Hepatitis B vaccine injection: the basic immunization is to play 3 times each time a shot, later if the booster shot can be a shot. There are two main groups of people who should be vaccinated, one is newborns and the other is adults. If the parents of the newborn are not hepatitis B, the newborn should be given genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine 1 intramuscular injection as soon as possible after birth, the injection site for the deltoid muscle of the upper arm (children, adults are the same), 1 month later, and then 1, 6 months later, and then 1, a **** 3 injections, this program is called the 0, 1, 6 program; newborns are now implementing the program of immunization, free of charge, the newborns at birth! Hepatitis B vaccination can basically ensure that the future will not be hepatitis B. For children, generally before entering the nursery, but also to do two-half test, to see whether there is antibody, if there is no antibody to play a booster shot.
Precautions for Hepatitis B vaccination
(1) The vaccine in the vial must be shaken well before injection and turned into a clear milky color.
(2) Ask about allergy and medical history before vaccination, and be cautious of those with allergic constitution and those suffering from allergic diseases.
(3) Vaccination time: the first vaccination for newborns must be given within 24 hours after birth, the earlier the better. If the injection is given after 48 hours after birth, the preventive effect will be reduced.
(4) Vaccination should be withheld if the inoculated person has fever, serious infection or other serious diseases.
Do you need to be vaccinated?
Adults need to undergo laboratory tests before getting the vaccine, and they must be checked for hepatitis B virus surface antigen, surface antibody and core antibody, and the test results show that these three systems of hepatitis B are negative and the transaminases are normal before hepatitis B vaccination can be carried out. Not all people can be vaccinated against hepatitis B, but generally speaking, for insurance purposes, anyone who has not been infected with the hepatitis B virus and has insufficient antibodies against hepatitis B should be vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus. Groups such as household contacts of hepatitis B carriers, food service workers and child care workers are especially in need of immunization. Hepatitis B patients do not need to be vaccinated against hepatitis B. Hepatitis B vaccine has no preventive effect on hepatitis B patients or hepatitis B carriers, and no matter how many doses of the hepatitis B vaccine are given, the corresponding protective antibodies - surface antibodies against the hepatitis B virus - will not be produced. In addition, there are serum sickness, bronchial asthma, allergic urticaria and allergic to penicillin, sulfonamide and some other drugs can not be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine; low birth weight, preterm delivery, cesarean section and other abnormal birth of newborns, temporarily should not be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine.
Do I still need to get vaccinated if I am positive for hepatitis B surface antibody?
If the positive titer is low, you can get a booster shot, but ask your healthcare provider for details.
Is the vaccine a guarantee? How many years does the hepatitis B vaccine remain effective against the disease?
Currently, we use a domestic vaccine that lasts 3-5 years, after which a booster shot can be given depending on the situation.
Is the hepatitis B vaccine a guarantee against hepatitis B?
First of all, we have to see whether the antibody is produced successfully; the success rate of any vaccine is not 100%, which is mainly due to the individual differences of people, if the antibody is not produced after vaccination, if the person's antibody is produced later, it can be injected with 1 or 2 injections or re-vaccinated, and appropriately increase the dosage; however, there are some people who are insensitive to hepatitis B vaccine, and we have given two groups of vaccines to them. Will not produce antibodies (normal people play a group of basic immunization), which is no way to immunize through the vaccine; generally speaking, the success rate of hepatitis B vaccine immunization is more than 90%.
The hepatitis B vaccine does not necessarily prevent hepatitis B virus infection and the onset of hepatitis B. Only those who can produce a sufficient amount of antibodies after vaccination have a preventive effect, and a sufficient amount of antibodies means that the titer of surface antibody to the hepatitis B virus should be more than 1:10. The protective antibody produced after the injection is not permanent, generally can only be maintained for 3 to 5 years, and must be reinforced later under the guidance of a doctor. The sign of successful immunization is that the surface antibody of hepatitis B becomes positive, and the vaccinated person can check the hepatitis B three systems regularly, as long as the surface antibody still exists, it proves that the immune ability still exists.
What are the side effects after injection?
Generally speaking, hepatitis B vaccination will not affect daily work and life, so far we have not seen the phenomenon of serious side effects caused by the injection, only a small number of people appeared in the inoculation site of redness, swelling, hardness, pain, arm soreness, or fever, nausea, vomiting, malaise, rash and other minor reactions similar to the general vaccination, mostly within 1-3 days. It is not cured.
Is the vaccine worry-free?
At present, hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through blood, and the probability of transmission through saliva and other bodily fluids is relatively low; and blocking mother-to-child transmission is the key to controlling hepatitis B. The majority of people infected with the hepatitis B virus start in early childhood, so we are currently offering the vaccine free of charge to all newborns. She said that because hepatitis B virus does not spread in the air, working, talking and eating together will not be infected; hepatitis B patients can have contact with other people, as long as their daily necessities are separated from others, they will not infect others with hepatitis B; hepatitis B surface antigen carriers can go to school and work normally and live like normal people; however, the saliva of virus carriers may contain the virus, so they should use communal chopsticks and share food, and after vaccination should also pay attention to these issues.
Newborns must be vaccinated against hepatitis B
China is a high prevalence of hepatitis B, the national hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) carries an average of about 10% (surface antigen carriers of about 100 million people), the national population of hepatitis B infection rate of up to 60% (about 600 million people have been infected by the hepatitis B virus). Hepatitis B virus infection is an important cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccine is an effective agent for the prevention of hepatitis B, and is the best measure to block the transmission of hepatitis B virus from mother to child. The key population for hepatitis B vaccination in China is newborns, all of whom are at risk of being infected by the hepatitis B virus, so newborns must be vaccinated with the hepatitis B vaccine.
Since the immune function of young infants is not yet mature, the differentiation and metabolism of hepatocytes are in the infantile stage, once the hepatitis B virus invades, the deoxyribonucleic acid of the virus can be integrated into the chromosomal genes of the hepatocytes. After the integration of virus-containing hepatocytes, not only not subject to cellular and humoral immune attack, but also can continue to proliferate to form clones, to the direction of hepatocellular carcinoma differentiation. This indicates that it is very important to prevent the transmission of hepatitis B virus between mother and child. After many years of exploration, the best measure to block the transmission of hepatitis B virus between mother and child at home and abroad is the combination of hepatitis B virus high-efficiency immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine.
(1) Passive immunoprophylaxis with HBIG: Hepatitis B surface antibody is a protective antibody against hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B surface antibody-positive people's blood is used to prepare hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and newborns or young infants are injected with it, which can make the organism obtain passive protective immunity rapidly. Hepatitis B surface antibody in Hepatitis B immunoglobulin can neutralize the virus invaded by human beings, clear the virus and protect the newborn from infection. Each milliliter contains more than 200 units can be called high-valence immunoglobulin, but the current domestic production of hepatitis B virus high-valence immunoglobulin, most of the milliliter contains only 100 units; therefore, when calculating the dosage should be injected according to the weight of each kilogram of injection of 0.075 ml ~ 0.2 ml projections.
(2) active immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis B vaccine: at present, there are blood-borne hepatitis B vaccine, hepatitis B peptide vaccine, genetically engineered recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, etc. The effect of blood-borne hepatitis B vaccine produced by our country since 1986 is similar to that of the products produced by the United States, France, and Japan, in terms of bioefficacy, safety, and blockage effect, and the cost is much cheaper than that of the imported vaccine. At present, the domestic hepatitis B vaccine has realized high immunogenicity, high purity, high quality and high yield, and the quality has reached the international level.
Research has found that hepatitis B core antigen can be detected in the nucleus of human liver cells 3 days after infection with hepatitis B virus. A single dose of hepatitis B vaccine requires 4 days for circulating antibodies to grow rapidly. Therefore, when hepatitis B vaccine is used alone, the invading hepatitis B virus, for example, may establish a base for reproduction in hepatocytes before artificial autoimmunity is established. So the hepatitis B surface antigen positive, at the same time hepatitis B e antigen positive carrier mother's children should be given hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection in time after birth, in the passive blocking basis at the same time injection of hepatitis B vaccine, you can reduce the possibility of hepatitis B virus early "landing".
Injecting HBIG within 48 hours of birth, combined with the hepatitis B vaccine 0, 1, and 6 regimen (one injection at birth, one injection in the first month, and one injection in the sixth month), can protect at least 70% to 90% of infants from their mother's hepatitis B virus.
The main ways in which HBV enters the bloodstream:
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (also known as HBV), which is found in the blood, sweat, saliva, menstruation, breast milk, and tears and other secretions of hepatitis B patients. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by HBV entering the bloodstream after contact with the above bodily fluids and secretions of patients in the acute stage of hepatitis B and the acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis.
①Mother-to-child vertical transmission: China's existing HBsAg-positive people about 140 million people, of which 85% through mother-to-child transmission. Vertical transmission is the main reason for the spread and high incidence of hepatitis B in China. There are also a few father-to-child transmitters. Mother-to-child transmission is mainly through the birth canal or intrauterine infection.
②Transmission of blood or blood products: Blood products contaminated with HBV, such as albumin, platelets, or blood transfusion to recipients, most of the post-transfusion hepatitis, in addition to hemodialysis, renal dialysis, can be infected with HBV.
③Medicine-borne transmission: HBV contaminated medical devices (such as scalpels, dental drills, endoscopes, laparoscopes, etc.) can transmit HBV.
④Close contact within the family: Hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through obstetric infection or intrauterine infection.
4 Close contact within the family: mainly refers to sexual contact, close contact in daily life (e.g., such as using the same toothbrush, towel, tea cups and chopsticks), there is a possibility of infection by HBV. HBV can be through the broken mucous membranes to enter the body of the close contact.
⑤Public **** places, barber stores, beauty salons, etc. are easily contaminated by HBV, such as baths, razors, etc. can be infected with HBV.
Preventive Measures
First of all, mother-to-child transmission is the most important means of transmission of Hepatitis B in our country, which is taken very seriously domestically, and babies born to HBsAg-positive pregnant women have been universally injected with the Hepatitis B vaccine since the 80's. Through 20 years of efforts, Shanghai City has been able to prevent Hepatitis B from spreading. Through 20 years of efforts, HBsAg carriers among babies born in Shanghai have dropped from 9.8% to 0.5%. Therefore, we can proudly say that the number of HBsAg carriers in China will be significantly reduced in the near future, and Hepatitis B can be completely prevented. Secondly, blood donors are strictly screened to ensure that medical blood and blood products are not contaminated.
Finally, the treatment of hepatitis B patients should be strengthened. Alpha-interferon antiviral treatment is preferred for chronic active hepatitis B. The treatment of hepatitis B patients should be strengthened by publicizing the general knowledge of hygiene and publicity. Should strengthen the general knowledge of health popularization propaganda, develop good hygiene habits. Through these various measures, I believe that in the near future, hepatitis B patients will be greatly reduced.
The use of hepatitis B vaccine 10 questions
One, why hepatitis B vaccine?
Hepatitis B vaccine can successfully prevent hepatitis B virus infection, newborns are vaccinated against hepatitis B vaccine at birth, basically ensure that the future of hepatitis B. The vaccine can be used to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in the future.
Existing cirrhosis and liver cancer mostly develop from hepatitis B. Successful prevention of hepatitis B is actually the first shot against cirrhosis and liver cancer. The current hepatitis B vaccine is cheaper, at a few dollars per shot, and is acceptable to the public.
Second, what kind of hepatitis B vaccine?
The current use of most of the genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine, used in the past the blood-borne vaccine has been basically eliminated (because there is a suspicion of blood-borne diseases and waste of large amounts of plasma). Genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine is a recombinant plasmid containing the hepatitis B surface antigen gene, which can be used to prevent all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus infection, using modern genetic engineering technology. The genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccines now in use are the recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid yeast vaccine for hepatitis B and the recombinant cowpox virus vaccine at a dose of 5 micrograms per dose.
Three: What is the correct way to use the hepatitis B vaccine?
(1) if the parents of the newborn are not hepatitis B, the newborn should be given genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine 1 intramuscular injection as soon as possible after birth (within 8 hours), the injection site for the deltoid muscle of the upper arm (children, adults are the same), 1 month later, and then 1, and then 1, 6 months later, a **** 3 injections, this program is known as the 0, 1, 6 program; children and adults need to play the vaccine first before Conduct laboratory tests, if all three systems of Hepatitis B tests are negative and transaminases are normal, you can be vaccinated against Hepatitis B according to the 0, 1, 6 program. The success rate of immunization is more than 90%, and the sign of successful immunization is that the surface antibody of hepatitis B becomes positive, and the protection time is generally more than 2 years, and the vaccinated person can review the three systems of hepatitis B regularly, as long as the surface antibody still exists, it proves that the immunity ability is still the same. (2) For newborns whose mother is pure surface antigen positive, the use of hepatitis B vaccine alone can achieve more satisfactory results, the use of hepatitis B vaccine is still 0, 1, 6 program, and it is reported that the first injection can be 2 shots (10 micrograms/l milliliter) for better results. (3) For newborns whose mothers are both positive for surface antigen and e antigen of hepatitis B virus, it is preferable to apply highly effective hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine together. The specific method is that newborns are given two injections of high-valence hepatitis B immunoglobulin (one injection immediately after birth and one injection one month after birth, each with 200 international units) and three injections of hepatitis B vaccine (10 micrograms each time, one injection each in the second, third and fifth months of life); or one injection of high-valence hepatitis B immunoglobulin immediately after birth and three injections of hepatitis B vaccine (15 micrograms each time, one injection each in the first month and the third in the first month of life), June), the success rate of protection of the 2 programs is more than 90%.
Four: What should I do if I don't produce antibodies after vaccination?
(1) Some people produce antibodies late, which is called delayed response. In this case, you can add 1~2 shots, or re-vaccinate, and increase the dose appropriately. (2)An immunization program of 0, 1, 2, and 12 months can be used. (3)Combine a small dose of interleukin-2 with hepatitis B vaccination.(4)BCG or cowpox vaccine can increase the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine and can be used in conjunction with it.
Fifth, after vaccination, how long do I need to be re-vaccinated?
The level of antibody produced after hepatitis B vaccination gradually decreases with time. In general, 97% of the people can measure surface antibody 1 month after 3 injections; in the second year, the level is still maintained; in the third year, it drops to about 74%, and the antibody titer also decreases. The decision to revaccinate is made after the titer of hepatitis B surface antibody is measured. Those with a Hepatitis B surface antibody titer of less than or equal to 10 IU/mL should be vaccinated within six months. Antibody titers greater than 10 IU/mL can be revaccinated within six years. Most scholars in China recommend one booster within 3 years after immunization.
Six, hepatitis B vaccine and other vaccines can be used at the same time?
Hepatitis B vaccine can be used in conjunction with the influenza vaccine, BCG vaccine, DPT, polio vaccine, and encephalitis B vaccine, and the vaccination procedures are carried out in accordance with the order of immunization requirements. But hepatitis B vaccine is best not used at the same time as measles vaccine.
Seven, accidental exposure to the hepatitis B virus how to play hepatitis B vaccine?
(1) For unvaccinated contacts, hepatitis B immunoglobulin should be given first (within 24 hours), and then hepatitis B vaccine should be given (1 week after hepatitis B immunoglobulin is given). (2) If the contact has been vaccinated but not fully immunized, the full immunization should be made up according to the Hepatitis B vaccine immunization procedure after the Hepatitis B immune globulin injection. (3) Contacts who have been vaccinated and have developed hepatitis B surface antibodies should be treated according to their antibody levels. If the level of hepatitis B surface antibody is sufficient, there is no need to deal with; the level is not enough should be reinforced with 1 injection of vaccine; if the initial immunization of non-responders should be injected as early as possible with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine 1 injection each.
VIII, vaccination against hepatitis B will not be infected with other infectious diseases?
Hepatitis vaccination will not cause other hepatitis, and will not be infected with other diseases. Hepatitis B vaccine in the production process has strict quality standards, many of these processes can kill pathogenic microorganisms in the blood, including HIV, after clinical observation is safe and reliable. It is worth mentioning that hepatitis or other infectious diseases can be contracted by using substandard products, such as injecting broken or deteriorated vaccines, or by not operating the injection process in accordance with aseptic requirements,*** using syringes or needles. There is also a part of the original is a hidden infectious, the virus is low level of replication, "two half" test is normal, need to use the RNA proliferation method to detect the virus (HBVDNA positive), this person will not be injected with the vaccine after the formation of surface antibodies.
Nine, if in remote areas, can not yet achieve universal vaccination of hepatitis B how to do?
At least the following susceptible people who are at high risk of hepatitis B virus should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine: all newborns and kindergarten children; workers in hazardous occupations (infectious diseases, stomatology, hemodialysis units, blood stations, nurserymen and so on); people who use blood products; newly recruited military personnel; organ transplantation patients; people who need to use immunosuppressant for a long period of time; family members and sexual contacts of hepatitis B virus carriers. Family members, sexual contacts.
X. Is it necessary for hepatitis B patients to take hepatitis B vaccine?
Hepatitis B vaccine has no preventive effect on hepatitis B patients and hepatitis B virus carriers, no matter how many doses of hepatitis B vaccine, will not produce the corresponding protective antibodies - hepatitis B virus surface antibodies, just a waste of vaccine and funds. For those who have been infected with hepatitis B virus in the past and have already obtained effective protective antibodies naturally (hepatitis B "two-to-thirty" test is positive for surface antibody), it is even more unnecessary to receive vaccination, but there will not be any adverse side effects after vaccination, and the level of surface antibody against hepatitis B may be increased. If patients with acute hepatitis B are completely cured and recovered after active treatment, and the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus "two-to-half" examination has been negative, only the core antibody is positive, and the protective surface antibody of hepatitis B virus can not be produced by themselves, in this case, hepatitis B vaccine can be injected to promote the production of surface antibody, so that they will not get hepatitis B in the future. In this case, the hepatitis B vaccine can be injected to promote the production of surface antibodies, so that they will not get hepatitis B again.