthily and get more seeds. From June to August, the fruit turns from green to Huang Shi and should be picked; If it is overcooked, it will come off easily. After the fruit is harvested, it is piled up for fermentation, slightly rotten, put it in water to rub off the pulp, and select large and full seeds. Autumn sowing can be carried out immediately. If sowing in spring, the seeds should be evenly mixed with wet sand 1︰3, stored at 5℃ ~ 10℃, and taken out for sowing in the following spring. Under general storage conditions, the life of seeds can reach about one year.
After the asparagus seeds are dried in the sun, it is easy to lose vitality and the germination rate is greatly reduced.
2. At the seedling stage of asparagus, we are most afraid of strong sunlight. When choosing seedbeds, we must have natural or artificial shading conditions or intercropping with other tall crops. Before sowing, dig the land deeply, level it finely, and make a high ridge with a width of 1.3 meters. The border is fine and smooth, and the seeds are sown in autumn from August to September after harvest, and in spring in March of the following year. Autumn sowing has high germination rate, but it takes a long time to occupy land and is labor-intensive in management. Spring sowing takes up short space and is convenient to manage. If the seeds are well preserved, the germination rate can be higher, so they are often used.
Before sowing, first open a horizontal ditch at the edge of the border, with a distance of 17 ~ 20cm from the center of the ditch, a sowing width of 8 ~ 10cm and a depth of 5 ~ 8cm, and evenly sow seeds in the ditch with an interval of 2 ~ 3cm, and sow 60 ~ 80 seeds in each ditch. After sowing, cover with fine soil mixed fertilizer or fire ash, and slightly cover with fine soil with a thickness of 2-3 cm; Or cover with a thin layer of grass to help keep moisture and promote seedling emergence. If the temperature is 17℃ ~ 20℃ and there is enough humidity, seedlings can emerge in 18 ~ 20 days after sowing. There are about 20 thousand asparagus seeds per kilogram, and the seedling rate is generally 15% ~ 20%. Each mu of seedbed needs seeds 10 ~ 12.5 kg, and with good management, 40,000 ~ 50,000 seedlings can be obtained per mu. Transplanting after one year of seedbed cultivation, with row spacing of 30-40 cm and plant spacing of 20-25 cm. Generally, one mu of seedlings can be transplanted 9 ~ 10 mu.
3. Management of autumn sowing and spring sowing at seedling stage, all of which emerge in spring. After spring, if the seedbed is dry, it should be properly watered to keep the soil moist, which is beneficial to seed germination. Weeds should be pulled out frequently, and be careful not to pull out seedlings with grass or loosen the rhizosphere soil of seedlings. When tamping the soil slab after the rainstorm, it should be hoed once. Asparagus seedlings grow slowly and should be fertilized 2 ~ 3 times a year at seedling stage. The first time is about 3 cm high, and the second and third times are in summer and early autumn. Apply diluted human and animal manure as fertilizer, and use it once per mu1000 ~1500kg or urea 5 ~10kg. Shallow hoe and loosen the soil once before fertilization. 1 ~ 2 years later can be transplanted.
Second, ramet propagation.
When digging asparagus, in addition to picking two or three-year-old big tuberous roots with a diameter of more than 1.3cm and processing them into medicine, plants that take root in one year and have more buds on their heads can be divided into several plants (one bud is not divided) with a knife, so that each plant has more than two buds and 4-5 small tuberous roots as breeding and planting materials. This method is often combined with harvesting, and the seedlings are divided while harvesting, so that the seedlings do not dry up and should be sown in time.
Third, small root propagation
When asparagus is harvested in winter and spring, small tubers with roots are picked as propagation materials, and seedlings are transplanted. When raising seedlings, horizontal furrows were made on the whole border according to the row spacing of 27 cm, and the depth was about 12 ~ 15 cm. Pedicel roots are placed obliquely in the border, one root is placed every 6 ~ 10 cm, the soil is covered flush with the border surface, or planted in spring.
Third, transplant technology.
Sowing in spring or seedling raising with root tuber in late autumn of the current year or early spring of the second year, and sowing in autumn or seedling raising with root tuber in late autumn of the second year or early spring of the third year. The combination of ramet propagation and harvest is usually carried out in September, 65438+ 10, but it can also be carried out in spring. Before transplanting, dig out the seedlings, classify them according to size, and plant and manage them separately. Seedlings should have at least 4 ~ 5 tubers, and those with too few or no tubers are not available. After selecting seedlings, bundle every 50 plants and plant them in the shade. According to the row spacing of 50 cm, the plant spacing of 30 cm and the depth of 17 cm, soil miscellaneous fertilizer was applied to each nest, and seedlings were planted 1 plant. When planting, put the roots evenly around to avoid becoming a bunch and hindering growth. Then cover with fine soil for compaction, and then cover with soil slightly deeper than the original seedling by 2 ~ 3 cm. About 4500 plants can be planted per mu.
Section III Field Management and Intercropping of Asparagus
First, intertillage weeding
Three times a year, the first March-April, the second June-July and the third September -65438+ 10. The intertillage should be shallow and the soil should be 5-7 cm deep, so as not to hurt the roots.
Second, topdressing
During the growth period of asparagus, the yield of different fertilizers is obviously different when topdressing. In addition, the amount and frequency of topdressing also depends on the growth of asparagus and the actual situation of soil.
Effects of 1 and different topdressing on asparagus plants
Topdressing compound fertilizer (the ratio of urea: potassium dihydrogen phosphate: potassium chloride is 27: 29: 10) and urea at asparagus seedling stage is not only beneficial to germination and seedling emergence, but also beneficial to plant growth. The effect of topdressing compound fertilizer from June to August is better than that of topdressing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, which is mainly to accelerate proliferation and increase the weight of new roots, thus improving the total output.
2. Topdressing as early as possible in all aspects of asparagus plant growth and development is the key measure to increase yield.
3. Topdressing amount: 5 kilograms of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium chloride per mu, and the output is not less than 7.5 kilograms. In order to save costs, 5 kg should be used reasonably.
4. The number of topdressing mainly depends on the amount of base fertilizer and the growth of plants. The first topdressing at seedling stage (around the end of April) can make Miao Zhuang, thick stems and flourishing branches, which is beneficial to photosynthesis; The second topdressing was carried out in June-August, which accelerated the expansion and increase of new underground roots.
5. The rational combination of topdressing types is one of the main measures to increase the yield of artificially cultivated asparagus.
Third, establish a pillar.
In the year of transplanting, the rattan stems are not very long, so they can grow rapidly after the second year. When the rattan stems are about 50 cm long, twigs or small bamboo poles should be used as pillars to make them grow around. Moreover, the tops of adjacent columns can be tied together every 3-4, so as to prevent toppling and facilitate management and intercropping.
Four. Irrigation and drainage
Generally, in the second half of winter planting, in case of drought, it is necessary to fight drought and protect seedlings 1 ~ 2 times, and irrigation is generally not needed in the rest of the time. Pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention in rainy season.
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Seedling can be intercropped with food crops. When sowing in autumn, after sowing asparagus, sow a nest of kidney beans every two rows of asparagus beside the border; The following April, you can plant a nest of corn on the other side of the furrow every three rows of asparagus. If sowing in spring, only after sowing asparagus, sow a nest of corn every three rows of asparagus on one side of the furrow.
During the first and second years after transplanting, crops can be intercropped, generally in winter and spring and summer, andrographis paniculata or short-term vegetables can be intercropped. In the third year, intercropping is generally stopped.
The fourth quarter pests and diseases and their prevention and control
The main pests and diseases are short bearded mites. Short-bearded mites, also known as fire spiders, harm leaves in May and June. Prevention and control methods: Pay attention to clearing the garden in winter and burying or burning dead leaves. 2. Spray sulfur mixture or spray with 25% chlordimeform aqueous solution 500 ~ 1000 times, once a week, 2 ~ 3 times in a row.
Section 5 Main factors affecting asparagus yield
Asparagus is mainly produced in Neijiang, Sichuan. The local cultivation practices are small plant spacing and large row spacing, which can be harvested in two or three years. This method has low yield, and the yield per mu hovers between100 ~150kg. After repeated experiments by Zhang Cuirong, Institute of Drug Planting, Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the following factors have practical guiding significance for increasing asparagus yield.
1. Planting density
The cultivation method and fertilization times are the same as those in Neijiang production area. The D-shape is planted, and human excrement and urine are applied once in March, May and July, and soil miscellaneous fertilizer is applied once in165438+1October, and fertilization is combined with intertillage weeding. There are no columns in the test area. Observe by combining point with surface, measure the growth of plants regularly, and measure the harvest every three years.
The results showed that the yield was the highest when the plant spacing was 66 cm× 66 cm and the plants were planted 1500 per mu, which was more than twice that of the control.
Experiments show that the square cultivation of asparagus with equal plant spacing is better than the rectangular cultivation with small plant spacing and large plant spacing. The spindle-shaped root system of asparagus is closely arranged layer by layer, forming an approximate spherical mass, so it is planted in a square with the same row spacing of 66 cm ×66 cm, with suitable nutrient area, good individual development and considerable population, which can make full use of light energy and soil fertility, that is, this density is a better assimilation area (branches and leaves) and absorption area (roots) needed for asparagus growth, so it is suitable for asparagus root system.
2. A bumper harvest year
Asparagus is cultivated in the place of origin and is usually harvested in 2 or 3 years. In order to explore the best harvest time, the yield in different years was investigated. Set three treatments: 1 cultivation for 2 years; 2. Culture for 3 years; 3. Practice for 4 years. Sequential arrangement, repeated for 3 times, plant spacing of 50 cm× 50 cm, plot area, planting method, management measures and experimental conditions are the same as those in planting density experiment.
The results showed that the yield per mu of 3-year-old was 262.3 kg, 2.77 times that of 2-year-old. The yield of 4-year-old was 388.3 kg higher than that of 3-year-old, with an increase of 94.54%. Compared with the 2-year-old, the yield increased by 650.2 kg, more than 5 times. Planting and harvesting for two years is one of the main reasons for the low yield of asparagus in producing areas. After harvesting asparagus for two years, the number of meristematic tubers is small, with an average of 142.2 per plant, and it is tender, with high water content and the lowest dry rate. At the same time, the content of effective components in general perennial medicinal materials is often positively correlated with the length of cultivation time. Therefore, it is considered that the harvest period of asparagus cultivation is 4 years.