According to the production practice, planting Camellia oleifera must do the following:
1 site selection
Camellia oleifera likes warm and humid climate, and the requirements for soil are not strict. Hills and mountains where rhododendron, dictyophora indusiata, Cunninghamia lanceolata, tea tree, Pinus massoniana and other plants grow can be selected as the afforestation sites of Camellia oleifera, but hills with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage and abundant sunshine are better: the afforestation density should be determined according to the site base and management purpose, and long-term forest-grain intercropping should be carried out if the soil conditions are good.
2 Soil preparation
Generally, the land should be cleared up more than one month before planting, so that the soil can mature before planting. Block or strip soil preparation is beneficial to soil and water conservation. Block soil preparation is used for steep slopes, that is, pits with a depth of 20 ~ 25 cm and an area of 0.25 ~ 0.3 are dug according to certain plant spacing; Strip soil preparation method is adopted on gentle slope, that is, horizontal strip with depth of 20~ 25cm and width of 0.7 ~ 1m is dug along the horizontal direction according to certain row spacing, and then block soil preparation is carried out according to the row spacing of plants. Generally, there are more than 100 plants per mu of Camellia oleifera, that is, the plant spacing is 2.2m×3.3m, and the reasonable density can be determined according to local conditions.
3 planting
(1) time
It can be planted in winter and spring. Generally, it is planted in spring in Huoshan county (from mid-February to mid-March), because there is more rain in spring, which can improve the survival rate.
(2) Method
Seedlings should keep their roots moist to avoid wind and sun, and properly trim the main roots (cut off the tips) before planting to promote them to have more lateral roots. It is best to plant it after rain or cloudy days. First, loosen the whole tree hole and remove impurities (grass roots, stones, etc. ), according to the size and length of the root system of tea seedlings, dig a small hole, put Camellia oleifera into the hole to keep its root system in an extended state, then cover the soil, slightly lift the tea seedlings, wait until the root system is implemented, then step on it, then cover the soil and step on it, so that the root system is completely closely connected with the soil, and then cover the soil, that is, "."
4 Preventive measures
When planting Camellia oleifera, it is required to subdivide the hole soil, plant seedlings properly, plant deeply, stretch the roots, fill the soil firmly, connect the roots closely and cover the soil loosely.
(1) Keep your feet steady. The key to the survival rate of Camellia oleifera lies in stepping steadily to make its roots closely connected with the soil.
(2) When planting, the depth should be deep rather than shallow. If planted too shallow, it will die because of drought tolerance, which will affect the survival rate.
(3) The roots of seedlings should be stretched. If you are not careful when planting, it will bend the roots of seedlings in the soil and affect the survival rate.
(4) When covering the soil, especially when covering the soil for the first time, don't fill grass roots, stones and other sundries in the upper part of the seedling root system, so as not to affect the survival rate.
(5) Use high-quality seedlings.
5 Young forest tending
Young Camellia oleifera forests should pay special attention to pruning to cultivate high-yield trees. Tending management of newly planted Camellia oleifera promoted its survival in the same year, and tending was conducted twice a year/kloc-0. In May and July, weeding and soil covering were carried out respectively, and it was not suitable to loosen the soil. After the third year, comprehensive or banded care will be given twice a year. Agroforestry intercropping in young forest period can not only promote forest growth, improve forest productivity, but also obtain economic benefits. Intercropping crops should be beans, not vines and tall crops. In crop management, Camellia oleifera should not be damaged to prevent the harm of people and animals to Camellia oleifera.
6 reasonable pruning
Camellia oleifera can be pruned all year round. Generally, it is better to prune the tea fruits after harvesting and before the spring shoots germinate: first cut the lower part, then cut the middle and upper part, first trim the crown, then trim the crown, which requires small space, full inside and full outside, not heavy left and right, and lush foliage. Ventilation and light transmission will increase the volume results: generally dry dead branches, aged branches, waste branches, insect branches, shade branches, ant branches and parasites.
Prune long branches and cross branches reasonably according to the situation: according to local conditions, it is generally appropriate to cut them lightly in the sunny direction and re-cut them on the shady slope as appropriate; Heavy cutting of dense forests, light cutting of sparse forests; Appropriate heavy cutting under the canopy, light cutting or no cutting in the middle and upper parts; Young trees are lightly cut and old trees are heavily cut; Camellia oleifera with strong growth should be light rather than heavy, and Camellia oleifera with weak growth should be heavy rather than heavy, which is a tree with strong germination. Camellia oleifera should not be over-pruned, but it generally blooms and bears fruit at the top of branches, so it is not suitable for pruning or shortening.
7 fertilization
It is best to apply organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. The young forest is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the forest is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Only the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can play a coordinating role in all stages of growth and development of Camellia oleifera, which is beneficial to both vegetative growth and reproductive growth.
Second, the prevention and control of common pests and diseases of Camellia oleifera
1. Three Common Diseases of Camellia oleifera and Their Control Measures
(1) Anthracnose of Camellia oleifera
It is easy to occur under the conditions of high humidity and high temperature, and the disease begins in April-May, and spreads fastest in July-September, with the most fruit dropping until harvesting. Pathogens overwinter in diseased fruits and leaves as hyphae or conidia, and spread by wind and rain or weevil in the following spring.
(2) Soft rot of Camellia oleifera
Also known as defoliation and leaf blight of Camellia oleifera, it harms Camellia oleifera and its seedlings, causing a large number of defoliation, fruit drop and flower bud differentiation, resulting in reduced production. In the high humidity and weak growth Camellia oleifera forest, the diseases are more serious, the drainage is not smooth, and there are more weeds in the depression.
(3) Camellia oleifera bituminous coal disease
Also known as sooty blotch, March to June and June 10- 1 1 are the peak periods of disease, and ascomycetes or hyphae overwinter on diseased leaves and branches. The disease is mainly caused by scale insects, whiteflies and aphids.
(4) Prevention and control methods
On the basis of breeding disease-resistant and high-yield varieties, the following technical measures should be implemented:
A: Reclaim in winter and hoe in summer: Reclaim in winter and turn over the soil to eliminate germs. The reclamation method is deep excavation in winter and shallow excavation in summer; Deep excavation of wasteland and shallow excavation of cultivated land; Deep excavation on gentle slope and shallow excavation on steep slope; Old trees dig deep and young trees dig shallow; Deep excavation outside the crown and shallow excavation inside the crown; Dig deep in the first year and shallow in the second. Deep excavation depth 16 ~ 20cm, shallow excavation depth 10 ~ 12cm. According to the investigation of villagers' groups such as Jianda and Banxi, the average yield of tea oil per mu was 3.67 kg in the first three years of reclamation, reaching 18.3 kg in the third year after reclamation, and reaching 24 kg in the highest year.
B: Pruning: removing diseased plants, diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, etc. Centralized incineration to prevent proliferation. Cut off budding branches and clumped branches to keep the camellia oleifera forest ventilated and transparent, and inhibit the development of diseases. Pruning should be carried out after picking tea seeds or in March-April of the following year, with late winter and early spring as the best season. Through pruning, the average incidence of anthracnose, soft rot and bituminous coal disease decreased by 28%, 66% and 4 1% respectively, and the yield increased by 20% ~ 30%.
C: Old Camellia oleifera Kenny Lin: renew the old Camellia oleifera forest with extremely low yield and serious diseases and insect pests, and replant excellent disease-resistant varieties manually, or cut off the old Camellia oleifera with a height of 65,438+0.5 ~ 20 cm, and keep 2 ~ 3 strong buds in the next winter, and at the same time, combine with land reclamation in winter to restore the fruit after 4 years.
D: cutting off diseased plants: cutting off diseased plants and updating them without affecting the yield per unit area. If there are many diseased plants or serious lumpy areas in the center, excellent disease-resistant varieties should be replanted first, and then the diseased plants should be cut down after several years.
E: Biological control: The incidence of bituminous coal disease in camellia oleifera growing in Litsea cubeba is extremely low, mainly because the aromatic oil volatilized from the fruits and leaves of Litsea cubeba has the function of killing bituminous coal fungi and other molds. Therefore, planting Litsea cubeba in the middle of camellia oleifera forest is an effective measure to control bituminous coal disease. In addition, ladybugs, lacewings and other natural enemies can be introduced to protect syrphids, syrphids and other natural enemies to control the occurrence of pathogenic pests.
F: Chemical control: From the end of June, spraying 1% bordeaux solution and 2% low-water tea once every 10 day for 4-5 times, which has a good control effect on anthracnose of camellia oleifera. Spraying diseased plants at 0.3℃ in summer, 1℃ in autumn and 3℃ in winter can effectively control bituminous coal disease of camellia oleifera.
2. Common pests of Camellia oleifera and their control
(1) Camellia oleifera
Also known as tea moth, tea caterpillar and caterpillar, it occurs for three or four generations a year. It happens in an orderly way, without alternation of generations. Overwintering with eggs, overwintering eggs are mostly produced in the middle and lower layers of the crown 1 meter below the opposite side of the budding branches or leaves.
Prevention and control methods:
(a) Kill the pupae, cultivate the soil for 7 ~ 10 cm, and compact it so that the pupae in the soil can't escape.
(b) Kill the larvae, remove the yellow or gray-white damaged leaves, and put the larvae into a dustpan filled with medicinal powder or lime to kill them.
(c) Insecticidal larvae or soaking larvae with soap, cutting soap or cotton oil soap into thin slices, dissolving in a small amount of water, adding water (well water is not allowed) to make a liquid 150 ~ 200 times, soaking insect branches and leaves with soapy water, and taking it out immediately. The insecticidal rate can reach 100%.
(2) Camellia oleifera weevil
Also known as the tea elephant, it is a biennial generation, overwintering with adults and larvae in the soil, and its burial depth is about 10 ~ 20 cm. In August ~ 10, the larvae drilled out of the damaged tea fruits and entered the soil as rooms, diapaused under the soil in the following year, and the adults were gradually unearthed in April and May of the third year. The peak period is from June to mid-July.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Flooding method: stacking the picked tea fruits on the threshing floor to dry. The larvae in the tea fruit will drill into the soil and irrigate the tea fruit immediately after treatment. Drowning bugs.
(2) Capture method: Using the characteristics of fake death and weak flight ability of oil-tea weevil, capture and destroy it manually.
(3) Blue-winged longicorn beetle
It is 2 ~ 3 years old and overwinters on branches as larvae. Two-year-old larvae pupate the earliest, and the pupation period is from mid-late April to mid-late May. Adults appear from mid-late April to early June. Larva from mid-May to mid-June
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Pruning and pest control: reduce the flat ring marks of the injured branches and burn them.
(2) Catching adults: during the emergence of adults, artificial killing can be carried out every morning.
(4) Camellia oleifera borer
Also known as borer, it overwinters on the damaged branches as big larvae every year. Overwintering larvae begin to pupate in late April of the following year, with the peak of pupation in early and middle May and the peak of adult emergence in late May to late June. Adults are nocturnal and phototactic.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Trapping and killing: Adults have strong phototaxis, and they can be trapped and killed by lights at night at the peak of emergence.
(2) Insecticidal: 90% trichlorfon is sprayed 500 times in larval stage, 1000 times in adult stage and 500 times in 20% dimethoate emulsion, with obvious effect.