The percussion music of Jingzhou ancient painting opera is the lotus boat, stilts, cars, water, gongs and drums of the local people. In the process of development, it absorbed the gongs and drums of other operas, but the brand's playing style and percussion instruments have their own characteristics. Such as grass cymbals, chopping wood, walking hammer, high cavity, sad cavity, beating gongs, hitting water and so on, all have unique ways of playing. In the early troupes, the band only had martial arts fields, and the percussion music used was called "family business" or "hot". Commonly used musical instruments are gong, small gong, sea cymbal, horse gong, hall drum, board, bamboo pocket (side drum) and so on. Among them, the cooperation between Ma Gong and Tang Gu is very distinctive. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the singing of Jingzhou Opera was accompanied by a small national band, with instruments such as erhu, jinghu, pipa, suona, flute, cello and sheng. Later, western woodwind instruments were added, and some plays also used brass instruments. With the increase of these musical instruments, the expressive force of Jingzhou ancient paintings and operas has been enriched and improved.
The main businesses of Jingzhou ancient painting and drama are Xiao Sheng, Clown and Xiao Dan. In the "Six-pole" period, with the change of the repertoire, the roles of the trades also developed, and five trades appeared, namely Xiao Sheng, Shengjiao, Zheng Dan (equivalent to Tsing Yi), Hua Dan (also known as Iron Pole) and Ugly Foot. Xiao Sheng: Play more young people. Singing and reading are all loud. His role in the play is Hu Jinyuan in White Sail, which is famous for his singing skills. Liang Shanbo in the Confucian literati drama Visiting Friends; Liu Hai and others in the martial arts drama Toad. Zheng Dan: Mainly plays a dignified, virtuous and strong young woman. For example, Qin Xianglian in The Hall of Three Officials and Qin Xuemei in Qin Xuemei. Hua Dan: Also known as the "iron pole" merchant, he plays more pungent middle-aged women and lively little girls. Its performance footwork is light and flexible, with delicate movements and clear words. She plays the role of a catering girl in Ci Dian and Yan Xijiao in Wulongyuan. Ugly: This business has a wide range of plays, playing employees, extremely young people, educators, shopkeepers, villains and so on. The characters they decorate are sharp and witty; Still cunning, cunning and smooth. For example, Mr. Zhang in "Mr. Zhang studies money"; Judges in Shen Yin, etc. Health perspective: Play more honest, generous, resolute and free and easy roles, and love to fight against injustice. For example, Zhang Chaozong of Gao Jingcheng and Song Jiang of Wulongyuan.
According to statistics, there are 197 ancient painting dramas in Jingzhou, including Sliding Door, Pinching Cabbage Moss, Telling the Old Man, Standing on the Flower Wall, Flipping Bamboo Shoots, Beating Lotus Fragrance, Jianghan Map, He Duanyang, Nailing, Toad, and Toad.
Fourth, inherit the value.
Judging from the origin and basic characteristics of Jingzhou ancient painting opera, it has a very "corresponding" and "consistent" relationship with the development history of China opera. Around 2 1 century, Jingzhou ancient painting and drama encountered an irresistible crisis. The excavation, rescue and protection of Jingzhou ancient paintings and operas are of unique value for witnessing the vitality of China traditional culture, and will play a certain role in enriching and perfecting the history of China opera and China music, and excavating Jingchu folk culture and art.
Hunan ancient painting opera is the general name of folk operas all over Hunan. Hunan is divided into Yueyang Huagu Opera, Changsha Huagu Opera, Changde Huagu Opera, Shaoyang Huagu Opera, Lingling Huagu Opera, Hengyang Huagu Opera, Xiangxi Yangyang Opera (named after its performance in the first month of spring) and so on. Among them, the Huagu Opera with "Chinese flavor" mainly includes Yueyang Huagu Opera, Changsha Huagu Opera and Changde Huagu Opera.
The origin and development process of Hunan ancient painting opera is roughly the same as that of Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan and Anhui, that is, based on folk singing and dancing lanterns, there are stories and stories. In the past, people used to play with lanterns, whether it was dragon lanterns, lion lanterns, clam shell lanterns or lotus picking boats, they all needed music to render the atmosphere. You need drums and gongs to control the rhythm. When the lantern performers are happy, they should also mix in folk songs and minor tunes, sing in unison, and the melody is lively and jumping, which has the beauty of simple and original local accent.
The earliest lantern music originated from Nuo. During the Shang Dynasty, Jingchu area was "beating drums to carry Hu, exorcising dances to drive away epidemics" (Chronicle of Jingchu). In the Warring States period, in addition to drums and gongs, Nuo instruments also used other musical instruments such as Qin, flute and gongs. All kinds of musical instrument groups "combine the method with the festival", and greet the gods and drive away the epidemic with the songs and dances of witches.
Later, folk lanterns rose, except folk songs, minor and other folk music, mainly borrowed music with religious characteristics from Nuo ceremonies to greet God and make wishes. The two blend together. In Sichuan, there is a lamp in the lamp and a lamp in the lamp. The same is true in Hunan, for example, the drama of God's Case and Nuo's Desire in Yueyang all permeated into folk festivals and activities and became a part of folk culture. Singing and dancing with lanterns is inevitable. If we start from the beginning of the year, we can celebrate the Flower Festival in the first month, worship ancestors in Tomb-Sweeping Day in March, greet God in the Dragon Boat Festival in May, greet God in June, celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival in July and celebrate the Spring Festival in September until the end of the year. In addition, folk etiquette activities, such as ancestor worship, wedding, funeral ceremony, full moon, birthday celebration, new house, housewarming, and even cutting grain and tasting new rice, are inseparable from song and dance music, not to mention lantern festival and dragon boat race.
China traditional opera art is a comprehensive art which integrates singing, dancing and drama, takes script as the main body and performance as the means, including singing, reading, doing and playing. Lantern and inspiration have only some elements of traditional China drama. To reach the level of national opera, we need to learn from foreign art, for example, Huangmei Opera was the first to learn from Qingyang Opera and Huizhou Opera, and Su Ju was the first to learn from Kunqu Opera. Before Hunan Opera became an independent drama, Han Opera was widely spread in Dongting Lake, Shui Yuan and Lishui during Jiaqing and Daoguang years of Qing Dynasty, and Yueyang Opera, Changde Opera and Changsha Opera were all directly or indirectly influenced by Han Opera.
Yueyang Flower Drum Opera is popular in Yueyang, Miluo, Linxiang and some towns in southern Hubei. Jiaqing's "Baling County Records" in Qing Dynasty recorded the prosperity of flower drum drama in rural areas around Baling.
As far as music is concerned, the main vocal cavity of Yueyang Opera's ancient painting cavity is called "Qin cavity". The tunes of "Qinqiang Opera" include [single sentence], [double sentence], [dream tone], [yin tone] and [sad tone]. Other folk songs, such as Sifu tune, Acacia tune, Noisy Five Watch, Ten Embroideries, Huimen tune, Ten glasses of wine, plum blossom intro, etc., are also often used in it. Obviously, "Qin Opera" was influenced by China's tunes. Many plays of Yueyang Opera are also based on "Qin Opera", so when performing in southern and southeastern Hubei, it is easily accepted and loved by the masses because of its musical homology and language similarity, and it is called "violin opera".
The main repertoires include Four Clothes, Mending the Back, The Story of Lin Lou, Double Stealing Flowers, Double Selling Wine, Cowherd and Weaving Girl, etc.
Changsha ancient painting drama is popular in Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Ningxiang, Liuyang and Pingjiang, and it is the most popular and influential drama in Hunan. As early as the mid-Qing Dynasty, it became popular and flourished in these places.
The main melody of Changsha ancient painting drama is "Sichuan tune", and most plays adopt "Sichuan tune". Folk call it "Black Boy Play" because it is equipped with silk and bamboo instruments. "Black boy drama" was also influenced by naughty yellow in Han Dynasty, and gradually moved closer to banqiang music. There are also [first class], [second class], [third class], [guide plate], [bereavement], [singing] and [sharp cavity]. The main repertoires are Pan Fu, Sacrifice Tower and Draw lots.
Whether it's "Shaanxi Opera" or "Sichuan Tune", Heizi is accompanied by drums and other strings, and his pronunciation is gloomy and simple.
Yueyang ancient painting opera and Changsha ancient painting opera are collectively called "Gong Opera". "Gong cavity" is also called "Gong cavity", that is, when singing, it is accompanied by gongs and drums, regardless of strings and voices. Before liberation, Jingzhou ancient painting drama was accompanied by gongs and drums, and the voices helped each other. Wenchang's accompaniment was only added in the 1950s. On the basis of local gongs and drums, such as Mupi tune, Trojan tune, Ciqi tune, Liu Si tune and Batong brand, Cantonese opera absorbed some board cavity music of naughty yellow in Han Dynasty, and formed a combined structure of guide board, third-rate board, emergency board and scattered board.
Yueyang ancient painting opera and Changsha ancient painting opera also have a third tune, called "minor", which is local folk music with strong local flavor. For example, picking tea, looking at the mother, inverted tune, four seasons green, picking lotus boat tune, washing vegetables and other folk songs. However, some classics of gongs and drums in Han Dynasty were also used as music to cut the field, such as "Wan Nianhuan", "A Flower", "Moth", "Victory Order", "Liu" and "Beside the Dressing Table".
Yueyang ancient painting drama and Changsha ancient painting drama have become independent dramas. The earliest performance was "Erxiao" with few plots, that is, the "Sanxiao" song and dance drama, which was ugly all its life, mostly used local minor, and later influenced by dramas such as Han Opera, it performed plays with strong plots and more characters.
Because of the low drama level of minor, they absorbed the Han tunes which are adjacent to it and similar in language and pronunciation, and formed the later "Qin tunes" or "Sichuan tunes" and some "Gong tunes". And in the process of long-term stage performance, local music has been integrated, and the melody characteristics are relatively fixed. The ancient painting opera house called it "the right tune". The formation of "orthodox tune" makes up for the deficiency of minor and the combination of music and cards, which makes the ancient painting opera have the musical conditions for performing this drama.
As for Changde Flower Drum Opera, it is mainly popular in Changde, Taoyuan, Hanshou, Linli, Dayong and Cili. It originated from folk "tea-picking lamps" and "car lamps" and flowed into cities in the late Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Xuan Tong, Changsha Daily recorded that Changde banned "lantern prostitutes", which forced ancient Chinese paintings and dramas to co-perform, which was directly influenced by Changde's Chinese dramas. Before liberation, many artists of ancient paintings and operas studied China operas and joined Han classes. They often perform "two pots" in harmony with Chinese, which is called "two classes" locally. This situation continued until after liberation.
Changde's music is also "Sichuan tune", "Gong tune" and "minor". The main repertoires are Watching Flowers in the Shadows, Jumping on the Pink Wall, Picking Mushrooms, Going Down the Mountain, and The Death of Second Sister You, which were adapted after liberation. Modern new drama "Country Veterinary".
In addition to vocal music, many traditional plays in Hunan Opera are moved from Han Opera. It is said that there are hundreds of them, such as Song Jiangsha, Meilong Opera Phoenix, Temple Burning Incense, Huaiyin Songzi, Qingfeng Pavilion, and Catching Dishes.
After liberation, under the guidance of the Party's literary and artistic policies, and with the joint efforts of old artists and new literary and artistic workers, Hunan ancient painting drama excavated, sorted out and adapted many traditional plays, including Chopping firewood with bangs and Beating golden toad with bangs. It is a story about a young woodcutter in Liucun, Loofah Well, Wuling, Changde, which is played by Zhao Juyun and Zhong Yichun. Qian Shan has nine foxes. Hu Xiuying, the ninth sister, stopped Liu Hai on the road because she admired Liu Hai's diligence and simplicity and proposed marriage. When Liu Hai knew Xiuying really loved him, she agreed. So they use willow as a medium. Dan Jixiang testified that he was married and they both went home. It turns out that Hu Xiuying, Liu Hai's wife, is a fox spirit, and she had been practicing for more than 500 years before she got the body of a fortune teller. She has a treasure that enables her to be a person. There is also a stone arhat in Qian Shan, whose original body is a bluestone golden toad. He also practiced in the mountains and wanted to be a fortune teller. So he sneaked into the Liu family while shopping in the strip. When he saw Hu Xiuying drawing water next to Loofah Well, he led all the stones to grab the orb. Hu Xiuying was outnumbered and crashed into the well. Schlohn used a thousand pounds of brakes, and Hu Xiuying was cramped and exhausted. He tried to spit the orb out of his mouth, and it was taken away by the stone arhat. Hu Xiuying lost her orb, and she was about to show her true colors at dawn, so she told the truth to Liu Hai who came home from shopping. After hearing this, Liu Hai rushed to Qian Shan regardless of his life and death. With the help of the magic axe, the couple got back together and lived a happy life.
In the play, "Brother Liu Hai, let me compare you ... I'm here than my sister ..." The duet between Hu Xiuying and Liu Hai is lively and cheerful, and the joy of getting married and going home is funny and lovely. It is one of the most distinctive vocals in Hunan ancient paintings and operas, which has been circulating for a long time.
In addition to the arrangement and adaptation of traditional plays, Hunan Ancient Painting Opera House also pays special attention to the creation and performance of modern plays, which has great influence in the whole province and even the whole country. According to the statistics of Hunan Theatre 1965, 69 of the 94 plays are modern plays, such as Sanliwan, Playing Gong, Mixing Pots, Double Food Delivery, Red Shop Assistant, Guo Liang Troops Catch Guo Liang, My Home, Back to Cattle and so on. Among them are Gong, Pot Mending, Two Drawings, On the Delivery Road, Yeyadao and so on. It was made into colorful stage art films, and "Three Mile Bay" and "Objects" won the creation award of the 30th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China held by 1979 Ministry of Culture. " Li Guyi plays, Peng plays Li Xiaocong, and Zhong Yichun plays Aunt Liu's "Mixing Pot", which says that Aunt Liu, a pig expert, has an only daughter named Lan Ying. After graduating from high school, she returned to her hometown to participate in agricultural production and fell in love with her classmate Li Xiaocong. Li Xiaocong learned the craft of mending pots after graduating from high school. Aunt Liu got wind that her daughter had a crush on a pot repairman, thought it was useless to repair the pot, and opposed her daughter falling in love with him. One day, Aunt Liu accidentally broke the wok. Lan Ying took this opportunity to ask Xiao Cong to make up the pot. They skillfully educated the aunt and made her change her old ideas.
Li Guyi, who played Liu Lanying, later changed her name to Li Guyi, entered the vocal music hall from singing ancient paintings and became a famous soprano.
Although xiang opera has developed into a variety of industries such as life, beauty, cleanliness and ugliness, Xiao Dan, Xiao Sheng and harlequin still occupy the main position, and their performances are full of rich flavor of life. At the same time, they also pay attention to constantly absorbing traditional performance skills. For example, Yueyang ancient painting drama directly draws lessons from traditional operas, such as robes, feathers, wings, fans, official uniforms, hats, beards, holding, flapping, falling, falling.