(1) The varieties of wild edible fungi sold by restaurants or merchants are not pure, and the products of wild edible fungi sometimes mix with inappropriate fungi. The author once examined the samples of edible boletus in a restaurant and found that there were more than 10 different species, at least two of which were obviously toxic.
(2) Eating too many fungi at one time makes the stomach uncomfortable. Chinese medicine believes that some wild edible fungi are "cold", and some consumers will have various discomfort symptoms due to the adaptability of their personal physique. When this happens, other people who eat at the same table often have no adverse reactions.
(3) Wild mushrooms are not fully mature. Some wild mushroom species can only be eaten when they are ripe; It will be toxic when it is not cooked, and may cause discomfort after eating, especially when eating hot pot. According to the traditional personal simple method and specific experience, it is one of the reasons for accidental eating poisoning to identify complex and diverse poisonous bacteria and edible fungi in different places. In the poisonous mushroom poisoning incident in Guangdong, some victims believed in some unscientific "identification methods of poisonous mushrooms". According to the survey, many poisoned people said that they thought that "poisonous mushrooms will change color when they meet ginger, garlic or rice", and they ate mushrooms that did not change color, but they were still poisoned.
N kinds of rumors about poisonous mushrooms:
Rumor 1: Bright mushrooms are poisonous, while non-toxic mushrooms are plain in color. Truth: This is the most widespread, influential and lethal rumor about mushrooms, which even rises to the height of rumors. In order to smash this rumor one by one, we let the famous "angel of destruction" Amanita verna appear.
White poisonous umbrella belongs to Agaricus, Amanitaceae and Amanita, and it is one of the most toxic large fungi in the world. Known as "angel of destruction" in Europe and America, it has a faint fragrance, which conforms to the legendary image of non-toxic mushrooms and is easy to eat by mistake. With the extremely high mortality rate of poisoned people (as high as 50-90% in different documents), the believers of these legends were cruelly ridiculed, so they also had an alias-fool mushroom.
Often used to annotate the impression that "Ming mushroom is poisonous" is poisonous goose ointment, which belongs to white poisonous umbrella. The image of bright red mushroom cap dotted with white scales constitutes the warning color of "I am poisonous, don't eat me". However, there are also some edible fungi varieties that pay equal attention to beauty and safety. For example, A. caesarea, also from Amanita (the occurrence rate of this genus is really high ...), has a bright orange mushroom cap and mushroom handle. When it is not fully opened, it is wrapped in white mushroom Tori, which is another name for "egg mushroom" and is a delicious food that cannot be tasted during Sichuan-Tibet tourism in summer. In addition, chanterelle, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Boletus bicolor and Russula are all edible fungi with bright colors. Interested readers can use Google images to search for these Latin names themselves.
Myth 2: Most edible non-toxic mushrooms grow on clean grasslands or pine trees and oak trees, while poisonous mushrooms often grow in dark, humid and dirty places. Truth: All mushrooms contain no chlorophyll, so they can't carry out photosynthesis and autotrophy. They can only be parasitic, saprophytic or live with higher plants, and at the same time need higher environmental humidity, so they often grow in "dark and humid" places. As the saying goes, "the tide will grow mushrooms", which is the truth. As for the "cleanliness" and "filth" of the environment, there is no specific dividing standard, and it has nothing to do with the toxicity of mushrooms growing in it. Coprinus comatus, an edible fungus, is often wild in feces, and cow and horse feces are often used as culture medium for cultivation. On the contrary, many poisonous mushrooms, including white poisonous umbrella, grow in relatively clean forests and land.
Higher plants in the mushroom growing environment, especially pine trees and oak trees (generally referred to as FAGACEAE plants) have many kinds of mushrooms, which can not be used as a basis for judging that mushrooms are non-toxic. Other angels of destruction also grow in oak forests, pine forests or a mixture of the two. It is also reported that non-toxic mushroom species attached to toxic plants may also be contaminated with toxicity, so special attention should be paid when eating.
Myth 3: Poisonous mushrooms often have scales and mucus, and there are volvacea and fungus rings on the stems.
Truth: The mention of morphological terms such as scales, mucus, volvox, stalks, etc. is the expression of the rumor of poisonous mushrooms "keeping pace with the times", and the rumor even has a little reliability. Volvariella, fungus rings and scales often appear on the fungus cover at the same time, which is a remarkable feature of Amanita, which is the most concentrated group of toxic species in Agaricus. That is to say, according to the identification standard that "the mushroom is toxic to volvacea, ring and scale", a large wave of poisonous mushrooms including white poisonous umbrella and poisonous fly ointment can be avoided. However, the scope of application of this standard is very narrow, and it cannot be extrapolated to the whole mushroom world with highly diverse forms, let alone that "mushrooms without these characteristics are nontoxic". Many poisonous mushrooms have no unique morphological characteristics. For example, the sub-sparse pleated russula (sub-sparse pleated russula family) has no volvularia, rings and scales, and its color is single. Eating by mistake will lead to hemolytic symptoms, and severe cases may die of organ failure. On the other hand, this standard makes many edible fungi get shot while lying down. For example, among common edible fungi, red mushroom has rings, straw mushroom has straw mushroom, and shiitake mushroom has hairs and scales.
Myth 4: Poisonous mushrooms will not be eaten by insects and ants, and mushrooms with traces of insect feeding are nontoxic. Truth: The logic of this statement is exactly the same as the wrong judgment of genetically modified crops "why people can eat without eating insects". The physiological characteristics of human beings and insects (and other animals called "insects") are very different. The same kind of mushroom is probably "arsenic of others, my honey". 1996, French scientist Norman Meiere and others reported that Drosophila melanogaster was used to screen the potential sources of biological pesticides in 175 wild mushrooms [4], and the results showed that most of the mushrooms that were fatal to Drosophila melanogaster were not toxic to humans. In this study, the second most toxic mushroom to Drosophila is Boletus (Boletus, Boletus). At the same time, many mushrooms that are poisonous to people are delicacies of other animals, such as Amanita which is often eaten by slugs. The deadly white poison umbrella (A. exitialis) in Angel of Destruction is also recorded as being bitten by insects.
Myth 5: Poisonous mushrooms cooked with silverware, garlic, rice or rushes can make the latter discolor; Poisonous mushrooms can be detoxified after being cooked at high temperature or with garlic. Truth: This is the most absurd part of the legend about poisonous mushrooms, and the imagination of the initiator is admirable. Cooking is the last process that food goes through before it enters the mouth. Many people put down their doubts because they didn't see the "discoloration reaction when exposed to poison" and willingly ate poisonous mushrooms. In an incident in Guangzhou in 2007, the victim used the above method to test the poison.
Silver needle detecting poison is an ancient legend that has been circulated for thousands of years. The principle is that silver reacts with sulfur or sulfide to produce black silver sulfide. The purity of arsenic extracted by ancient methods is not high, often accompanied by a small amount of sulfur and sulfide, which may be detected by silverware; But all poisonous mushrooms do not contain sulfur or sulfide, and will not make silverware black. As for the statement that poisonous mushrooms cause discoloration of rice, garlic or rushes, it is completely imaginary, and there is no evidence that this phenomenon really exists. This kind of fabrication is quite powerless to refute. Fortunately, a counterexample is enough to illustrate the problem. I once cooked garlic with a deadly white umbrella, but the soup was clear, and the garlic was white and fragrant, which greatly increased people's appetite ... Of course, just shake it.
What's more, it is said that high-temperature cooking or cooking with garlic can detoxify. People may have confidence in the detoxification effect and eat mushrooms that they cannot judge, thus increasing the risk of poisoning. Different kinds of poisonous mushrooms contain different toxins with different thermal stability. Take the white poison umbrella as an example, its toxic component is amanita toxin, including at least 8 cyclic peptides with similar structures and 8 amino acids in the skeleton. Toxic umbrella peptide is very stable, boiling and drying in the sun can not destroy this toxin, and the human body can not degrade it. Among them, the maximum toxic oral lethal dose (LD50) of α -toxic umbrella peptide is 0. 1 mg per kilogram of body weight, which means that eating one or two white umbrellas is enough to kill an adult, and once imported, there is no antidote. The active substance in garlic has certain bactericidal effect, but it has nothing to do with poisonous mushrooms.
In addition, some edible fungi contain a small amount of toxic substances, which will decompose after heating, so they must be cooked, otherwise they may cause discomfort after eating, especially when eating hot pot. The edible mushroom Coprinus comatus mentioned above contains coprotein, which will hinder the operation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and lead to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body. If you eat a lot and drink a lot at the same time, it is easy to have a disulfiram-like reaction, which needs attention.