According to the different geographical distribution, the subgenus Vitis can be divided into three populations:
I. Eurasian population
It is the species with the highest cultivation value and is widely distributed all over the world. This species can be divided into two subspecies: wild cis-type forest grape and cultivated grape. Eurasian grape is weak in cold resistance, susceptible to fungal diseases, not resistant to nodule aphids, but strong in lime tolerance. Different varieties have differences in drought resistance, salt tolerance and adaptability to soil.
Second, the population of North America.
Including 28 species, only a few of which are used for production and breeding, mostly strong rattan, growing in forests and valleys in eastern North America. Species commonly used in breeding and reproduction are:
(1) American grapes are wild in the southeastern United States and southern Canada. It has strong cold resistance, tolerance to -30℃, moderate disease resistance and many cultivated varieties. It is a natural hybrid between this species and Eurasian grapes, such as Isabella, Kangke and Kataba. Among them, Kangke is an excellent variety for making red grape juice.
(2) Riverside grape is native to the eastern part of North America, with strong cold resistance, tolerance to -30℃ and strong resistance to fungal diseases and nodule aphids. It is mainly used to cultivate rootstocks resistant to nodule aphids in breeding. Beida is a hybrid of riparian grape and American grape, which can be used as cold-resistant rootstock.
(3) Sand grape is a small shrub with strong branches, which is native to the central and southern United States and grows in arid canyons, hills and gravel soil. This variety has strong disease resistance, cold resistance and drought tolerance, and is mainly used to cultivate rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids.
(4) Brandt grape, also known as Spanish grape, is a small climber native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, and can tolerate less than 65% of soluble lime. The hybrid between this species and Eurasian species is also resistant to 40% ~ 45% lime, and this species is mainly used to cultivate rootstocks resistant to nodule aphids and calcareous soil. Some famous rootstock varieties, such as Kober 5BB, 420A, SO4, etc. , is the hybrid offspring of this variety and riverside grapes.
Third, the population of East Asia.
Including more than 39 species, growing in forests, mountains, river valleys and coastal areas in China, Korea, Japan and the Far East of the former Soviet Union. There are about 30 species in China, with rich varieties and types, which are mainly used as rootstocks, ornamental and original propagation materials.
(1) Vitis amurensis is wild in northeast China, the Far East of the former Soviet Union and Korea, and it is the most cold-resistant grape variety in the genus Vitis. Its branches and vines can withstand the cold of -40℃, its roots can withstand-14℃ ~ 16℃, and it is not resistant to root nodule aphids and fungal diseases. Vitis amurensis grows vigorously, and the branches and vines can climb up to 25m in the forest, which is dioecious. China bred a complete flower variety Shuangqing, and the former Soviet Union also found two kinds of flower varieties. After years of efforts by scientific and technological workers, wild Vitis amurensis has been domesticated and cultivated successfully. The Institute of Specialty of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has bred some excellent vitis amurensis strains such as Changbai No.5, No.6, No.9, Tonghua 1 No.2, No.3, Lushan 1 No.2, and hermaphroditic varieties. Cultivated grapes yield about 700-800 kg per mu, which is an excellent parent for cold-resistant breeding. China Academy of Sciences, Beijing Botanical Garden, Jilin Chestnut Research Institute and other units have bred new cold-resistant wine grape varieties, such as Beichun, Beimei, Gongniang 1 No.2 and Gongniang No.2, by crossing wild grapes with Eurasian grapes, which have been cultivated in large areas in production.
(2) Wild in North China, Central China and South China, as well as Korea and Japan. Strong cold resistance, can overwinter in the open field in North China. Strong fruiting ability, Beijing Botanical Garden and other units have used it to cross with Eurasian species and obtained some varieties suitable for juice making.
(3) Pueraria lobata is wild in Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan and other provinces as well as Korea and Japan. The fruit is small, sour and strong in disease resistance. Jiangxi Agricultural University hybridized this variety with rose fragrance, and bred a leaf eyebrow grape, purple-black, small fruit and wine-making variety, which is suitable for high temperature and rainy climate.
(4) European grapes. ) liana shrub, wild in Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces. This species has strong growth potential and disease resistance, which can be used as a moisture-resistant rootstock and an excellent original material for disease-resistant and moisture-resistant breeding.
In addition, in my country of origin; There are still many valuable germplasm resources in East Asian population that need to be developed and utilized, such as: strong North China grape, drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant Yanshan grape, and hot and humid climate-tolerant East China grape.
principal item
A fresh grape variety
(1) The Eurasian Saba pearl was introduced to China in 195 1, and a small amount of it was cultivated in various places. The average weight of the ear is 200 ~ 500 g, which is conical, yellow-green, and light yellow when it is fully mature; The peel is thin; The meat is slightly crisp, juicy, and has a rose fragrance. It contains 65,438+02% ~ 65,438+05% soluble solids and 0.5% ~ 0.8% acid, and tastes sweet and sour. The fruit branch rate is 65% ~ 80%, and the average per fruit branch is 1.2 ~ 1.3 ear. The fruit in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province is ripe in mid-July, which is relatively consistent. The fruit needs 100 ~ 1 15 days from germination to full maturity, which belongs to an extremely early-maturing variety.
Sabah pearls mature very early, with excellent quality, strong disease resistance and medium yield, and are excellent fresh food species.
(2) Early-born roses of Eurasian varieties. Northwest Agricultural College was bred by crossing rose buds with Sabah pearls in 1963, named after 1975. Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces are cultivated. The ear is medium and large, weighing 2 10~290g ~ 290 g, and the maximum ear weight is 365g, which is conical and compact. The fruit grain is medium and large, with an average of 3. 1 ~ 3.6g, and the maximum grain weight is 6.5g It is round, purplish red and thick. Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is plump and juicy, with soluble solids 14% ~ 16%, acid content of 0.7% ~ 0.9%, sweet and sour taste, and rich rose fragrance. Each fruit contains 1 ~ 4 seeds, with more than 2 seeds. The fruit branch rate is 70% ~ 80%, and each fruit branch is 1.3 ~ 1.5 ear. In Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, the fruit ripens at the end of July, and it takes 100 ~ 105 days from germination to full maturity. The tree is weak, with short internodes and many secondary branches. New shoots germinate easily in winter. Annual mature branches are light brown.
Early rose is the earliest variety of fruit ripening in China, with beautiful ear appearance, rich rose fragrance, excellent quality and moderate disease resistance. Suitable for planting in sandy loam and areas with irrigation conditions.
(3) Zhengzhou bordeaux (bordeaux) is a Eurasian species. Zhengzhou fruit trees are cultivated in Henan, Jilin, Shanxi and other provinces. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 390 ~ 450 g, with two sharp shoulders and cones. The fruit grain is large, weighing 30 1 ~ 3.8 g, with a maximum grain weight of 5.2g, nearly round, purplish red and medium fruit powder. Thick skin and soft and juicy meat; It contains soluble solids 15.5% ~ 17.2% and acid 0.75%, and tastes sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.5 ~ 1.8 ear. It takes110 ~115 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. This tree has the golden mean. The annual mature branches are brown.
Zhengzhou is early red and precocious, salty, with beautiful panicle shape and above average quality.
(4) The early red Eurasian species bred by Shandong Wine Grape Research Institute was named 1976. Shandong Province, Changchun City, Tianjin and other places are cultivated. Ears are medium and large, weighing 350 ~ 500 g, conical and dense. The fruit is large, weighing 3.4~3.9g, oval, purple-black, and in the fruit powder; The peel is thick and astringent; The meat is soft and juicy, with rose fragrance, containing soluble solids 13% ~ 16%, sweet and sour, with an average of 1.5 ~ 1.9 ear per fruit branch. In Jinan, Shandong, the fruit ripens in late July. It takes about 1 10 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. This tree has the golden mean. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown
Shandong Zaohong is one of the fresh food varieties with early maturity, high yield and high quality.
(5) Early agate Eurasian species. It was bred by Beijing Forest Fruit Research Institute and cultivated in Beijing and Shandong Province. Ears are of medium size, with an average weight of 338g, conical and medium density. The fruit is large (22.6× 17.5mm), with an average weight of 4.2g, rectangular, purplish red and medium fruit powder. The peel is thin; The meat is crisp and sweet, containing soluble solids 126.3%, with 2 ~ 4 grains per fruit. The fruit branch rate is about 8%, with an average of 1.5 ~ 1.7 ear per fruit branch. In Beijing, the fruit ripens in early August, and it takes about 1 13 days from germination to full maturity, so it is an early-maturing variety. This tree has the golden mean. Early agate is an excellent early-maturing fresh food with large fruit, crisp and sweet meat, beautiful appearance and high yield.
(6) Phoenix 5 1, a Eurasian species, was bred by Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences and cultivated in Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning and other provinces (cities). The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 350 ~ 420 g, conical and extremely high density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 6.6~8.7g, red, nearly round and oblate, with 3 ~ 4 grooves on the fruit surface; Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is crispy and juicy, with a sugar content of 13% ~ 18% and an acid content of about 0.6%. It tastes sweet and sour. Each fruit branch averages 1.5 ~ 2 ears. The fruit ripens in Dalian in early August and in Jinan, Shandong Province in late July. It is an early-maturing variety with medium tree potential. Fenghuang 5 1 is an excellent early-maturing fresh food with large fruit grains, early maturity and good quality.
(7) Eurasian species from Nezha were introduced to China from Albania in 1975. The ear is large, with an average weight of 360-850 g, and the largest ear can reach 1 100g, which is conical, often with accessory ear, medium density or scattered birch. The fruit is very large (23 ~ 26× 26 mm), with an average weight of 4.5 ~ 10.2 g, the maximum grain weight of 17g, round or oval, pink and thin fruit powder. Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is crisp, light and slightly fragrant. Soluble solids 13% ~ 18%, and acid content is about 0.65%. The taste is sweet and sour, and the quality is above average. Each fruit contains 1 ~ 4 seeds, including 2 more seeds, and the fruit branch rate is 50% ~ 80%. Each fruit branch has an average ear of 1.2 ~ 18, with large grains, beautiful appearance, early maturity and high yield, but it is easy to crack fruit and is not resistant to powdery mildew and black pox. When the load is too large, the fruit is easy to fall and the ear is loose. Weak wintering.
Rizate Eurasian species, alias Rose Milk, was introduced to China for the first time in 196 1 and is cultivated in North China and Northwest China. The spike is very large, with an average weight of 650 ~ 1000 g, with conical branches and medium density. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 10.4% ~ 12g, cylindrical, red and purple when it is fully mature; The skin is extremely thick, the meat is crisp and thick, the sugar content is 10% 14%, the acid content is about 0.6%, and the taste is sweet. In Shandong province. In Jinan City, Shandong Province, the fruit is fully mature in early August, which is an early-maturing variety. The trees are extremely lush. Rizate is one of the best fresh food places suitable for cold and arid areas in northern China. It has beautiful appearance and good quality, but the trees are vigorous and have poor disease resistance, so it is suitable to be cultivated in large hedgerows or greenhouses.
(9) Eurasian jadeite cultivated in Beijing Botanical Garden of China Academy of Sciences. Ears are large, with an average of 600g, conical and medium density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 6.5g, oval or oblong, yellow-green; The peel is thin; The meat is crisp, containing soluble solids 14% and acid 0.53%. It is sweet and sour and has good quality. This tree has moderate potential and higher yield. In Beijing, the fruit ripens at the beginning of August, which is an early-maturing variety. Strong disease resistance.
(10) Eurasian rose is native to Britain and cultivated in Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin and other provinces (cities). The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 150~350g ~ 350 g, conical or branched, medium compact or loose. The fruit is large, with an average weight of about 5g, purplish red, thick fruit powder and medium thick peel; The meat is juicy, the juice is colorless, and the rose fragrance is rich; It contains soluble solids 15% ~ 19% and acid content of 0.6% ~ 0.7%, and tastes sweet and sour. The average fruit per branch is about 1.5 ear. The fruit ripens in Jinan, Shandong Province at the end of August and in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province around August 20. It takes 140 ~ 150 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. It is a mid-late maturing variety with medium tree potential.
Rose fragrance is a world-famous excellent table grape variety. Under good management conditions, its fruit size is large, its quality is excellent and its yield is high.
(1 1) Longan is a Eurasian species, which originated in China and is widely cultivated in Pingdu, Shandong, Changli, Hebei, Zhangjiakou, Qingxu, Yulin, Shaanxi and other places. The ear is large, with an average of 600-800 g, the maximum ear weight 1500g, conical or conical with shoulders, and medium density. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 5 ~ 6g, nearly round or oval, purplish red and thick fruit powder; Pericarp medium thickness; The flesh is juicy and the juice is colorless; Soluble solids 15% ~ 20%, acid content 0.6% ~ 1.0%, sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.2 ~ 1.3 ear. The fruits of Shandong and Beijing ripen in the middle and late September, and the fruits of central Shanxi10 ripen from late September to early June. The fruit needs more than 150 ~ 160 days from germination to full maturity, and it is a late-maturing fresh-eating wine variety. This tree is very strong. Longan has large ears and grains, and is resistant to storage and transportation. The quality of fresh food is above average, and the productivity of plastic shed is extremely high. Cold resistance, drought resistance and salt tolerance are strong, but they are prone to black pox.
(12) Eurasian milk is widely cultivated in Turpan basin in southern Xinjiang and Xuanhua in Hebei, but not in Dunhuang in Gansu, Changli in Hebei and Qingxu in Shanxi. The spike is large, with an average weight of 300 ~ 800 g, long and conical, and loose. The fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 4.5 ~ 6.5, the maximum grain weight of 9g, cylindrical, yellow-green to yellow-white, thin peel, crisp and tender meat, soluble solids 15% ~ 22%, acid content of 0.25% ~ 0.3%, and pure and sweet taste. The average number of spikes per fruit branch is 1.2 ~ 1.4. The fruit ripens in mid-August (Xuanhua, Qingxu) or late August (Turpan), and it takes 130 ~ 140 days, so it is a medium-ripe fresh food species. This tree is very strong. Milk grape has large ear grain, high yield, thin skin, crisp, sweet and refreshing meat, good quality, but poor cold resistance and disease resistance, and is suitable for ecological conditions with little rain, sufficient heat and loose soil.
(13) Turpan red grape is a Eurasian species, which is cultivated in Dunhuang, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. The ear is large, with an average weight of 300-400 g, the largest ear is above 1500g, the shoulder is conical, the fruit stalk is short, the fruit is large, with an average weight of about 4g, oval, pink or with rosy stripes; The peel is thin; There is little crisp gravy, and the juice is milky yellow, containing 22% ~ 23% soluble solids and 0.4% ~ 0.5% acid. Generally, each fruit branch is only 1 ear. The fruit ripens in mid-August. The fruit needs 135 ~ 140 days from germination to full maturity, which belongs to the middle-late maturity variety. This tree is very strong. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown with long internodes.
This variety has beautiful panicle shape, crisp and sweet meat, excellent quality and medium yield. It's just that the peel is extremely thin and not resistant to storage and transportation; It rains in the mature period, the air humidity is high, and it is easy to crack and rot.
(14) Hotan Red Grape is a Eurasian species, which originated in China and is the main cultivated variety in Hotan, Xinjiang. The ear is large, with an average weight of 680 ~ 900 g, conical, with shoulders, and extremely compact. The fruit is big and round, weighing 3.7 ~ 4g, purplish red, with medium fruit powder; Thick skin and soft flesh; The fruit juice is yellow-white, containing soluble solids 18% ~ 19%, and the acid content is about 0.6%, so it tastes sweet and sour. In Hotan area, it takes 140 ~ 150 days for the fruit to ripen in mid-September, and it belongs to a late-maturing variety. In addition to fresh and dried raisins, it is also used to make wine.
Hotan red grape has strong adaptability, barren tolerance, salt tolerance, cold tolerance and high and stable yield. Thick peel, resistant to storage and transportation. The brewed dry white wine is light yellow and clear, with complete aroma, strong body and long aftertaste. The quality of wine is the best among grape varieties in Xinjiang.
(15) Munage Wuya species, native to Xinjiang, is widely cultivated in Hotan area, and can be divided into two types: green Munage and Song. The spike is large, with an average weight of 540 ~ 780 g, conical and loose. Qingmuna has a large fruit, with an average fruit weight of 5 ~ 7g and soluble solids content of 17% ~ 18%. The taste is sweet and sour, and the fruit needs 150 days from germination to full maturity. It is a late-maturing variety from September 7th to 10 in Shanshan County. Mu Na Ge is a late-maturing variety with large seeds, high yield, storage and transportation resistance and medium quality, which has been exported to India. But harvesting too late is easy to thresh.
(16) Kyoho, a European-American hybrid, is native to Japan, and 1959 was introduced to China. At present, most provinces and regions have large-scale cultivation. The ear is large, with an average weight of 300 ~ 430 g, conical, loose or medium density. The maximum average weight of fruit particles is 9 ~ 12g, oval, purplish red, and the fruit powder is of medium thickness; Thick peel; The flesh is soft and juicy yellow-green, not fleshy, slightly American, and the skin and seeds are easy to separate; It contains soluble solids 14% ~ 16% and acid 0.6% ~ 0.7%, and tastes sweet and sour. Average per fruit branch 1.3 ~ 1.8 ear. The secondary branch has strong seed-setting ability, and it takes about 130 ~ 140 days from germination to full maturity of the fruit. It belongs to a medium-mature variety. This tree is very strong. Jufeng is deeply loved by growers and consumers because of its super-large fruit, beautiful appearance, medium and high quality, high yield and strong adaptability. It is the most widely cultivated and largest table grape variety in China. If it is not managed properly, the fruit will fall seriously; Too much fruit will lead to premature senescence of trees and affect future yield.
(XVII) Fujiminori, a European-American hybrid, originated in Japan, and 1986 was introduced to China. Ears are medium or large, with an average weight of 340 ~ 600 g, conical, medium or tight. The fruit is very large, with an average of 18g in Jianjiang Province and a maximum of 32g, nearly round and purple-black; Thick peel; Thick meat, sugar content 16% ~ 18%, sweet and raspberry. The quality is above average. It is a medium-early maturing variety. This variety has the largest fruit grain, light fruit cracking and strong disease resistance, and has great development prospects.
(XVIII) European-American hybrid with high Mo, native to Japan, 1985 introduced to China. Leaves are similar to giant peaks. Ears are big, with an average weight of 300 ~ 400 g, conical, medium or compact. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 9 ~ 13g, oval and purplish red; Thick peel; The pulp is thick and juicy, easy to separate from seeds, sweet and sour, and has strawberry flavor; The maturity is 10 days earlier than Kyoho, which is an early-maturing variety.
High-ink falling flowers and fruits are lighter, the ears are neat and beautiful, and the resistance is strong, each with its own performance.
(XIX) Hongruibao, a hybrid of Europe and America, 1982 was introduced into China, and now it is cultivated in a small amount in many provinces and regions. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 200 ~ 500 g, branched or conical, and medium density. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 8 ~ 10g, oval and light red; Thick skin and soft and juicy meat; It contains soluble solids 15% ~ 2 1%, acid 0.5%, sweet taste and medium strawberry flavor. Average per fruit branch 1.4 ~ 1.7 ear. It is a mid-late maturing variety. This tree is very strong.
(20) Longbao, a European-American hybrid, was originally from Japan, and 1982 was introduced to China. Big ears, with an average weight of 470 ~ 5 10g, oval, red palladium; Pericarp medium thickness; The meat is soft and juicy, with soluble solids 14.7% ~ 16.5% and acid content of 0.68%. It is a medium-ripe variety with sweet taste, strong strawberry flavor, good quality and fruit maturity similar to Kyoho. Longbao has high output, stable output and good quality. Longbao, compared with its sister varieties Hongruibao and Fuji, has stronger resistance to anthracnose and lighter fruit cracking.
(2 1) Black Olin is a European-American hybrid, which originated in Japan. 1977 was introduced to China and cultivated everywhere. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 5 10g, conical, medium compact and consistent maturity. The fruit is very large, with an average weight of 9 ~ 13g, nearly round or oval, purple-black, and the fruit powder is of medium thickness. Thick peel; The pulp is crisp and juicy, with strawberry flavor. It contains soluble solids 13% ~ 16%, and acid is about 0.5%, which is sweet. Each fruit branch 1 ~ 2 ears, and the secondary branches are strong. Mid-late maturing varieties. This tree is very strong.
Black Olin fruit is particularly large, and its quality is above average. Less flowers and fruits, high yield and strong disease resistance.
(twenty-two) white banana is a hybrid of Europe and America, and it is cultivated in Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces. Ears are medium or large, with an average weight of 303 ~ 560 g, conical, medium dense or tight. The average weight of fruit particles is 3.7~6.7g, oval, yellow-green, and the fruit powder is of medium thickness. The peel is thin; Juicy, fleshy, rich strawberry flavor, soluble solids 15% ~ 22%, acid content 0.7% ~ 0.9%, sweet taste. Average per fruit branch 1.8 ~ 2.2 ears. It takes 135 ~ 140 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. This is a moderately mature variety with strong tree potential.
(XXIII) Kangtai Europe-America Hybrid, named as 1987. The ear is medium or large, with an average weight of 250 ~ 330 g, short cone shape, accessory ear and dense. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 5 ~ 8g, nearly round and purple-black; Thick peel and more fruit powder; Peel and pulp, pulp and seeds are not easy to separate; Clam meat is green, and each fruit has 2 ~ 3 seeds. It contains 14% ~ 15% soluble solids. There is a strong American flavor, which is not as good as poetry. The fruit branch rate was 82%, with an average of 65438 0.5 ear per fruit branch. The fruit is about half a month earlier than Kyoho, which belongs to an early-maturing variety. This tree has the golden mean.
Kangtai is cold resistant and disease resistant. Its fruit ripens early and is big, but its quality is poor. It is cultivated only in the northeast and south of China.
(24) Auspiciousness is the bud change of white banana, which belongs to European and American hybrids. Branches and vines are thick. The ear is conical and compact, with an average ear weight of 9 18g and a maximum of 1900g. The fruit is short oval or nearly round, with an average grain weight of 9.2g and a maximum of12.9g. The fruit eye is yellow-green, thin and thick, with fruit powder. The pulp is easily separated from the seed. Each fruit has an average of 1.4 seeds. The pulp juice is rich and sweet, with sugar content of 15% ~ 18% and banana flavor. The quality is above average. Strong cold resistance and moisture resistance, easy to manage. Strong resistance to downy mildew and anthracnose. However, it is easy to get sunburned, and there is no phenomenon of fruit cracking and grain dropping during harvesting.
(25) Jimmy was originally from Japan, and was a European-American hybrid. He was introduced to China in 198 1 year. The tree is vigorous, with thick branches, neat and cylindrical fruit ears and compact fruit grains, with an average ear weight of 300g and a maximum of 500g, and the fruit is large, nearly round and purplish red, with an average grain weight of 6.78g and a maximum of 8 g. The peel is thick, there are many fruit powders, and the peel and pulp are easy to separate. The meat is soft, juicy and sweet, with sugar content of 17.6% and acid content of 0.6 1%. Medium quality.
Harbin area germinates in early May, blooms in mid-June and matures in mid-August. It takes about 1 10 days from germination to maturity. It is a cold-resistant, early-maturing and fresh-eating juice-making variety.
(26) Chaokangmei is a hybrid variety of Europe and America, with strong tree potential and many green buds. The ear of the fruit is conical, and the fruit is densely planted, with an average ear weight of 366.5g and a maximum of 595g. The fruit is round and tidy, with an average grain weight of 10.0g and a maximum grain weight of 13.5g, which is 2.2g more than that of large-grain Kangbaier. The peel is thick, blue and black, and there are many fruit powders. The pulp is slightly hard, juicy and sweet. It contains 65438 04% soluble solids and 0.6% acid. It has a strong American flavor. The fruit ripens evenly without shedding or cracking. Medium quality, it is one of the varieties used to make juice and fresh food.
(27) The national treasure is a European-American hybrid, introduced from Japan. The ear is big, conical, purple oval, well colored, soft, with sugar content of 17%. No fruit cracking and threshing. The tree is medium and stout, easy to form flower buds, good fruiting performance, less flower drop and easy to yield. Strong disease resistance, its maturity is two weeks earlier than Kyoho. The prevention and treatment of black pox should be strengthened during the growing period.
(twenty-eight) Zizhenxiang mixed-race children in Europe and America. The ear is short, conical, of medium size, with an average grain weight of 9g. The peel is dark purple and black, and there are many fruit powders; The pulp is soft and juicy, with rose fragrance and high quality. Solid content 14%, seed meat is easy to separate, and there is no meat sac. Beautiful and charming appearance. Strong tree vigor, disease resistance and cold resistance, and strong adaptability. About 20 days earlier than Giant Peak.
(XXIX) Red honey originated in Japan, and 1985 was introduced to China. The trees are covered with green buds. The ear of the fruit is conical, and the fruit is densely planted, with an average ear weight of 500g and a maximum of 700 g. The fruit is large and short conical, with an average grain weight of 13g and a maximum grain weight of 17g. The peel is bright, medium thickness and contains a lot of fruit powder. The flesh is yellowish white, juicy, slightly hard, slightly sweet and has a strong rose fragrance. Containing bran 19% ~ 20%. Excellent quality. Matured in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province in mid-September.
(30) Red Izu and Misawa Red Izu
Red Izu, a European-American hybrid, is a bud mutation of Red Fuji, with an average panicle weight of 650g and a large panicle of 800g ... The fruit is oval, with an average grain weight of 13g and a large grain weight of 17g. The skin is purple and beautiful. Fruit has good flavor, high sugar content and rich fragrance, which is deeply loved by consumers. The flesh is slightly tight and there is no fruit cracking. The tree grows vigorously, has strong disease resistance, is easy to cultivate, has high fruiting branch rate and good high-yield performance, but high load affects coloring.
Izu Misawa is a variety of Izu Misawa. The fruit is oval, weighing about 16g, and the ear weight is about 600~800g. The appearance is bright red and the flavor is rich. The tree has strong growth, strong disease resistance, no flowering, easy cultivation and high and stable yield. The pulp is soft and should be lightly processed. This variety has strong flavor and high yield, and can be planted on the edge of the city.
(3 1) Jiafei Road and Chiling
Jiafeilu is a Eurasian species with strong trees and thick branches. Its ear weight is 500-800 g, grain weight is about 8- 12 g, the fruit is bright red without cracking, the pulp is slightly dense, and the sugar content is as high as 20%. It is one of the most promising autumn storage varieties with low acid content, high quality, no fruit cracking, no grain dropping and good storage and transportation resistance. The resistance of this variety to black pox is weak.
Chiling Eurasian species, native to Japan, was introduced to China on 1985 due to the early bud mutation of Garfield Road. The tree is strong and the new buds are long. The spike is medium, with an average spike weight of 350g and a maximum spike weight of 860g, which is oval. The average grain weight is 7.9g, and the maximum grain weight is 13.5g, oval and purplish red. The meat is crisp, sweet and juicy, with sugar content 19% and acid content of 0.89%. It is of high quality and will mature in late September. Moderate cold, drought and disease resistance. Suitable for planting in arid areas such as North China and Northwest China.
(32) Dabao is a European-American mixed-race native to Japan. The average weight of ears is 538g, conical or cylindrical, and medium-tight. The average weight of fruit particles is 8.3g, oval, purplish red, with meat sac and good quality. The sugar content is 15% and the acid content is 0.88%. The juice is sweet and smells like strawberries. This tree is strong and productive. Strong disease resistance and no fruit cracking. Very late ripening.
(XXXIII) Aoshan Ruby 1985 was introduced to China. The tree is in a moderate state and the branches grow sturdily. The ear of fruit is large, mostly long and conical, and the fruit grains grow neatly with moderate density, with an average ear weight of 600 ~ 6300 g; The fruit is oval or short oval, and the average single fruit weight is11~12g; Purple skin, less fruit powder, beautiful appearance, thin skin and strong toughness; The flesh is milky white, and the flesh is not easy to separate. The fruit is firmly attached to the pulp, with strong tensile strength and difficult threshing. Fruit contains 1 seed. Sugar content 15 ~ 17 degrees, with a faint rose fragrance and excellent quality. Extremely resistant to storage and transportation.
(34) Louduya 1985 was introduced to China from Europe and America, and originated from Japan, with strong tree potential, medium yield and strong disease resistance. The ear of fruit is big, conical, oval, with average weight of 10g, bright red, beautiful appearance, thick and crisp meat, sweet taste, strawberry fragrance, sugar content of about 19%, and excellent quality. No cracking, no shedding and no resistance to storage and transportation. This variety is medium mature, suitable for planting in North China, Northwest China and Northeast China, and can also be planted in South China.
(thirty-five) Japanese Kyoho varieties, European and American hybrid varieties, native to Japan, have strong tree potential, high yield and relatively disease resistance. The ear of the fruit is conical, the fruit is slightly smaller than Kyoho, short and round, the fruit is purple-black, juicy, sweet and slightly smelly, and the sugar content is usually above 16%. This variety is early-maturing, which is earlier than Kyoho 10 day. It is suitable for planting in North China, Northwest China and Northeast China, and can also be planted in South China.
(36) Jingxiu Eurasian species, officially identified as 1994. The cone-shaped ear weighs 400 ~ 500 g, and the big ear 1000g is above. The fruit is compact and oval, with an average grain weight of 5 ~ 6 g, and the big ear is 7g, rose red or bright red. The meat is crisp, sweet and low in acid, with a sugar content of 15% ~ 17.5% and an acid content of 0.46%, which is of high quality. The seeds are small, usually 2-3. The growth potential is moderate, and the fruiting branch rate is moderate. Moderate or strong disease resistance. High yield, no fruit cracking, no sunburn, light flower drop and good fruit setting. Fruit grains are planted firmly and are extremely resistant to transportation. Easy to cultivate and manage, both hedges and sheds can be cultivated. It is about 20 ~ 25 days earlier than Jufeng, and it is one of the excellent early-maturing raw food varieties suitable for planting in the three northern regions.
(37) Late-red Eurasian species, 1987, introduced from the United States, is an excellent variety cultivated in northern China in recent years, which has great popularization value. Ears are big, 26cm long, 0/7 cm wide, weighing 800g, up to 2500g, long and conical. The fruit is round or ovoid, with an average grain weight of 12 ~ 14g and a maximum of 22g, and the fruit is moderately elastic. The skin is thick, deep purple, and the flesh is hard, crisp and sweet. Sugar content 17%, good quality. The ear of fruit is not easy to fall off, and the fruit grains are planted firmly, which is especially resistant to storage and transportation. It can be stored in Northeast China until April next year, and it is a kind of late-maturing fresh food with high yield, good quality and storage and transportation resistance.
(38) People complain about this breed of emperors that it matures late, looks attractive and is extremely resistant to storage and transportation. A lot of fruit is used for cold storage.
This variety has big spike, long cone shape and compact shape. Fruit granules are neat and large, long obovate or oblong; The fruit is red or reddish purple; The pulp has moderate hardness, rich flavor and thick skin; The ear stalk is tough and the fruit is firmly fixed.
Fruit ripens late, has strong growth potential and high yield. However, the disease resistance and cold resistance of this variety are not strong, and it is suitable for development in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid areas with good drainage.
Second, wine grape varieties
(1) Photinia glabra is a Eurasian species with high yield, high sugar and acid content and moderate disease resistance. The wine is light green yellow, clear and transparent, with rich fruit aroma and elegant honey aroma, and has a mellow and harmonious taste. In Shaanxi, Hebei, Xinjiang and other places, it is an excellent variety of dry white and sweet sparkling wine.
(2) Riesling is a Eurasian variety with high sugar content and medium yield. In European grape varieties, the cold resistance is strong, but the skin is thin and prone to disease. The brewed liquor is light yellow-green, clear and shiny, fruity, mellow and refreshing, and has a long aftertaste. It is an excellent variety for brewing dry white grapes.
(3) East Asian species. Yantai was first introduced to western Europe on 1892. Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and other places have been cultivated. The ear is small or large, cylindrical, and the fruit is large, which is a late-maturing variety. Easterling has strong adaptability, cold tolerance, moderate disease resistance and high yield. The brewed liquor is straw yellow, fragrant and refreshing, full and complete, with a long aftertaste and high quality. It is also the raw material for brewing sparkling wine and brandy.
(4) Chardonnay Eurasian species, native to France, was first introduced to China from Hungary in 195 1 and cultivated in Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi and other provinces (cities). It is an early-maturing variety with small ears and small grains. The yield of this variety is moderate, the sugar content increases rapidly and the acidity decreases slowly during fruit ripening. Fruit has moderate resistance to white rot caused by black pox. The liquor brewed in Shacheng is yellow-green, clear and bright, with complete aroma, mellow and harmonious taste, elegant aftertaste and excellent liquor quality. Great Wall Grape Company is also used to brew sparkling wine.
(5) Eurasian white jade, native to France, was introduced to China from Bulgaria in 1957, and from Germany and France in 1980s. At present, it is cultivated in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi and Xinjiang provinces (cities). White jade neon has high yield and strong cold resistance and disease resistance. In addition to brewing better liquor, it is also a high-quality raw material for processing brandy.
(6) Miller Eurasian species was introduced to China from Germany in the early 1980s. At present, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shaanxi and other provinces (cities) have cultivated. The ear is small, conical, and the fruit is small, oval, yellow and white; Juicy, it takes 125 ~ 130 days from germination to full maturity, and it is an early-maturing variety.
Miller has moderate cold resistance and early fruit ripening, but is prone to downy mildew and white rot. The wine is light yellow and slightly green in color, clear and shiny, with complete aroma and mellow and soft taste, which is a high-quality wine variety.
(7) Semillon Eurasian species, native to France, 1980 was introduced to China from Germany. Ears are medium-sized, conical and dense. The fruit is big, round and yellow-green; The meat is soft and juicy, and it takes 130 ~ 140 days for the fruit to germinate and fully mature. It is a mid-late maturing variety. This tree has the golden mean. This variety has moderate or high yield and moderate disease resistance. The brewed wine is yellow-green, clear and transparent, fruity, pure, harmonious and refreshing. It is a high-quality variety for producing dry white wine and sweet wine.
(8) White Eurasian species, native to Georgia, introduced to China by 1956. North China, the old course of the Yellow River, Shaanxi and other places are more cultivated. Ears are of medium size, cylindrical or rectangular, and some are branched and of medium density. The fruit is medium-sized, oval and yellow-green; The peel is thin, the juice yield is 75% ~ 80%, and the fruit needs 140 ~ 150 days from germination to full maturity. It is a late-maturing variety with medium tree potential. White varieties such as fat and water have medium or high yield; Strong resistance to saline-alkali and black pox, but easy to suffer from downy mildew and powdery mildew; Strong wintering ability in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. White wine is pale yellow, clear and shiny, with pleasant aroma, refreshing taste, complete wine book and good aftertaste. It is one of the main varieties of white wine produced in China at present.