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Common sense of nasal cavity

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First, nasal hygiene

Morphology of nasal cavity: nasal anatomy

Structure of nose

The nose consists of three parts: external nose, nasal cavity and sinus.

(1) The external nose consists of nasal bone, nasal cartilage and soft tissue. The external nose protrudes from the face and is vulnerable to trauma. The soft tissues of the tip and alar are tightly attached to the skin, which will be very painful if it is inflamed, and it is also a good place for acne and rosacea. If the external nasal venous blood meets the cavernous sinus, if the inflammation is not handled properly, it can cause complications such as phlebitis in cavernous sinus blood test. (Figure 2)

Fig. 2 Structure of nose

1, nasal root 2, nasal bridge 3, nasal tip

4. Anterior nostril 5. Nose backward

6, nasolabial groove 7, alar

(2) The front part of the nasal cavity is called the nasal vestibule, which has nasal hair and abundant sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and is prone to furuncle. The top of nasal cavity is a part of the bottom of anterior cranial fossa, which is thin and closely connected with dura mater, through which olfactory nerve passes. Inside the nose is the nasal septum, and there is a rich vascular network in front. The surface of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity is irregular, and there are three vertical downward protrusions, which are called upper turbinate, middle turbinate and lower turbinate respectively. The space below each turbinate is called nasal meatus, that is, upper, middle and lower nasal meatus. The gap between the middle turbinate and the nasal septum is called the common nasal meatus. The lower nasal passage has an opening of nasolacrimal duct, the middle nasal passage has an opening of frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus, and the upper nasal passage has an opening of posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus. (Figure 3)

1- frontal sinus 2- superior turbinate 3- superior nasal meatus

4- Middle meatus 5- Middle turbinate 6- Inferior turbinate

7- inferior nasal meatus 8- nasal vestibule 9- sphenoid sinus

10- eustachian tube protrusion 1 1- eustachian tube pharynx

(3) There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, namely frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, maxillary sinus and sphenoid sinus.

① Frontal sinus: located in the lower part of frontal bone, the posterior wall is a thin bone plate separated from the anterior cranial fossa, and the bottom wall is equivalent to the upper angle of the orbit, which is very thin. In acute frontal sinusitis, there is obvious tenderness here.

② ethmoid sinus: located in ethmoid bone between the orbit and the external upper part of nasal cavity, it consists of a very thin small bone plate, which is divided into two groups. The outer and inner sides of the orbit are paper templates as thin as paper, so ethmoid sinus or orbital inflammation can infect each other.

③ Maxillary sinus: It lives in the maxilla and is the largest pair of sinuses, with an average volume of about 13 ml. The opening position of maxillary sinus is high, which is not conducive to drainage, so it is more inflamed than other sinuses.

④ Sphenoid sinus: located in the sphenoid bone above the nasal cavity, its top, outer wall and posterior wall are separated from the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa by bone plates, which are closely related to the orbital apex, so sphenoid sinusitis can cause optic neuropathy.

Second, what is nasal hygiene?

Importance of nasal hygiene.

* The nasal cavity is an important organ of the human body, but it is often ignored by ourselves.

* The nasal cavity is an important member of the respiratory system.

Breathing is an important function of human body. Without breathing, the human body can't live, but we often don't realize that we are breathing. Breathing means that the nasal cavity sucks air from the atmosphere and supplies it to our lungs. The nasal cavity is located at the end of the whole respiratory tract and is a part of the respiratory tract.

* The nasal cavity protects our lungs from direct exposure to polluted environment, and plays the dual role of air conditioner and filter.

The nasal cavity is not as sensitive and fragile as other organs in our body. The nasal mucosa and nasal cilia covering the nasal cavity have two functions:

& gt Function of air conditioner: Humidify and warm the inhaled cold air.

& gt Function of filter: The nasal cilia growing on the nasal mucosa filter out impurities in the air and prevent dust and other particles from entering the respiratory tract. When the nasal cilia can't work normally, the human body will automatically expand the capillary pores on the nasal mucosa, and then discharge a lot of mucus to clean the nasal cavity.

The nasal cavity is the first line of defense for human breathing, preventing dust, pollution, bacteria and viruses from invading the human body.

If the inhaled dust and dust are too much, the nasal mucosa is dry or the nasal cilia are blocked, even if the secretion of mucus is not completely removed after expansion, large pieces of dirt will be formed on the nasal mucosa in the nasal cavity. If the inhaled air cannot be cleaned normally, the human health will be seriously challenged when the air inhaled through the nasal cavity reaches 15000 liters every day.

Usually people choose to clean the nasal cavity to restore the normal operation of nasal mucosa, so that the nasal cavity can work normally.

* The nasal cavity plays an important role in our sense of smell and taste.

The nasal mucosa located in the front and upper part of the nostril contains olfactory nerve endings, which control the functions of taste and olfactory recognition. It consists of about 5 million sensors, so humans can distinguish about 3,000 different smells.

How does the olfactory function work?

When gas enters the nasal cavity, odor molecules disperse and penetrate into the mucus-covered nasal mucosa, and then reach the olfactory sensor. Nerve endings are stimulated by smells and transmit signals to the brain. After the brain decodes the signal, the sense of smell is generated, and we perceive the smell.

* The nasal cavity is an important part of our pronunciation and language function.

Many factors affect our vocalization.

* Air: the source of energy

* larynx: vibrating organ

* Tongue and lips: accessory vibrating organs

* Other facial organs: mouth, throat, nose, etc. Enlarge or adjust the sound emitted by the throat, and the nasal cavity plays the role of vibration and reverberation.

This powerful combination controls the quality and expression of sound.

* Nasal hygiene should be a part of our daily home life like brushing our teeth.

We brush our teeth every day. Similarly, we should also clean our nose 2-3 times a day to ensure smooth breathing and normal nasal function.

Good nasal cleaning habits are an important means to keep the nasal cavity healthy.

Next, we will introduce you in detail how to protect our "nasal property".

Third, the health care measures of nasal hygiene

1, Step 1: Empty the foreign body in the nasal cavity. When nasal congestion occurs, foreign bodies such as massive dirt in the nasal cavity should be removed first, and the nostrils should be cleaned one by one with paper towels;

2. Step 2: Clean the nasal cavity regularly.

The frequency of nasal cavity cleaning depends on the degree of nasal congestion. Good nasal hygiene habits are embodied in cleaning the nasal cavity as the first thing in the morning and the last thing before going to bed at night.

Use disposable paper towels (instead of cotton handkerchiefs) for cleaning to prevent repeated infection. Please throw the used paper towels into the trash can to avoid spreading bacteria.

In two specific environments, nasal cavity cleaning is particularly important:

* Before going to bed: Because the nasal cavity is the main breathing channel when we sleep, unlike during the day, we sometimes use our mouths to assist breathing;

* infancy: the nasal cavity is the main breathing channel for newborn babies, but they haven't learned to clear the foreign bodies in the nasal cavity themselves, so once the nasal cavity is blocked, it will bring great discomfort to their diet and sleep, and they will cry.

Four, the types of otorhinolaryngology diseases

* * Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

Cause: Are you also a victim of allergic reaction? You may get some psychological comfort when you know that 20% of the world's population have different degrees of allergic symptoms. Allergens are varied: animal hair, dust, pollen, specific foods or articles, etc.

Medical research shows that the incidence of human allergic symptoms has doubled in the past 30 years. The main reasons are:

& gt The deteriorating living environment, especially the increasingly serious air pollution;

& gt Relative independence and separation of living space (energy crisis and scientific and technological progress lead to the tendency of modern living space to be closed and insulated, which leads to the accumulation of allergens and the increasing indoor allergen density; The World Health Organization lists allergy as the fourth most common disease of human beings. It is estimated that by 20 10, half of the population will be infected; In France, 3.5 million people are infected with allergies, especially children and young people. Allergic rhinitis is caused by the exposure of nasal mucosa to allergens such as pollen, indoor dust or dust particles.

* Type of allergic rhinitis:

& gt& gt Seasonal allergy (commonly known as hay fever or hay fever) is closely related to pollen activity. Among 20% allergic patients in the world, 75% are allergic to pollen. Pollen is most active in April to June every year, when herbs (such as rape) and grasses (such as hay flowers) are in full bloom. In July, trees such as Platanus acerifolia, Betula platyphylla, Poplar, Bodhi Tree and Ligustrum lucidum are also prone to allergic infection. Weather conditions, air pollution and air pressure will all affect the launch time of pollen attack.

& gt& gt Non-seasonal allergy: It is caused by some non-seasonal factors and may occur all year round. Allergens include dust, cockroaches, mold and animal hair. About 2.5% people are allergic to pets, among which cats rank first. )

& gt& gt Double allergy: Some people are allergic to both seasonal factors such as pollen and non-seasonal factors such as dog hair, so they are called double allergic patients.

* Allergic rhinitis.

There are two stages:

The first stage: very sensitive to the first allergen, the body shows an immune response to this substance, produces antibodies that can recognize allergens, and is equipped in the nasal mucosa.

The second stage:

When human antibodies repeatedly contact allergens, it stimulates human immune system cells to release histamine with physiological activity. Histamine is in turn irritating.

& gt Excessive secretion of nasal mucus, nasal mucosal swelling, blocks the air circulation channel.

& gt keep sneezing.

& gt stuffy nose and tears.

> olfactory sensitivity decreases.

Using blue dolphin nasal spray can help you get rid of allergens, reduce congestion of nasal mucosa, reduce the secretion of nasal mucus, and promote the recovery of nasal cavity to a suitable working state.

* The consequences of allergic rhinitis

Seriously affect the quality of sleep

Constant discomfort weakens the body. Although frequent use of antibiotics can relieve symptoms, it is easy to cause side effects such as drowsiness and inattention (such as at work, driving, exams, etc. )

@ Allergic rhinitis is also the inducing factor of asthma and other diseases. Every year, 654.38+0.8 billion people worldwide die of asthma. In 2002, the World Health Organization released the report "Allergic Rhinitis and Its Influence on Asthma", which clearly stated that the goals of efforts are: narrowing the influence scope of allergic rhinitis; Take practical measures to provide better medical conditions for asthma patients. The report also revealed that 80% of asthma patients suffer from different types of rhinitis, and if they were treated properly, they could have avoided the aggravation of the disease and the transformation to asthma in the later stage.

Therefore, allergies and asthma are listed as daily diseases that affect public health by the World Health Organization.

* * Acute rhinitis: caused by acute infection, commonly known as "cold" or "cold", which may have systemic symptoms; More common in autumn and winter or at the turn of winter and spring. Generally, the condition will gradually improve after 7 ~ 14 days. Strong resistance, self-healing without treatment. It is worth noting that many precursors of acute infectious diseases have local manifestations of acute rhinitis, lacking the characteristics of infectious diseases themselves, so attention should be paid to differentiation in clinic.

* * Chronic simple rhinitis: it is a common and frequently-occurring disease, which develops from acute rhinitis. It is related to the secondary infection of bacteria, incomplete treatment and repeated attacks. Clinically, it should be differentiated from chronic hypertrophic rhinitis and chronic nasal congestion.

* * Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis: It comes from chronic simple rhinitis, which is caused by long-term chronic inflammation and blood stasis, resulting in hyperplasia of nasal mucosa and turbinate. At this time, mucous membrane thickens, tissue elasticity decreases, and nasal ventilation ability is poor, thus endangering the physiological function of the nose.

* * Dry rhinitis: The occurrence of dry rhinitis is closely related to climate and occupational factors. It is because the nasal mucosa is stimulated for a long time, which leads to atrophy of mucous glands and decreased secretion, resulting in dryness of mucosa and even superficial erosion.

* * Atrophic rhinitis: mainly atrophy of nasal mucosa, periosteum and turbinate; Due to the atrophy of nasal tissue, although the nasal cavity is relatively wide, the nasal mucosa has lost its normal physiological function, and patients still feel poor ventilation due to the formation of nasal trunk. When there is bacterial infection, its toxins and excreta will produce a stench, which will never be forgotten once it is smelled.

* * Caseous rhinitis: It is a rare nasal disease. The clinical feature is that cheese-like substances accumulate in the nose, which has a foul smell and corrodes soft tissues and bones for a long time, resulting in deformities inside and outside the nose. Exfoliated epithelium, necrotic tissue, suppurative cells, cholesterol crystals and mold-like microorganisms were found in cheese-like substances. As for the reason, it is still inconclusive.

* * Drug-induced rhinitis: Drug-induced rhinitis is the result of long-term and sustained effects of improper nasal medication, and can also be understood as a chronic rhinitis. The cause of the disease is improper nasal medication, including the use of nasal mucosa vasoconstrictor nasal drops with strong effect, excessive concentration of liquid medicine, non-isotonic liquid medicine, overdose or long-term medication. These will destroy the structure of nasal mucosa cilia, thus affecting the physiological function of nasal mucosa and producing clinical symptoms.

* * Nasopharyngitis: Acute inflammation of the entire nasopharyngeal mucosa, submucosa and lymphoid tissue, mainly occurring in the pharyngeal tonsil. Adults and children are mostly precursors of upper respiratory tract infection. It may be caused by bacteria or viruses.

* Main symptoms: stuffy nose, runny nose, headache, dry and painful nasopharynx, burning sensation and foreign body sensation. Nasopharyngeal mucosa is congested and edematous, with a large amount of mucus purulent secretions attached, which can flow down the posterior pharyngeal wall. Some people will have a fever of more than 38 degrees and their sense of smell will be weakened. The nasopharynx of infants and young children is not easy to see clearly, but because there are many secretions in the pharynx and the nasal congestion is serious, it will lead to difficulty in sucking milk, easy to choke milk, and usually open your mouth to breathe, which will affect sleep.

Etiology: cold, dental disease, trauma, etc.

* Complications: Acute inflammation of upper and lower respiratory tract, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis, abscess of posterior pharyngeal wall and kidney diseases are more common in infants.

* * Sinusitis:

The causes and inducement of sinusitis are as follows:

* Systemic reasons, such as fatigue, cold, malnutrition, allergies, excessive alcohol and tobacco, systemic diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis. , thus weakening the body's resistance.

* When suffering from acute rhinitis (that is, a cold), the infection spreads to the sinuses.

* Nasal diseases hinder ventilation and drainage of sinuses, such as deviated nasal septum, turbinate hypertrophy, allergic diseases of nasal cavity, tumor of nasal cavity, foreign body, etc. All the above diseases can block the middle or upper nasal meatus and hinder the ventilation and drainage of sinus.

* Children with chronic tonsillitis and hyperplastic glands often block the nasal cavity, which is easy to induce sinusitis.

* When performing nasal surgery or treating epistaxis, the nasal packing is left for too long.

* When swimming and diving, sewage is inhaled into the sinuses and becomes inflamed.

* Sinus trauma fracture or foreign body retention.

* Maxillary sinusitis often occurs due to dental diseases.

For the above reasons, bacteria invade the sinuses, destroy tissues and cause acute or chronic inflammation. At the same time, it is easy to cause complications such as meninges and blood vessels, and about 1% of patients will also damage the optic nerve, leading to serious diseases such as meningitis and thrombophlebitis.