Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the top ten mushroom species in the international mushroom trading market, with its large flowers, beautiful color, fresh taste, tender and crisp taste, and good taste. It is rich in many essential amino acids and vitamins, and has the effects of preventing coronary heart disease, helping digestion and relieving fatigue. I. Growth and development conditions of Pleurotus ostreatus (I) Nutrition Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to grass rot fungi, and the source of artificial cultivation nutrition can be obtained from straw, wheat straw, corn straw, flax chips, buckwheat shells, sawdust, etc. Using the above raw materials together, mycelium can grow vigorously and obtain higher yield. (2) Pleurotus ostreatus with high temperature belongs to mesophilic mushroom. Its mycelium growth temperature ranges from 8℃ to 32℃, and its optimum growth temperature is from 23℃ to 27℃. At low temperature, the mycelium grows slowly, but it will not affect its growth. When the temperature rises above 32℃, the mycelium growth rate will be obviously weakened. When it exceeds 36℃, the mycelium will stop growing, and if it lasts for a long time, it will cause death. The optimum temperature for primordium differentiation of fruiting body is 10 ~ 16℃, and the optimum temperature for fruiting body growth is 16 ~ 21℃. When the temperature rises, the fruiting body grows fast, the flower shape is small, and it is easy to open the umbrella. However, at lower temperature, the fruiting body develops slowly, the flower shape is large, the stalk is thick and plump, and the quality is not easy to open the umbrella. (3) The water content in the moisture (humidity) substrate is directly related to the mycelium growth and the amount of mushroom, and the mycelium growth requires that the water content of the culture medium should be 65-70%. The water content in the culture medium is too high, and the hyphae grow poorly, which is thin and weak, and even makes the original hyphae shrink. In practical cultivation, it is often found that the water content in the substrate is too high after the fungus bed is rained, which seriously affects the fungus growth. Although the mushroom grows, its yield is not high. In the development stage of fruiting body, high air humidity, generally 85 ~ 95%, is needed to stimulate fruiting, otherwise, although the mycelium grows healthily, the air humidity is low and its fruiting is not ideal. (4) The requirement for oxygen in the growth stage of air mycelium is not high, but in the development stage of fruiting body, sufficient oxygen is required, and the cultivation place should be ventilated and ventilated to keep the air fresh. (5) Light is not needed in the growth stage of illuminated mycelium, but some scattered light is needed for primordial differentiation and fruiting body development. Therefore, in actual cultivation, the cultivation effect is better if the cultivation place is selected in a semi-shaded environment. First, the yield is high, and second, the mushroom is bright in color and strong in body. (6) The mycelium with pH is suitable for growth in a slightly acidic environment, and the pH value of the culture material and the covering material is 5.5 ~ 6.5. (7) Covered Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible fungus that needs to be covered with soil to produce mushrooms. The covering material is humus with granular structure and good water retention and air permeability, and it is better to use forest topsoil and loam in orchards. Never use sandy soil and clay. The suitable pH value of soil is 5.7 ~ 6. Second, cultivation production technology (1) technological process (2) technical points 1. cultivation season. At normal temperature, the whole production cycle is 120 ~ 180 days. Generally, the temperature rises to above 8℃ in spring planting and falls below 30℃ in autumn planting. It is best to combine the sowing season with the fruiting period at 16 ~ 21℃. In this temperature range, the mushroom body is strong and the color is good. 2. Selection and construction of cultivation sites. The mushroom farm is selected in a place sheltered from the wind and sunny, with three positive and seven negative or four positive and six negative, with good drainage and close to the water source, and the soil with acidity, rich humus, good water retention and ventilation is better. The cultivation method is often border planting, with the border width of 80 ~ 120 cm and the ditch width of 40 cm, and the length is not limited. The border surface is turtle-shaped or flat, and drainage ditches are opened around it. Spray insecticide bacteria on the border before paving, and sprinkle quicklime for disinfection. In order to prevent the harm of earthworms, 1% tea seed cake water can be poured on the border. If you choose mountainous areas as mushroom farms, you must use pesticides such as mirex and termite powder to kill ants. 3. Types and formulas of cultivation materials. (1) pure straw 100%; (2) 50% of soybean stalks and 50% of corn stalks (with leaves); (3) 80% of straw and 20% of sawdust; (4) Bagasse 80%, sawdust 20%; 5] straw 40%, buckwheat hull 40%; [6] Flax crumbs 100%; Once flax crumbs 80%, buckwheat hull 20%. The above raw materials can be cultivated without adding other auxiliary materials. 4. Raw material treatment. (1) Straw soaking: Before building the pile, the straw must absorb enough water, introduce clean water into the ditch or pool, put the straw directly into the ditch or pool for soaking, and step on the grass while soaking it. The soaking time is about 2 days. If the grass is soaked in the pool, it is required to change the water once or twice a day. Soaking rice straw has three purposes: first, let the rice straw fully absorb water; The second is to reduce the pH value in the matrix; The third is to make it soft to make the haystack compact and easy to operate. If the spraying method is adopted, the specific method is: put the straw on the ground, spray water for 2 ~ 3 times all day, and spray it for 6 ~ 10 days continuously to ensure that the straw absorbs enough water. Soaked or drenched straw? Let it drip naturally for one day to make its water content reach 70 ~ 75%. You can use the method of hand measurement, that is, extract a small handful of representative straw, tighten it, and observe the seepage of water droplets. If there are water droplets oozing from the grass and the water droplets are broken, it shows that the water content is moderate; If the water drops are continuous, it indicates that the water content is too high; If no water drops seep out after tightening, it indicates that the water content is low. Straw with insufficient water content must be replenished and rebuilt, while straw with excessive water content can prolong its dripping time. ⑵ Pre-stacking fermentation: Only when the temperature is higher than 23℃ in the daytime, pre-stacking is needed to prevent the haystack from fermenting and the temperature rising after stacking, which will affect the growth of mycelium. The specific method is to put the soaked or drenched grass on the flat ground and pile it into a haystack with a width of 1.5 ~ 2 meters, a height of 1 ~ 1.5 meters and an unlimited length. The haystack should be piled firmly, and the haystack should be turned again every 3 days, and then it can be moved into the cultivation site for stacking and sowing in 2 ~ 3 days. 5. Straw spreading and sowing. Spreading the soaked and treated straw on the bed surface, spreading the material in three layers and sowing in two layers, spreading the material in the bottom layer for 8-10 cm, compacting, and uniformly hole sowing the seeds, wherein the seed blocks are the size of walnuts, and the intervals are 20 cm × 20 cm, and sowing the wheat seeds; Spread the second layer of material with a thickness of 10-12 cm. The second sowing is the same as above. Spread the top layer of material with a thickness of 2-4 cm and a total thickness of 25-30 cm. The dosage of hay is 20-30 kg/m2, and the dosage of strains is 2 bottles (bags) per square meter. After sowing, the soil in the furrow is directly broken and covered on the material surface with a thickness of 3 ~ 5 cm. Immediately after covering the soil, cover straw or other straws. If sowing is late, cover the covering layer with a plastic film, and then cover the straw curtain. 6. Flax chips are spread and sown. Spread the pretreated flax crumbs on the winter fallow field just after harvesting the late rice (no whole border is needed). The bottom of the material is 70 cm wide and 20 cm high. When laying the material, step on the material, sow the wheat seeds, and sow the cottonseed hull mixture on demand. After sowing, cover the flax crumbs with a thickness of 1-2 cm, and compact and flatten them with wooden boards. The material used per mu is about 8,000 kg, and the amount of strains is 2 bottles per square meter (bag After sowing, the soil in the furrow is directly broken and covered on the material surface with a thickness of 3 ~ 5 cm. Immediately after covering the soil, cover straw or other straws. If sowing is late, cover the covering layer with a plastic film, and then cover the straw curtain. Third, the control of temperature and humidity is the central link in the cultivation and management of Pleurotus ostreatus. In the process of cultivation, corresponding control measures should be taken according to the actual situation to promote the recovery and growth of mycelium. (1) Within 20 days after rice straw is sown with moisture regulation, it is generally not sprayed directly on the mushroom bed, and it is usually sprayed on the mulch with supplementary water to prevent excess water from infiltrating into the material. If it is rainy during this period, you should guard against the excessive humidity in the pile caused by rainwater infiltration. You need to cover the mulch with a film, and then open the film after the rain, and pay attention to removing the water around the mushroom bed. (2) During the growth period of hyphae, hyphae began to germinate 2-3 days after sowing. After 3 ~ 4 days, the hyphae begin to eat, and in the early stage of hyphae growth, water is generally not sprayed or less sprayed. After 20 days, the amount of hyphae on the mushroom bed has obviously increased, and sometimes hyphae have accounted for more than half of the culture material. After this period of time, the grass on the surface of the mushroom bed will sometimes appear dry and white. At this time, water should be sprayed appropriately, and the water should be sprayed lightly. The sides around the mushroom bed should be sprayed more, and the middle part should be sprayed less or not. If the humidity on the mushroom bed meets the requirements, it is not necessary to spray water every day, otherwise it will cause mycelium decline. (III) Regulation of heap temperature Under normal circumstances, the heap temperature rises slightly 1-2 days after planting. Generally, the heap temperature is required to be 20 ~ 30℃, and it is best to control it at around 25℃, so that the mycelium grows fast and healthily. In order to prevent the abnormal phenomenon of pile temperature, the change of pile temperature should be observed regularly every morning and afternoon after planting, and corresponding measures should be taken in time if abnormal phenomenon occurs. For example, when the temperature of the pile is below 20℃, it is advisable to thicken the grass cover in the morning and at night, and cover the pile with plastic film, and then lift off the film at sunrise during the day. On the other hand, when the temperature of the reactor is high, 2 ~ 3 holes can be drilled in the center of the reactor, with the diameter of the hole about 6 cm and the depth of the hole 15 ~ 20 cm. In a word, the change of pile temperature can be adjusted by different shading degrees in different seasons. Fourth, the management of fruiting period The mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus grows vigorously in the later period. When the inner hyphae in the soil layer begin to form hyphae bundles (usually 15-20 days after covering the soil), they will twist into a large number of white fruiting body primordia after 2-5 days (usually 50-60 days after sowing). During this period, the management focus is on moisturizing and strengthening ventilation. (1) Control of moisture (humidity) The relative humidity of the air is required to be 90 ~ 95% in the fruiting stage, and the climate in autumn is dry. Pay attention to the moisturizing of the mushroom bed so as not to affect the fruiting. Usually, the drainage ditch is filled with water and the covering and soil layer should be kept in a wet state. If the grass curtain is used, the moisture can be kept by spraying. When uncovering the covering, combined with checking the wet and dry conditions of the covering layer, it is unnecessary to spray water if the covering layer is wet; On the other hand, if it is dry and white, it must be properly sprayed with water. In addition, it is necessary to check the water content in the pile, and it is required that after the mycelium passes through the forage, the straw turns pale yellow, and the cultivation material is pinched by hand, which has both a soft feeling and a moist feeling, and sometimes a little water drops appear. This is normal. If there are moldy or continuous water droplets after extrusion, this is an abnormal phenomenon, and remedial measures should be taken in time: first, stop spraying water, lift off the covering, and promote the evaporation of water in the bacterial bed; Second, ditch drainage to reduce the groundwater level as much as possible; Thirdly, several holes are drilled on the surface of the bacterial bed or on the side of the ground to promote air circulation in the bacterial bed. (2) Temperature control When the temperature is lower than 4℃ or higher than 30℃, no mushrooms grow. There are great differences in the performance of fruiting in different seasons, in which the temperature is suitable in April-May and September-November, and the fruiting is fast and orderly. When sowing in late autumn or winter, the whole growth period is obviously prolonged, and its fruiting period will be relatively prolonged. During the fruiting period, the ambient temperature can be kept in an ideal range by adjusting the illumination time, water spraying time and ventilation degree of the site. If you encounter frost during mushroom growing, first, you should pay attention to thickening the grass cover and covering the small mushroom buds; Second, it is necessary to spray less or no water to prevent mushrooms from freezing. As long as the grass cover is well covered and the ground temperature is protected, the mushroom buds can safely overwinter (protective shed can be used for cultivation). If the mushroom buds are exposed and the temperature is lower than 0℃, the mushroom buds will be attacked by dry cold air, especially northwest wind, which can cause freezing damage. Watering, ventilation, air exchange, mushroom picking, etc. need to be turned over during the mushroom growing period, so it is necessary to handle with care in the management process, especially when there are a large number of mushroom buds on the bed surface, bamboo pieces can be used to slightly raise the cover to prevent the cover from hurting the small mushroom buds. When the mushroom buds grow to 2 cm in diameter, the amount of water spray can be reduced appropriately, and the principle of light spray and less spray can be mastered to avoid deformed mushrooms.