(Li Zhi)

Glehnia littoralis F.Schmidt ex Miq.) is also known as Laiyang Glehnia littoralis and coral dish. It is a perennial herb of the Apiaceae family. Mainly produced in Yantai area of ??Shandong Province, it is also produced in Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong and other places. The roots are used as medicine. The roots contain alkaloids, psoralens, bergamot lactones, volatile oils, starches, etc., and the fruits contain phylloxanthin, imperatorin, bergamot lactones, fatty oils, etc., with a slightly sweet taste and slightly cold nature. It has the functions of nourishing yin, clearing the lungs, eliminating phlegm and relieving cough. It can be used to treat dry cough due to lung heat, chronic cough due to deficiency and tuberculosis, dry tongue and thirst.

Figure 14-64 Morphological diagram of Adenophora spp.

1. Plant 2. Root 3. Flower 4. Ovary

1. Morphological characteristics

The plant is about 30cm tall. The main root is slender, cylindrical, up to 40cm long. The stem is upright, with few branches, the root leaves have long stalks, and the base is broad sheath-shaped. The leaves are 1-3 times divided into three branches and divided into deep lobes. The leaves are leathery, oval, with serrated edges; the flowers are small, white, and complex. Umbellate inflorescence, densely covered with gray-brown hairs, umbrella width 10-20, length 1-2cm, unequal length, each small umbel has 15-20 flowers, covered with tomentose; calyx teeth 5, narrow triangular lanceolate, Sparsely hairy; petals 5, apex folded inward; stamens 5; pistil 1, style base oblate-conical, style 2-lobed. The fruit is double-hanging and spherical.

2. Biological characteristics

It likes a warm and humid climate, can withstand cold and drought, avoid waterlogging, continuous cropping and peanut stubble.

The seeds have embryos that mature and then become dormant. When harvested, the embryo length is about 1/7 of the endosperm length. They need to be treated at a low temperature of about 0-5°C in humid conditions to germinate. The germination rate increases with the time of low temperature treatment. As for the increase, the germination rates after 25 days, 80 days and 120 days of low temperature treatment were 29.5, 61 and 97% respectively. The germination rate of alternate-year seeds stored dry at room temperature is only 1-6%.

3. Cultivation technology

(1) Soil preparation

Plow the ground about 50cm deep before sowing, and at the same time turn the fertilizer in, and then level the ground to make a flat border. Or high border, the high border is in the shape of a tile back. Drainage ditches all around.

(2) Propagation method

Propagate by seeds. Sow seeds in early November. Dry seeds can be used for autumn sowing, but the seeds need to be moistened more than 20 days before sowing until the kernels become soft. During the moistening process, the seeds should be turned and checked frequently to prevent the seeds from becoming hot and moldy. For spring sowing, the moist seeds must be placed outdoors in a humid place in winter, buried in the soil and subjected to low-temperature freezing treatment to allow the embryos to develop and mature. During the moistening process, the seeds cannot be squeezed, and the accumulation thickness is about 30cm. For example, dry seeds sown in spring cannot emerge that year.

The sowing methods are divided into wide drill sowing and narrow drill sowing. Wide drill sowing: The sowing width is about 15cm. Use a small hoe to make a trench transversely along the border. The depth is about 4cm. The bottom of the trench should be flat. The row spacing should be 25cm. The sowing should be even. Seeds should be 4-5cm apart. The method of covering with soil is to open a second trench. When the overflow soil covers the front ditch, the depth of covering soil is generally 3cm. For narrow-width drill sowing, the sowing width is 6cm and the row spacing is about 15cm. The method is the same as wide-width drill sowing. The seeding rate depends on the soil quality, 5kg per mu for sandy loam soil; 6-7.5kg per mu for pure sandy soil; 3.5-4kg per mu for fertile land with irrigation conditions. After sowing, pure sand needs to be suppressed with yellow mud or small crisp stones to prevent losses caused by strong winds moving the sand. Sand should be pressed when the waterlogged depressions are frozen.

(3) Field management

After thawing in early spring, if the floor becomes knotted, use an iron rake to loosen the soil and preserve moisture. Adenophora is a densely planted crop with small row spacing. The stems and leaves are tender and easy to break. It is not suitable for cultivating with a hoe and must be weeded at any time. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, they need to be thinned out, and the seedlings should be kept in a triangle shape with a spacing of about 3cm. If the seedlings are too sparse, the roots will easily branch, and if they are too dense, the growth will be poor. If there is a drought in spring, water should be sprayed as appropriate to keep the ground moist. Water accumulates in the ground during the later stages of growth and should be drained in time. The flowering of small ginseng seedlings consumes a lot of nutrients, which affects the quality and yield of ginseng roots. If the small ginseng seedlings are found to be budding, they need to be removed in time.

(4) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Root-knot nematode disease

(Meloidogyne sp.)

Beginning in May . Nematodes invade the roots of plants, suck sap and form root nodules, causing the seedlings to turn yellow, affect their growth and even cause death. Prevention and control methods: Avoid continuous cropping and peanut stubble, and choose disease-free land.

2. Adenophora virus disease

It begins to occur in early to mid-May. Infected plants have shriveled, twisted leaves, retarded growth, and short and deformed leaves.

Prevention and control methods: (1) Thoroughly control virus spreaders such as aphids and red spider mites; (2) Select disease-free plants to save seeds.

3. Rust

(Puccinia phellopteri Syd.)

Also known as jaundice. It starts to happen in mid-to-late July. Reddish-brown lesions appear on the stems and leaves, and later the surface of the lesions ruptures. Cause early death of leaves or plants. Prevention and control methods: (1) Clean the orchard after harvest and deal with diseased remains; (2) Spray 25% silica wettable powder 1000 times in the early stage of the disease, once every 10 days, several times in a row.

4. Big gray weevil

(Sympiezomias velatus Chevrolat)

Also known as weevil. Adults bite young shoots and seedling leaves. In mid-April, when the North Adenophora was unearthed, a large number of adults migrated to the North Adenophora field and caused damage, resulting in a serious lack of seedlings. Prevention and control methods: (1) Manual killing in the early morning or evening. The insect often hides in the soil cracks in the rhizosphere of the damaged seedlings. If you open the soil clods, you can kill a large number of adult insects; (2) Use 5-8kg of fresh radish strips per acre. Or add 100g of 90% trichlorfon to other fresh vegetables, mix well with a small amount of water to make poison bait, and sprinkle it on the ground in the evening to trap and kill.

5. Heart borer

(Epinotia leucantha Meyrick)

The larvae burrow into the leaves, lotus, roots and flower buds of Adenophora japonicus and cause damage, causing the rhizome to become hollow and the flower buds to become hollow. Cannot set seeds. Seriously affect output and quality. Prevention and control methods: (1) Trap and kill adults with lights at night on a windy day from July to August (the peak period of the emergence of third and fourth generation adults); (2) Master the egg stage and the first hatching of larvae before they burrow in, and use 90% of the insecticide to kill them. Spray with 100% insecticide or 20% dimethoate.

6. Aphids

As adults and nymphs, they suck the sap from stems and leaves. In severe cases, the stems and leaves turn yellow. It is a vector for viral disease transmission. For prevention and treatment methods, see Honghua.

4. Harvesting and Processing

Spring ginseng (two-year ginseng) is harvested in July of the third year; autumn ginseng (one-year ginseng) is harvested in September of the second year. Autumn ginseng is the best. Harvest the ginseng leaves in late September when the leaves are slightly withered and yellow. When digging, first use a hoe to dig a deep trench at one end of the ginseng field, expose the roots and lift them out with your hands, and remove the ginseng leaves. The dug ginseng roots should not be exposed to the sun, otherwise it will be difficult to peel them after drying, which will reduce the yield and quality.

Thickly separate the ginseng roots and process them in the morning on a sunny day. Wash off the mud first and roll them into 0.7-1.2kg pieces. Put the tail roots into boiling water and turn them for 2-3 weeks (6-8 seconds). ), then put the whole bunch into the pot and boil it, and use a long and thin stick to constantly turn it. Continue to heat to keep the water temperature boiling until the middle part of the ginseng root can be pinched and peeled. Take out the ginseng root, peel off the skin, and dry it in the sun. It can be used medicinally. If it is cloudy, it should be dried to avoid discoloration and mildew.

5. Seed saving

Choose well-drained sandy loam soil to establish seed saving fields. Apply enough base fertilizer and add 15-20kg of superphosphate. Choose annual ginseng roots with strong plants, free of diseases and insect pests, and consistent plant shape for planting. Plant from early to late September, with a row spacing of 30cm, and a 18cm deep trench. Place the ginseng roots diagonally in the trench with a plant-to-plant spacing of 18cm, cover with 3-5cm of soil, and make sure it is solid. Water should be watered during drought to facilitate survival. After planting New leaves grow in more than ten days and wither in late October. In early April of the following year, they will turn green and bolt. Only the fruit plate on the main stem of each plant will be left, and the small fruit plate on the side branches will be removed to concentrate nutrients and make the seeds full. The seeds mature in July when the fruit turns yellowish brown. Pick as they mature, otherwise they will fall off easily and reduce yields. Yield is related to fertilization management. Seed fields can be harvested continuously for 6-10 years by strengthening fertilization management. After the fruit is dried, the stems and impurities are screened out and stored in a dry and ventilated place for sowing.