Section 1: Organisms and Non-Organisms
1, knowledge of snails: snails are mollusks in the gastropod class, the whole body is divided into: shell (with a protective role), feet (in the abdomen), tentacles (two pairs of upper long and lower short), eyes (in the top of the long tentacles), mouth (with a toothed tongue inside).
The snail has a sense of touch (the antennal parts are the most sensitive), smell, vision, but no hearing; food is mainly plant roots, leaves and leaf buds, and therefore more harmful to crops, so it is a pest of agriculture.
2, living and non-living things: the biggest difference is the presence or absence of life.
Life activities animals plants rocks cars senses movement ingesting food absorbing oxygen discharging waste growth reproduction 3, animals and plants
(1) animals and plants are living things the biggest difference between the two is: different ways of nutrition.
Animals: Because of the absence of chloroplasts in their cells, they cannot make their own nutrients and have to take in food to get nutrients.
Plants: have chloroplasts in their cells and can use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to make nutrients.
(2) Animals vs. Plants:
Comparison Items Animals Plants Whether or not they need to eat kinetically Whether or not they are able to move quickly Whether or not they are able to make nutrients Whether or not they have reflexes to stimuli Whether or not they continue to grow for a lifetime (3) Plants are the foundation of the entire living world and are the basis for the survival of animals, which in turn can provide raw materials for photosynthesis in plants.
4. Methods of observing organisms: first observe the exterior, then the interior, and then observe some changes.
Section 2: Common Animals
General steps of classification operation on objects:
(1) Define the object of classification. (2) Determine the basis of classification. (3) Derive the results of the classification.
The basis of classification is generally the difference between the classified objects; and the difference between things is often more, so the basis is different, the same classification of the same classification of objects will be different results.
Categorization of animals: according to the presence or absence of a spine in the body of the animal, the animal is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.
Vertebrates
Animal groups Characteristics Representative animals Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals 4, Invertebrates
Animal groups Characteristics Representative animals Protozoa Body Unicellular Amoeba, Crawfordia, Plasmodium, Helminths Cavity Animals Body Radially symmetrical Mammals, Hydrozoa, Jellyfish, Coral Worms, Anemones Flatworms Body Dorsal abdominal flattening Vortexes, Schistosomes, tapeworms Nematodes Body linear, not segmented Roundworms, hookworms, filarial worms Annelids Body with many body segments Earthworms, sandworms, locusts Mollusks Body soft, shelled Snails, mussels, snails, snails, squid Arthropods Body, feet segmented, exoskeletons Locusts, shrimps, grasshoppers, centipedes Echinoderms Body with echinoderms Sea cucumbers, sea coasters, sea urchins 5, Invertebrate arthropods are classified into four groups: insectivores, Spiders, crustaceans, polypods.
Arthropods in the insect class is the most species and number of living things, insect class features: the body is divided into the head, thorax, abdomen three parts of the thorax has three pairs of feet and two pairs of wings, the body, antennae and feet are divided into segments, the body surface has a hard exoskeleton.
6. Learn to classify organisms using the: hierarchical classification framework retrieval chart.
Section 3: Common Plants
1, Linnaeus' biological classification levels: kingdom, phylum, order, order, family, genus, species. Which "species" is the basic unit of classification, the higher the level of classification, the greater the difference between similar organisms; the lower the level of classification, the more similar organisms **** the same point.
2, plant classification
3, angiosperms and gymnosperms are collectively known as seed plants, the difference between the two is that: angiosperms have an ovary wall outside the ovule, and after the development of seeds outside the pericarp envelope.
4. Note the pictures of plants representing each type in the book.
5. Explore: what attracts butterflies to flowers?
Experience the four main steps of inquiry: asking a question, establishing a hypothesis, designing an experimental program, and gathering facts and evidence.
Scientific inquiry experimental design should reflect the three points: control variables, set up a control group, the elimination of chance
Section IV: Cells
1, the history of the creation of the cell theory:
In 1665, the British scientist Robert Hooker first used the homemade microscope to observe the structure of the cell wall of the cork, put forward the the term "cell".
In 1831 British scientist Brown discovered the nucleus within plant cells.
The German poet Goethe proposed the term "prototype" and another German scientist proposed the term "protoplasm".
In the 1840s, German scientists Schleiden and Schwann summarized the previous experience on the basis of the **** with the proposed "cell theory"
The cell theory of more than 200 years, is a lot of great scientists **** with the crystallization of efforts.
The cell is the basic unit of life activity of an organism.
2, the structure of the cell:
(1) the basic structure of animal cells: the cell membrane (to protect and control the entry and exit of cellular material)
the cytoplasm (the main place of intracellular life activities)
nucleus (containing genetic material, and reproduction of offspring)
(2) the basic structure of the plant cell: the cell membrane (to protect and control the entry and exit of cellular materials)
Cytoplasm (the main place of life activities in the cell)
Nucleus (containing genetic material, related to reproduction)
Cell wall (protective and supportive, the main component of cellulose)
Vesicles (containing cytosol)
Chloroplasts (photosynthesis place, containing chlorophyll)
3, the basic structure of the cell: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
4. A complete organism is the result of cell division, growth, and differentiation;
Cell division results in an increase in the number of cells, and the most important event in division is the appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, which are divided equally between the two daughter cells, and division is a relatively independent process.
Cell differentiation leads to the emergence of cells with different morphological functions, which in turn form various tissues. Cell growth causes the daughter cells to increase in size. Differentiation and growth occur simultaneously.
Section 5: Various organisms under the microscope
Single-celled organisms
(1) All life activities are accomplished in a single cell, usually living in water. For example, chlamydospores, lacewings, amoebas, etc.
(2) Comparison of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (unicellular plant) and onion epidermal cells (multicellular plant)
Inside Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Onion epidermal cells Similarities Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell nucleus, chloroplasts, vesicles Differences Eyes (light-sensitive), flagellum (motile) No eyes and flagella (3) Comparison between Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (unicellular plant) and amoebae (unicellular animals)
Contents Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Similarities cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Differences eyespot, flagellum, chloroplast, cell wall, vesicle Cilia, contractile vesicle, food vesicle, anal pore 2, bacteria and fungi (both collectively known as microorganisms)
(1) Bacteria: prokaryotic organisms, according to the form of three kinds of: coccobacilli, bacilli, spirochete, by division of reproduction.
(2) Fungi: eukaryotic organisms, there are three main categories: yeast, molds, food fungi. Common food fungi are: shiitake, mushrooms, fungus, enoki mushrooms, silver ear, reishi. Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes (fungi, plants, animals).
5, organization: by the morphology of similar, structurally and functionally identical cells composed of a group of cells called tissue.
6, plant tissues
Tissue name Main function Protective tissues Protection (epidermis of plant body) Mechanical tissues Conveyance of nutrients (ducts, sieve tubes) Nutritive tissues Manufacture and storage of nutrients (found in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits) Transporter tissues Support and protection Dividing tissues Division of the tissue to produce new cells 7, animal tissues
Tissue name Main Function Main distribution Epithelial tissue Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion Skin, the surface of internal organs, etc. Muscle tissue Function of contraction and diastole Myocardial muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle Connective tissue Transportation, support, etc. Blood, cartilage, tendon Nervous tissue Accepts stimuli, produces and transmits excitement Brain, spinal cord, nerves 8, the structure of the skin: the epidermis, the dermis (with blood vessels) and the subcutaneous tissue in three layers.
9, microbial breeding conditions: moisture, air, temperature.
10, food storage methods: dry storage method, refrigeration, heating, vacuum preservation method