(1) Selection of land for shed reform
The shed should be located in the leeward and sunny place, with flat terrain, low groundwater level, irrigation conditions, good drainage and no dangerous pests and diseases. The soil requires sandy loam or loam with deep soil layer, fertile soil, loose texture, good ventilation and strong water retention, and clay soil must be improved before planting.
(2) Greenhouse construction
The direction of greenhouse is north-south, and its shape is generally arched, with a width of 8 ~ 14m, a length of 40 ~ 100m, a top height of 2.8 ~ 3.2m, a shoulder height of1.0 ~/0.6m and a slope of 20 ~ 25. Drains should be dug around the shed where water is easy to accumulate. Materials for building sheds can be determined according to local economic conditions. If the economic conditions are good, it is advisable to build a steel frame greenhouse; Poor economic conditions, cement columns and bamboo structures can be selected according to local conditions. 0.03 mm (3 lines) or 0.05 mm (5 lines) thick vinyl acetate film and polyvinyl chloride film are the best choice for covering greenhouses because of their long life, no dripping, anti-aging and light transmission. Skylights can be set on the roof of the shed, side windows can be set on both sides of the shed, or shed films with high shoulders on both sides can be used as skirt films, ground windows can be set at the junction of the shed surface and the ground, and doors can be set at the southern end of the shed. The total area of doors and windows should be about 10% of the greenhouse area. Doors and windows are mainly used for ventilation and cooling. Insect screens can be installed at the openings of doors and windows.
(3) Variety selection
Choose varieties with early maturity, high quality, high yield, large panicle, large grain, beautiful appearance and good quality according to local conditions.
(4) Planting density
Grapes cultivated in greenhouse should be planted more densely than those cultivated in open field in order to obtain early high yield and improve economic benefits. According to the width, frame, soil fertility, management level and plastic mode of the greenhouse. Generally, the row spacing of hedges is 0.5m× (1.5 ~ 2.0) m, 1.0m× (1.5 ~ 2.0) m, 1.0m× (2.0 ~ 2.4) m ... The scaffolding is adopted. ..
(5) Tent-fastening and shed-uncovering period
Generally speaking, the period of promoting cultivation in spring should be after the natural dormancy period of grapes, a little later than that in sunlight greenhouse, and it is about the middle and late February in northern China. Before the late autumn frost, plastic film can be properly buckled to prolong the growth time, promote the ripening of fruits and branches, and reduce the thickness of winter shed covering soil.
Generally, after the end of late frost, the lowest temperature at night is above 10℃, and the temperature difference between inside and outside the shed is not big. During the day, the temperature in the shed sometimes appears above 40℃, and the time is around mid-June. It is best to remove the shed film on cloudy days. Only the skirt film can be removed, and the top film can be kept as a shelter from the rain.
(6) shaping and pruning
Grape pruning in winter is a complex and key technology. The quality of pruning in that year can affect the growth and development of grapes in the next year or even in the next 2-3 years. It is very important to master the pruning technique correctly. The winter pruning period of grape cultivated in greenhouse should be carried out after the fallen leaves of grape plants completely enter deep dormancy, which will affect its subsequent management.
Pruning methods should be determined according to different cultivation frameworks, variety characteristics and tree potential. First, cut off branches and vines that are too thick (the diameter of the base of the mother branch connected with the main branch is above 1.5 cm) and too thin.
Generally, the grape cultivation frame in greenhouse adopts hedge frame, V-shaped frame, Y-shaped frame, small shed frame or horizontal shed frame. Hedge frame is used two years before fruit hanging, and V-frame or Y-frame is mainly used after fruit hanging. When pruning the hedge frame, select branches and buds in the same direction as the grape frame; The selection and preservation direction of fruiting mother branches and lianas on V-shaped or Y-shaped shelves should be biased to both sides; Because the planting distance in the shed is relatively close, the small dragon stem shaping method should be adopted to directly select the fruiting mother branches on the main vines.
Pruning should be carried out according to the characteristics of varieties. Most Eurasian species planted in greenhouse show the shortcomings of vigorous growth and difficult flowering, and the fruit quality planted in greenhouse is better than that of European and American hybrids.
Winter pruning must pay attention to leave enough main branches, generally single-wall hedge frame 1, double-wall hedge frame 2, the length is determined according to the thickness, and the single arm is horizontally shaped. For scaffolding with plant spacing of 0.5m, leave 1 main vine; for scaffolding with plant spacing of 1m, leave 2 main vines, and use dragon stem shaping. H-shaped or X-shaped horizontal scaffolding can also be used. Generally, the management of new shoots is the same as that of open-field cultivation, but the bud is later than that of open-field grapes, and it should be carried out after the inflorescence is confirmed. When the new buds grow to more than 40 cm, they should be tied. The fruiting branches of greenhouse grapes should be lightly enucleated 5 ~ 7 days before flowering, leaving 1 ~ 3 leaves for the secondary branches in the fruit coloring stage.
(7) Temperature and humidity management
The minimum temperature of grape growth period is not lower than 10℃, the temperature of grape growth period is 20 ~ 28℃, and the maximum temperature cannot exceed 40℃. The optimum water content of soil in growing period is 70% ~ 80% of the maximum water capacity of soil. Grapes have different requirements for temperature and humidity in different periods. The germination period is 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and10 ~15℃ at night; The daytime temperature of flowering period is about 28℃, and the nighttime temperature is 65438 08℃. The fruit expansion period is 28 ~ 30℃ during the day and16 ~18℃ at night; Berries ripen at 25 ~ 32℃ during the day and at 10 ~ 12℃ at night. The optimum temperature is slightly different among varieties.
After film mulching, in order to prevent high temperature in the shed, attention should be paid to ventilation and water spraying to cool down before germination. When the temperature is high before flowering, the roof skylight and side windows should be used for ventilation, which usually starts at 8 am and closes at 3 ~ 5 pm according to the weather conditions to prevent the temperature from dropping at night. After flowering, you can also open the floor-to-ceiling window at the lower part of the shed for ventilation or open the skirt film. Before and after germination, high temperature drying should be avoided. When drying, water must be sprayed on the branches to keep the relative humidity in the shed 70% ~ 80%. When the new shoots grow to about 20 cm, the soil humidity should be kept at about 70%, while the air humidity in the shed should be reduced to about 60%, which is beneficial to flowering and fruit bearing and reducing the occurrence of diseases. Pay attention to adequate ventilation. During the period of young fruit expansion after flowering, water evaporation is large and more water and fertilizer are needed. It is appropriate to apply fertilizer at the right time, and the soil humidity should be kept at 70% ~ 80%, and the air humidity in the shed should be around 70%. In order to keep the ground temperature, water it before 9: 00 a.m. or after 5: 00 p.m. or when there is no strong light directly on the vines. It should not be carried out when the light is strongest and the indoor temperature is highest. Pay attention to loosen the soil in time after each irrigation to increase the permeability of the soil.
(8) Remove the shed film in time.
The cultivation conditions in greenhouse are different from those in open field. The process of grape fruiting branches forming winter buds in greenhouse is influenced by light and nutrition, which may lead to poor flower bud differentiation, poor fruit quality and even no production in the next year. In order to ensure the formation of well-differentiated winter buds from the fruiting mother branches of grapes, the greenhouse film should be removed in time after harvesting. There should be outdoor exercise for 10 ~ 15 days before uncovering the film, so that the plants can gradually adapt to the external environmental conditions before completely uncovering the film and avoid the phenomenon of "flashing seedlings" when uncovering the film too quickly.
(9) Management after removal of shed film
Topdressing and watering in time after harvesting. During the whole growth period from germination to maturity, grapes have gone through the process of flowering, long vine and fruiting, which consumes a lot of nutrients and makes the tree weak. This is the critical period for the development of fruiting mother branches. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer and water in time, promote root growth, enhance tree vigor, improve the storage nutrition level of trees, and improve the quantity and quality of flower bud differentiation. After removing the plastic film, the management of soil, fertilizer, water, pests and diseases and trees is basically the same as that in the open field, but special attention should be paid to the protection of leaves. In order to prevent leaf aging, 0.2% ~ 0.3% urea solution can be sprayed on the leaf surface. After fruit harvesting, organic fertilizer should be applied in combination with autumn tillage, and the amount of fertilizer should generally be greater than that of open field cultivation. In addition, grapes in greenhouse are prone to boron deficiency, which can be supplemented by applying borax in soil or spraying 0.2% borax solution before flowering.
In order to ensure the high yield of greenhouse grapes year after year, it should be updated and pruned in time after harvest to form good fruiting mother branches. Pruning methods vary with varieties, shaping methods and planting density.
Grape downy mildew is especially serious in high temperature and rainy season after harvesting in greenhouse, so attention should be paid to its prevention and control. Pay attention to ventilation, clean the countryside, spray 800 times metalaxyl solution or Sheng Da M-45 Bordeaux solution every 10 ~ 15 days, and use it alternately. If aphids, red spiders, thrips and other pests occur, pesticides such as methomyl, acetamiprid, Kung Fu and abamectin can be used for control.