Development of Ancient Residential Buildings in China
(1) Primitive and Upper Three Dynasties, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (about 1000-4000 years ago)
In primitive society, houses developed from crypts and semi-crypts to above-ground buildings, with wooden bones and grass tops covered with mud. Although it is very simple, it also marks that human beings have moved from caves to the ground, which is a milestone in the history of housing construction development.
The centers of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are basically in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Because this area belongs to the collapsible loess area, the ancients invented the tamping technology to prevent the foundation from collapsing. Because of its simple construction technology and easy access to materials, this technology has been inherited and developed and continues to this day. In addition, rammed earth technology can also be used to rammed abutments and tall city walls to build high-rise buildings. The "Lutai" built by Xin (), the last emperor of Shang Dynasty, may be the product of rammed earth technology. In addition, after archaeological discovery, the bronze wares unearthed in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Shaanxi Province have images of the amount between columns and the bucket on the columns, indicating that the main urban system of ancient residential buildings in China has emerged.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the imperial power declined after the rebellion of dogs and Rong and the relocation of Pingdong to the East, and the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven chivalrous men in the Warring States Period appeared. Various vassal States have broken the etiquette system and built a large number of palaces. Because the construction technology at that time did not have the ability to build a huge multi-storey exhibition hall, the "Taiwan Province Pavilion" came into being. The so-called "terrace" is to build houses layer by layer based on stepped rammed earth, and rely on the rising earth platform to create the impression of multi-storey pavilions. In addition, the edge of each soil platform and the bottom of the partition wall are fixed with transverse purlins to prevent collapse.
In addition, the use of tiles and floor tiles in palaces during the Warring States period became more and more mature, and corresponding decorative tools were made. As for the interior decoration of the palace, it is mainly decorated with scarlet ground and wall murals, and some pilasters and wall belts are also decorated with bronze and inlaid with jade ornaments, which makes the scenery extremely luxurious.
② Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0-220 AD)
The King of Qin swept Liuhe, annexed the Eight Wastes, and established the first feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty. Then, he moved to Xianyang, a wealthy businessman in the world, modeled on the palaces of the Six Kingdoms and built the Epang Palace in Shanglinyuan, south of Weishui. According to the existing Afang Qian Dian site, it is 1000 meters long from east to west and 500 meters long from north to south. "Historical Records" said: "Up to 10,000 people can build five flags. Zhou Chi is the pavilion road. From your highness to Nanshan, you can see the embarrassment of the top of Nanshan. " After Xiang Yu entered the customs, he set fire to it. According to legend, the fire burned for three months.
During the Han Dynasty, although there were wars between the North and Xiongnu and internal disputes between Wang Mang and Han Dynasty, as the first powerful and stable centralized country in China, its architectural level and development history reached a peak. The most famous palaces are Changle, Weiyang and Zhang Jian, which were built in the early Western Han Dynasty. Changle Palace is the Xingle Palace in the Qin Dynasty. Weiyang Palace was the first palace built in the Han Dynasty. Zhang Jian Palace was built in the first year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. It has a greenhouse, a cool room, a lake and a garden. Due to the large scale of the three palaces, the historical records are more detailed, and due to the limitation of space, I will not repeat them here. Although the palace architecture in Han Dynasty is still dominated by terraced fields, its scale and structural form have been greatly improved compared with the past. In addition, there is a giant que outside the palace gate. Que is a symbolic decorative building built on both sides of palaces, temples or mausoleums and Shinto, which is similar in style to archways, with stones and wood. In addition, the city also has a government treasury.
There were no wooden structures in the Han Dynasty, but judging from the stone que and murals, three main forms of ancient residential buildings in China have emerged: column beam type, cantilever beam type and dense beam flat roof type. Especially on the Shimen, craftsmen carved columns, wall frame, hats, flying wings, roofs, etc. in imitation of the wooden structure, which shows the superb wooden structure construction technology in the Han Dynasty. In addition, five typical roof styles of ancient buildings in China, namely Fu Dian, Xieshan, Hanging Mountain, Hard Mountain and Cujian, were basically formed in the Han Dynasty.
(3) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-AD 590)
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the first great division period in the history of China, during which wars continued and dynasties changed frequently. During this period, ethnic minorities stepped onto the historical stage of China, Xianbei unified the North and established the Northern Wei regime. Due to the social unrest during this period, many people believed in Buddhism and prayed for blessings, so a large number of Buddhist temples and pagodas were built in the north and south. Yongning Tower, located near Luoyang City, Henan Province, was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It has a wooden structure, more than forty feet high, and is the tallest wooden tower in China and even in the world. Due to the prevalence of Buddhism, the architectural style of this stage has also changed from the previous stage, and the appearance has changed from solemn to streamlined. During this period, the flying sky (the roof changed from a straight line to an upward curve), Sumeru (evolved from the Buddha's seat, and generally used as the base of the main hall, tower and building of high-level buildings such as palaces, altars and temples) and shuttle columns had a great influence on later buildings. In addition, during this period, western culture spread from Hexi Corridor to the Central Plains through big stones, which had a certain impact on the architecture of this period. For example, Yun Leiwen in Han Dynasty was abandoned by architectural decoration and replaced by plant patterns.
④ Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties (590- 1279)
The Tang Dynasty was the second peak of the development of ancient architecture in China, during which Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace were the most famous. In addition, the "Tang Ming" built by Emperor Wu Zetian in Luoyang in the later Zhou Dynasty was square, 86 meters high and 89 meters long; According to legend, 10 was completed, indicating that there was a more scientific and reasonable design and construction organization in the society at that time.
The Wutaishan Beige Temple, which has been preserved until the Tang Dynasty, has developed to a relatively perfect level in terms of material scale, structural components and design methods, and the treatment of external decoration has also reached the unity of architectural art and technology. The "wing angle", a major feature of ancient architecture in China, was also formed in this period.
There are few existing buildings in the Northern Song Dynasty, but the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan provided an important basis for the architectural style at that time. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty also compiled the first building code in the history of China, the Building Code, with 34 volumes, in which the stone-making system, the big wood system, the Joinery Work system, the tile-making system and the color painting system were mentioned with illustrations. In the choice of doors and windows, window grilles appeared at this stage, thus replacing the board doors and straight lattice windows before the Tang Dynasty.
⑤ Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D. 1279- A.D. 19 12)
In A.D. 1267, the Yuan Dynasty established Dadoucheng (present-day Beijing) in Ye Ping, the northeastern capital of Jin Dynasty. The designer of this city is Guo Shoujing, a Han nationality. Most of them were the last newly-built capitals on the ground according to the perfect planning in ancient China, and also the only capitals created according to the Lane system.
The Ming Dynasty was the third peak of the development of ancient architecture in China. The government set up the Ministry of Industry, whose main leaders were called Shangshu and Assistant Minister. His job is in charge of the royal and national architecture. In addition to the grandeur of the single building, the buildings in the Ming Dynasty also made the courtyard layout the most efficient. For example, the construction of Beijing city is based on the central axis, passing through the main entrance and main hall of the imperial city and ending at the bell and drum tower in the north of the imperial city. In addition, the yamen is located in front of the imperial city and the ancestral hall respectively, and the two altars of heaven and earth are arranged according to the theory of "far south and far north". The rest of the houses, temples and even warehouses are well planned, showing great momentum.
The palaces in the Ming Dynasty all used the above nanmu as the building material and Doukou as the single building design module, and the appearance was mainly red walls, yellow tiles and white terraces, which was more unique than the previous generation.
One of the architectural achievements of the Qing Dynasty is gardens, and the three mountains and five gardens in the western suburbs of Beijing and the summer resort are excellent evidence. In addition, folk gardening was also very popular at that time. Merchants in the south, large and small, especially grain transporters and salt vendors, all had their luxurious gardens.
The political and social system of the Qing Dynasty continued into the Ming Dynasty, and the Ministry of Industry and Commerce promulgated the Code of Engineering Practice of 1733. Compared with the building code of Song Dynasty, this code has higher standards, which is conducive to a large number of prefabrication and ensures the unified coordination of buildings. In particular, the improvement of the standard level plays an important role in speeding up the project progress. However, in terms of single buildings, there was no unique development in the Qing Dynasty except for the renovation and repair of large-scale houses in the original Ming Dynasty. After 1840, with the opening of the country by western invaders, western architecture was introduced, but on the whole, most of them were flashy, flashy and failed to get their essence, and eventually they were buried in the wheel of history with the end of the Westernization Movement.
Second, the basic characteristics of ancient residential buildings in China
(1) The main structural form of houses is wood structure.
The main feature of ancient buildings in China is the wooden frame, which is the skeleton of the house and bears the load of the roof. There are two main forms:
1, beam-column type: this kind of building is widely used in China, and most of the royal and government buildings are built according to.
This building. Its main features are: the lime soil is compacted and the pillars are erected. The tallest column in the room is called the central column, followed by the golden column, and the shortest front and back eaves is called the toad column. Girders are horizontally erected between columns, commonly known as "five beams". Then, small beams are put on it in turn to form a triangular roof truss. The beams are connected by "melon pillars", and some beams are also equipped with beams. Purlins are erected on beams between columns, and the general order from top to bottom is: ridge purlin-upper gold purlin-lower gold purlin-eaves purlin; There are purlins under the purlins, which are connected with baffles, and then the purlins are put on. The advantages of this structure are that there are few or no columns in the room, so that a larger space can be obtained and the space is relatively flexible; The disadvantage is that columns, beams and other materials are large and consume more wood. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 2- 1:
2. Ridiculous crossing style: This architectural form is mainly built in the southeast, south and southwest of China. Its main feature is different from the way of putting beams and purlins on beams, but dividing the height of columns into equal parts and directly forming purlins on them; In addition, the beam directly passes through the column, making it a whole; Purlins are of the same type as beams and columns. The advantages are less materials and good overall rigidity; The disadvantage is that the indoor columns are dense and the space is not open enough. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 2-2. In addition, there is a multi-beam flat-topped structure, which is mainly manifested in the emergence of a load-bearing wall with a flat roof and columns, beams and purlins inside. The building mainly appears in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. As there is little rainfall in these areas, the roofs of buildings are usually flat.
(2) The appearance is divided into three sections.
The ancient buildings in China are mainly composed of three parts, namely abutment, roof and roof.
1, abutment: refers to the foundation part under the building. Similar to Taixu in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but the material is not mainly rammed earth, but stone. It has two main functions: first, it shows the grandeur of the building; The second is to play a role in moisture prevention. In feudal society, the height of the building abutment represents the level of the building itself and the class, identity and social status of the owner. There is also Sumitomo stylobate, which evolved from Buddha's seat and is generally used in high-level buildings, such as palaces, altars, main halls of temples, and bases of towers and buildings. The part of abutment exposed from the ground is called "platform inscription", and the structure of platform inscription includes three parts: under-column structure, between-columns structure and abutment edge structure. The structure under the column mainly includes: pier and foundation; The structure between columns is retaining soil; The structure on the pillar is the pillar top stone.
2. The main body of the house: this part is mainly composed of columns, walls, doors and windows, with sparrows on the upper part. Sparse substitution refers to the short wood at the intersection of beam Fang and column, which can shorten the clear distance of beam Fang.
3. Roof: In ancient buildings in China, the roof is an important part with various forms, which greatly enriches the overall shape of the building. At the same time, the large-volume roof can directly discharge snow and rainwater from the foundation, thus effectively ensuring the moisture-proof measures of the building. Its structural form is two slopes and four slopes, supplemented by single eaves and double eaves. There are five main forms of ancient roofs in China, namely, the Temple of Heaven, the inclined mountain, the hanging mountain, the hard mountain and the pointed roof.
(1) Xiandian and Xieshan
Fairy Hall is a four-slope roof, which is the most advanced roof style in ancient architecture. Generally, it is used for the most important ceremony in palaces and temples, with single eaves and double eaves. There is a right ridge in the middle of a single eave, vertical ridges in the four corners, and five ridges, so it is also called "Five Ridges Hall". The other lower eaves of the double eaves surround the four beat ridges and four corner ridges of the temple.
Xieshan is a roof with four slopes and two overlapping slopes, ranking second only to Xiandian. It is composed of main ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges, so it is called "Nine Ridges Hall". It also has the form of single eaves and double eaves. In the secondary buildings and residential gardens in the palace, there are rolling sheds without ridges to rest the mountains. In addition, the roof of Tiananmen Gate belongs to the style of double eaves and hills.
2) Hanging Mountain and Hard Mountain
Hanging mountain is a kind of two slopes, and it is also the most common form in general buildings in China. It is characterized by the eaves hanging over the gables. Hanging mountains generally have straight ridges and vertical ridges, and there are sheds without straight ridges. The peak of gables is often made into gables.
Hard mountain is also a kind of two slopes, but the roof does not hang out of the gable. Gables are mostly masonry load-bearing walls and higher than the roof, and the wall forms are various. This style is common in southern China.
(3) Save the prompt
Cushions are mostly used for roofs of buildings with small areas, such as towers, pavilions and pavilions. Its characteristic is that the roof is steep and has no straight ridges, and several vertical ridges intersect at the top, and finally the roof is added.
(3) Bucket arch is an important building structure.
Bucket is a unique structural component of wooden buildings in China, which consists of square bucket, vertical bucket, rectangular bucket and diagonal bucket, and has a sitting bucket and an upturned bottom (Figure 2-8). Its functions are:
1. Pick out the structural load, and transfer the large area load of the roof to the post through the bucket.
2. It has a certain decorative function, and it is also the transition between the roof and the facade of the building.
3. As a symbol of feudal social hierarchy and a yardstick of important buildings.
(4) The design method of modular system based on time.
The space between the two roof trusses of ancient buildings in China is called a room, which is also the basic unit of calculation of houses. When building a house, as long as the nature and quantity of rooms are determined, and according to the specified grade and material division, a house with appropriate proportion and basically reasonable component size can be built, thus achieving a modular system, so that construction can be organized even without drawings, and the integrity of the building complex can be maintained.
(5) Courtyard layout, paying attention to the integrity of buildings.
Most of the ancient buildings in China are grouped into a group of buildings, ranging from palaces to residential buildings. Its layout form is often north-south, and its square layout thought is mainly due to the geographical position of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in ancient China and the influence of Confucianism.
The layout of ancient buildings in China is always based on a main longitudinal axis. The main buildings are arranged on the main axis, and the secondary buildings are arranged on both sides in front of the main buildings, east and west, forming a square or rectangular courtyard. This courtyard layout not only meets the needs of safe living and facing the sun, but also conforms to the patriarchal clan system and ethical code system in ancient China. This neat layout is not rigid, but arranges the space with multiple entrances and courtyards into a series of varied and personalized spaces. Like the quadrangle in Beijing, its four courtyards are different. The first entrance is a horizontally long inverted courtyard, the second is a rectangular courtyard, the third is a square courtyard, and the fourth is a horizontally long covered courtyard. Jin Si courtyards have different planes and different building facades. Plants and trees are planted in the courtyard, and rock bonsai is placed to make the space environment fresh and lively, quiet and pleasant.
Three, the main types of ancient dwellings in China.
① Palace
China has built a large number of palace buildings since ancient times, and the best preserved is the Forbidden City, the imperial city of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is a model of ancient palace buildings in China. There are three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe in front, followed by Gan Qing, Kunning and Jiaotai. This layout is the traditional layout of "sleeping from front to back". There are no fewer than 100 courtyards in the Forbidden City, and the buildings of each courtyard have a master and a slave, and the main hall is set off by an attached hall. The whole Miyagi embodies the royal strict hierarchy and supreme imperial power with its architectural image.
(2) Residential buildings
Influenced by the feudal concept of hierarchy, most houses have no terraces, and the roofs only have hanging mountains and hard mountains. But it is also a courtyard layout, with the north room as the hall, the east room and the wing as the living room, and the east room as the top; In multi-courtyard houses, the upper courtyard on the central axis is the top floor; It is also arranged according to traditional etiquette.
(3) Religious architecture
In ancient China, Buddhism was the main religious building, and there were more than 200 monasteries in Luoyang alone. Most of the famous Buddha grottoes in China were built in this era. Its main part is composed of towers, halls and corridors, and the central axis is symmetrically arranged. At the center is a nine-story square tower on a three-story abutment. There is a Buddhist temple in the north of the tower and a wall around it, forming a rectangular courtyard. The east, south and west sides of the courtyard are open in the center, and there is a gatehouse on the door. To the north of the courtyard is a relatively simple Aconitum Gate. Ancillary buildings such as monasteries are behind and on the west side of the main building. Corner towers are built at the four corners of the temple wall, with short rafters on the wall, and trenches are dug outside the wall to plant locust trees. In addition, Baiyun Temple and Qingyang Palace of Taoist architecture are also very famous buildings.
(4) Mausoleum
Because the ancient masonry buildings in China are mainly reflected in the construction of tombs, they are described. According to China's traditional thought, wood belongs to Yang, so build a house of Yang, stone belongs to Yin, and then build a house of Yin. The ancient emperors of China had the concept of "regarding death as life", and all their residences were moved underground after their death. According to textual research, the tomb was first used by the State of Chu, and developed in the Western Han Dynasty, but it is still mainly made of wood, so it is called "Huangchangming". Stone tombs appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the top of the tomb passed through the flat beam roof, arched roof, and developed to the dome roof at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing tombs, the door beams and columns in the Equation Ming Building and the tomb were also built of masonry, but due to the dominant position of wood, the door beams and columns and the roof were carved with bucket shapes and wing angles. It can be seen that artisans in China use masonry at a high level.
Fourthly, some disadvantages of the development of ancient residential buildings in China.
At this point, writing has come to an end, and everything has advantages and disadvantages. Although the ancient buildings in China have been passed down for thousands of years, they have the most shortcomings. Here let's make a brief analysis:
1. The hierarchical concept and the high concentration of imperial power in feudal society greatly hindered the development of ancient housing construction in China. The height, specification and shape of people's houses can't exceed the countersignature, and the countersignature can't exceed the imperial city, so that craftsmen dare not rashly build even if they have new construction concepts.
2. Although the Ministry of Industry was set up in Ming and Qing Dynasties to take charge of domestic construction, it never became a discipline. Construction is limited to craftsmen, and good construction techniques are either forbidden to be used internally or hidden in private pockets, which limits the further development of ancient housing construction.
3. Influenced by feudal ideas and other factors, masonry has never occupied a dominant position in architecture, thus making the ancient residential buildings in China lose the opportunity of qualitative change.
4. China's 2,000-year-old civilization experienced frequent dynasty changes, which was divided by the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms twice, causing great damage to ancient buildings. Winners of wars often burn the remains of their former dynasties.
This is one of the main reasons why most ancient buildings in China cannot be preserved.
The form of wood structure from ancient times to Han dynasty has not been fully understood yet, and it is still being explored. From Banpo Site in Shang Dynasty to Panlongcheng Site, Joo Won? Architectural Site in Western Zhou Dynasty, Ritual Architecture in Han Dynasty, Stone Que, etc. Although there are restoration studies, no systematic conclusions can be drawn, only some threads can be seen: ① The tombs of Yin and Shang Dynasties all adopt well-dry structure, which has not been widely adopted by later generations, but occupies an important position in the history of wood structure development. (2) From the Shang Dynasty to the ruins of the Warring States Palace, the layout of the plane column network has been excavated, which is arranged vertically and horizontally, but not horizontally. Based on this, it can be inferred that the roof truss structure was mainly longitudinal truss, which was still in use until the Han Dynasty, so longitudinal truss should be a widely used structural form in the early days. Later, in Liao and Jin Dynasties, the vertical frame was occasionally used to support the horizontal frame, which was an improved vertical frame. (3) From the Western Zhou Dynasty, bucket was used as a component, combined with columns and beams, and then gradually developed into a complex structural form with arches and corners.
At present, the earliest records about specific structural forms are three kinds of hall structure, hall structure and cluster angle beam structure in Architectural Style of Song Dynasty. According to the existing examples, it can be inferred that these three structures have been widely used at least in the early Tang Dynasty. Their characteristics are as follows.
Hall structure: the whole structure is divided into three integral structural layers: column, pavement and roof, which are installed layer by layer from bottom to top and stacked layer by layer. If you build a building, you only need to increase the number of columns and lay the floor (sit flat). Houses with this structure are all rectangular in plan view. There are four kinds of land sub-troughs, namely, the bottom trough of the golden box bucket, the double trough, the single trough and the bottom trough of the distracted bucket.
Hall structure: horizontal and vertical roof truss. Each roof truss consists of several columns and beams with different lengths, which are only used for paving on eaves columns. Every two roof trusses are connected into a room through rafters, rafters, etc. The number of rooms in each house is not limited, as long as the number of rafters and the plane length of the corresponding step truss are required. The number and combination of beams and columns used in each roof truss can be different, and it is not necessary to specify the plane form. The hall structure is simpler than the hall structure, but it is not suitable for building multi-storey houses. Building small-scale houses without paved hall structure is called "column-beam structure", which is widely used. In the existing examples, there is also a form of comprehensive hall structure, such as the main hall of Fengguo Temple, which is composed of columns, beams and pavements in vertical, horizontal and vertical directions, which are intertwined to form a whole. The construction is complex and difficult, and it was not used again in Liao and Jin Dynasties.
Cluster corner beam structure: used for buildings with regular circular or polygonal plane. The corner beam on each column head intersects with the middle beam (Leigong column) to form a circular or square conical roof.
In the official buildings of Ming and Qing dynasties, the hall structure is only superficial, but in fact it is a hall structure, which is called "big wood and big money" The widely used "column and beam works" are called "big wooden small letters". Cluster corner beams, called "gathering points", are often used in small pavilions.
In addition, in the Yangtze River basin and the southeast and southwest regions, it is customary to use barrel-piercing frames. It belongs to the horizontal and vertical roof truss with the hall structure, but the beam of the hall structure is raised and shortened step by step to bear the weight of purlin and roof, so it is called girder frame. Bucket frame is directly supported by columns, without beams, and purlins between columns are just a connecting member.
Component type: Big wood, as a structural component, can be divided into 12 according to its function. Among them, Arch, Ang, Jue Tou and Dou belong to four paving components.
Song dynasty girder lifting frame
According to the "building method", the following is introduced:
1 shape. The inner and outer columns of the palace-shaped frame are the same height, there is a horizontal pavement above the column head, and another beam runs through the depth direction of the whole house and overlaps with the slope of the roof. The columns in the hall-style frame are raised, and there are no beams running through the whole house in the depth direction, so shorter beams are stacked between the columns.
2 columns. Mostly spindle-shaped, the pillars around the eaves have rising and lateral feet.
③ beam. Exposed beams are called exposed beams, beams covered by smallpox are called grass beams, and some exposed beams are processed into moon beams. According to the length and position of each beam, such as eaves, chests, flat beams, tie rods, etc. The length of beam is in rafters, and rafters refer to the horizontal length of rafters above two volts. Generally, the length of a beam is several rafters, which are called eaves. But there are two rafters at the top of the frame, which are called flat beams, and the one between the inner and outer columns is called milk couch, which is above the milk couch.
4 pave the way. The bucket arch at the intersection of beam and column forms pavement, which can not only strengthen the integrity of the frame, but also skillfully absorb and transmit loads from different directions, and is an important part of the beam-lifting frame.
Beam lifting framework in Qing dynasty
According to the engineering practice of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the following are introduced:
Small wooden frame of hard mountain in Qing Dynasty.
1 shape. The architectural framework of honest officials can be divided into large and small. Large-scale buildings are of high grade and adopt bucket arches. Some eaves columns are the same height as the inner columns, and there are bucket arches and beams, which are mainly used for decoration, similar to the Song-style palace structure, while most of them are similar to the Song-style hall structure. There are also large buildings that do not need a bucket arch, and the materials are relatively thick. Small buildings are small in scale, do not need a bucket arch, and use less materials. However, there is no difference between large and small buildings.
2 columns. The columns in the hanging beam frame are named according to their positions. The columns located at the outermost side of the front and rear eaves are called eaves columns, the columns located in the center of gables are called mountain columns, the inner columns on the longitudinal center line of the building are called central columns, and all the inner columns except the central columns are called golden columns. Judging from the existing buildings in the Forbidden City, the practice of raising columns with side feet was still retained in the Ming Dynasty, but it was not obvious in the Qing Dynasty.
③ beam. The main beam in each beam frame is named according to the number of purlins it supports. For example, those supporting nine purlins are called nine beams, followed by eight beams, seven beams and three beams. The length of the beam is measured by the horizontal distance between purlins. Nine beams and eight frames long, seven beams and six frames long and six beams and five frames long. In addition, there are several minor short beams, such as the beam between the eaves column and the golden column, which is only one step. It is called Tao Jianliang in large buildings and Baotou Beam in small buildings. If the corridor is two steps wide and the peach-pointed beam is doubled, it is called a two-step beam; At this time, a beam with a short step size often appears, which is called a single-step beam. The aspect ratio of all kinds of beams is nearly 6:5 or 5:4, and the cross section is nearly square.
④ Bucket arch. After the Yuan Dynasty, the arch at the beam-column connection gradually became smaller. Compared with the bucket arch in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the structural function is weakened and the decoration is strengthened. In the Qing Dynasty, the bucket arch almost degenerated into a decorative component.
⑤ Others. The standard practice of canceling the fork arms and braces in the beam frame, reducing the longitudinal connectors, and unifying the beams and chords into purlins, pads and purlins is called "one purlin and three purlins".
The structural system formed by lifting beam frame plays an important role in the development of ancient wooden buildings in China, and also provides reference materials for the development of modern buildings.
Bucket-passing type
A wooden frame form of ancient architecture in China, which directly supports purlins with columns without beams. The original work wore a pocket rack, which was later simplified as "wearing a funny rack" and "wearing a bucket rack".
The bucket frame is characterized by erecting a row of columns along the depth direction of the house according to the number of purlins, each column is supported by a purlin, and the purlin is covered with rafters. Roof load is directly transferred from purlins to columns without beams. Each row of columns is transversely penetrated by beams passing through the columns to form a frame. Every two frames are connected by barrels and fibers to form a space frame of a room. Bucket Fang is used between the stigma of eaves column, which looks like a gap on the hanging beam frame; Fibers are used between the inner columns. Buckets and fibers often double as the keel of the attic of a house.
Under each purlin, a pillar landed, which is its initial form. According to the size of the house, different frames such as "three purlins, three columns and one penetration", "five purlins, five columns and two penetration" and "eleven purlins, eleven columns and five penetration" can be adopted. With the increase of the number of columns, the number of layers penetrated also increases. After this method developed to a more mature stage, in view of the fact that the columns are too dense, which affects the use of the house, sometimes the bucket frame is changed from the original landing of each column to every other column, and the columns that can't land will ride on the purlin, and the number of layers of these load-bearing columns will increase accordingly. After putting on the eaves column, it becomes a cantilever supporting the eaves. At this time, purlins also partly played the role of lifting beams. The roof of a barrel-shaped frame house is generally flat and has no concave surface. Sometimes, by padding tiles or increasing the overlapping length of tiles, the part near the roof is slightly arched, and the effect similar to that of a concave roof is obtained.
The practice of supporting purlins with columns in bucket-type frames may have a certain origin with the early longitudinal frames and has a long history. On the stone reliefs, we can see the image of the bucket-rack house in Han Dynasty. The invention uses less materials to assemble an integral roof truss on the ground and then erect it, which saves labor and materials, and is convenient and economical to construct. At the same time, closely arranged columns are also convenient for installing wallboard and building mud walls. Therefore, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, a large number of houses with bucket structures were preserved in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some buildings in these areas need a lot of space, so the combination of bucket-piercing frame and beam-lifting frame is adopted: the gable part adopts bucket-piercing frame, and several buildings adopt beam-lifting frame, which complement each other.
The bucket frame is a light frame, and the column diameter is generally 20 ~ 30 cm. The square section is only 6× 12 to10× 20cm2; The purlin spacing is generally within 100 cm; Rafters are also made of fine materials. Tiles are laid directly on the rafters, without looking at boards and bricks. The roof is light in weight and excellent in shock resistance.
Good drying structure
Dry-type residential houses in Nanhuajing, Yunnan.
A building structure without columns and girders. In this structure, logs or rectangular and hexagonal wood are stacked in parallel on the upper floor, and the two ends of the wood cross at the corner to form four walls of the house, which are like wooden fences on ancient wells, and then short columns are erected on the left and right walls to form the house.
The shaft structure has been used in tombs of Shang Dynasty in China, and it is still used in tombs of Han Dynasty. At present, the earliest images and documents of dry well houses belong to Han Dynasty. Among the bronzes unearthed from Shizhai Mountain in Jinning, Yunnan, there is a dry room with double slopes. There is a record of "building a plank road and living a well" in Huainanzi.
The shaft structure needs a lot of wood, which is greatly limited in absolute scale and opening doors and windows, so its universality is not as good as that of hanging beam frame and bucket frame. At present, there are only some houses built with this structure in the northeast forest area and southwest mountain area in China. The well-structured residence in Nanhua, Yunnan is an example of well-structured residence. It has a bungalow and a two-story building, both of which are rectangular in plan, with two rooms wide and a suspended gable roof. The roof practice is that the short columns at the top of the left and right side walls bear the ridge purlins, and the rafters are placed on the ridge purlins and dry wood at the top of the front and rear eaves walls. The depth of the house is only two rafters.
At the same time, I personally suggest that you take a look at Mr. Liang Sicheng's My Handicraft Essay and Mr. Zhuang Yuguang's Ancient Buildings in the Spring and Autumn Period, both of which introduce the ancient buildings in China in chapters.
I hope I can help you and adopt it. Thank you.