Life system The composite phenomenon of reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, genetic variation, and response to *** exhibited by living organisms.

This definition expresses life as a composite phenomenon of living things. It obliterates the difference between life and biological phenomena, confuses the concepts of life and biology, is not in line with the objective reality of life, and violates the logical law of understanding.

Life is a phenomenon unique to living organisms composed of macromolecular nucleic acid protein bodies and other substances. Unlike non-living things, living things can use external substances to form their own bodies and reproduce their offspring, grow and develop movement according to genetic characteristics, and often show the ability to adapt to the environment when it changes.

Life is the consciousness of survival expressed in the growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, stress, evolution, movement, behavior, characteristics, and structure of living things. Life or sense of existence is the essence, intrinsic provisions and components of living beings, and is the universal law followed by the endless changes of living beings.

Biology is the unity of life, survival consciousness and things. The growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, stress, movement, behavior, characteristics, and structure of living things are the manifestations of life or sense of existence, and by observing the manifestations of living things, we can determine whether an object has life or sense of existence, and whether it is a living thing or a non-living thing.

Ecosystem ecosystem refers to a unified whole composed of biological communities and inorganic environment. Ecosystems can be large or small and intertwined, the largest ecosystem is the biosphere; the most complex ecosystem is the tropical rainforest ecosystem, and human beings mainly live in artificial ecosystems, mainly in cities and farmland.

The ecosystem is an open system, in order to maintain its own stability, the ecosystem needs to constantly input energy, otherwise there is a risk of collapse; many basic substances in the ecosystem cycle, including the carbon cycle and the global greenhouse effect is closely related to the ecosystem is a major structural and functional unit of ecological field, belonging to the highest level of ecological research. With the increase of productivity level, the interference of human activities on the ecosystem is increasing, in the painful intertwining of destruction and protection, life and money, mankind gradually realized the true value of the ecosystem, mankind began to pay attention to the current situation of the ecosystem, and incorporate it into the ethical and moral system, the formation of a new eco-ethics and morality, which all profoundly affect the huge industrial empire, and the ultimate fate of mankind.

2. Tips on valuing life

Valuing life - traffic tips

Crossing the road without a crosswalk, crossing randomly, or rushing across the road when a car is already approaching is a very dangerous move.

1, civilized waiting for the bus

Waiting for the bus, should be in line, standing on the side of the road or waiting on the platform, should not be crowded in the carriageway, more forbidden to stand in the road. In addition, by public **** vehicles, should abide by the public **** order, social morality, pay attention to traffic safety.

2, safe across the road Stop the car in the middle. When you get on the car, you should wait for the car to stop, first let the passengers get off the car, and then in order to get on the car, can not scramble to be the first. After getting on the bus, you should take the initiative to buy a ticket and give up your seat to the elderly, the sick, the disabled, pregnant women or passengers with babies in their arms. When the vehicle is moving, hold the handrail, head and hands can not be stretched out of the window, so as to avoid being touched by oncoming vehicles. When you get off the bus, you should walk in order, do not push and squeeze. After getting off the bus, you should walk on the sidewalk immediately. Need to cross the sidewalk, should be passed from the sidewalk; can not be in front of the car in a hurry through the rear, this is very unsafe.

3, forbidden roadside games

Roads are built for the convenience of transportation. Vehicles on the road flow endlessly. Traffic is very busy, if we casually play on the road, play, chase, take it as a "playground", after school in the road to open the "field" soccer, badminton, both impede the passage of vehicles and will be mercilessly hit by vehicles. In the sidewalk jumping "rubber band", jump rope, shuttlecock, will bring difficulties to the passage of pedestrians, is an obstacle to traffic. In the road to chase and fight, the car in front of the car, and even throw stones each other, which is more likely to have an accident, and some students, because they do not understand the dangers of playing on the road, and even in the middle of the road to stop the car, chasing the car, pickpocket car and throw stones to the car, for fun, this is the most dangerous move, once hit by a car, the consequences are unimaginable.

3. What to know about life

There is a scientific theorem, let's call it a theorem, "the direction of change in matter tends to stabilize", both living and non-living.

In fact, the smallest parts of living things, such as cells, organs, and DNA, are more and more similar to non-living things, and there is no difference in the nature of some of the molecular chains between DNA and non-living things. It is only the arrogance of people who sanctify the theorems of living things, always looking for "where we came from" and what created living things.

"Direction of Change and Stability of Matter" points out why, on Earth, a certain element is present in large quantities in a substance whose molecular bonding energy is much greater than that of other states of the element. This phenomenon is inconsistent with the energy theorem. It occurs because the substance in that state is more robust and exists longer. A lake with a large inflow and a small outflow will eventually become a large lake.

In considering the causes of life on Earth, we should look at the "special including the universal" in a discriminatory way, and instead of saying that "the special environment of the Earth created life", we should say that "life exists universally in the universe", and that different kinds of life can be found in different places. Instead of saying that "the special environment of the earth created life", it should be said that "life is universal in the universe", and that different environments give rise to different forms of life. And the system of life during its existence is better than the natural world can be "a large inflow into a small outflow of the lake".

Human knowledge of the universe is still very small, and there are too many errors and deficiencies in the ring of human knowledge to look at the problem from a narrow perspective.

4. Biological knowledge

1. Why do stars twinkle? We see stars flickering not because of a change in the luminosity of the stars themselves, but in relation to atmospheric obscuration.

The atmosphere separates us from the stars, and when starlight passes through it, it is affected by the density and thickness of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is not absolutely transparent; its transparency varies depending on its density.

So when we look at the stars through it at ground level, we see the stars as if they are flickering. 2. Why do people yawn?

When we feel tired, our body has produced a lot of carbon dioxide.

When there is too much carbon dioxide, more oxygen must be added to balance the body's needs. Because this residual carbon dioxide affects our body's functional activities, the body then sends out a protective response and yawns.

Yawning is a deep breathing action, it will allow us to inhale more oxygen than usual and discharge carbon dioxide, but also to eliminate fatigue. 3. Why can snakes walk without feet? There are many scales on the body of the snake, which is the outermost layer of armor on their body.

The scales are not only used to protect the body, but also as their "feet". When a snake crawls forward, its body will be in an S shape.

And each of the scales on the outside of the S-shape will buckle up to help the snake grip uneven surfaces as it moves forward. These scales work with the snake's muscles and push the body to crawl forward, so the snake can walk without feet! 4. Why sunflowers always blossom towards the sun Sunflowers contain a substance called "phytochemicals" in the stem under the disk.

This substance has the function of accelerating reproduction, but it is anaerobic to light, and when it encounters light, it will run to the backlight side. So when the sun rises, the sunflower stem immediately hides on the backlit side, and it looks like the whole plant is bending in the direction of the sun.

5. Why do people's hair turn gray when they get old? There is a substance called melanin in our hair. The more melanin we have, the darker our hair will be. The more melanin you have, the darker your hair will be. If you have less melanin, your hair will turn yellow or gray.

When human beings reach old age, all kinds of body functions will gradually decline, and the formation of pigment will be less and less, so the hair will gradually become gray! 6. Why do fireflies glow? Fireflies will glow because there are luminaries at the end of their abdomen, which are filled with many phosphorus-containing luminescent substances and luminescent enzymes, so that fireflies can emit a flickering light. Fireflies light purpose, in addition to lighting, there are courtship, warning, trapping and other purposes.

It is also one of their communication tools, different kinds of fireflies glow in different ways, light frequency and color will be different, they use this to convey different messages. 7. Why do they grumble when they are hungry? When you are hungry, your stomach will gurgle, this is because the food you ate before is almost finished digesting, although your stomach is empty, the gastric juices in your stomach will still continue to secrete.

This is when the contraction of the stomach gradually expands, and the liquids and gases inside are stirred up, resulting in a gurgling sound. Don't be embarrassed about your stomach gurgling next time! The reason for this is that it's a normal physiological action.

8. Why can't opossums fly? The humpback is a huge bird, but they can't fly! It's not that their wings don't work, but that their feathers are too soft and their wings are too small for them to fly. Also, opossums have underdeveloped muscles and flat breastbones, neither of which helps them fly.

The opossum lives in Africa, and because of its long history in the desert, its body has evolved to adapt to the environment. 9. Why is canned food not easily spoiled? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a canned food.

These are all delicious canned foods that can be stored for a long time without spoiling.

This is because cans are sealed, so bacteria can't get in. When people make canned food, they take all the air out of the can and seal it.

In the absence of air, even if the food inside gets a little bit of bacteria on it, they can't survive or multiply! 10. Why do babies cry all the time when they are born? Babies cry when they are born, not because they are unhappy, but because they are taking their first breath of air! When babies leave their mothers' bodies, the first breath of air they take in rushes down their throats, which hits their vocal cords so hard that they vibrate and make a sound similar to a cry. 11. Why do lizards keep on bouncing even after their tails are broken? In order to protect themselves, many lizards use protective coloring to hide their tails, and some lizards break their tails when they are attacked due to violent muscle contractions.

Since some of the nerves in the severed tail are still alive, the lizard will keep bouncing to distract the enemy so that it can escape. Don't think that their life will end like this, but it only takes a few months for the tail to grow back and continue living.

12. Why are squirrels' tails so big? Don't take squirrels' tails lightly! While the squirrel is jumping around on the tree, its tail is playing a big role. It enables the squirrel to balance itself as it jumps up and down the tree, preventing it from falling and getting hurt.

In addition, this big tail can play a protective role in the winter, tightly around the squirrel's body, which is convenient and practical. 13. Why can't we have one or three thumbs? The average person has five fingers, and the length of the fingers varies.

However, has anyone noticed that, apart from the thumb, the other fingers also have three sections, but only the thumb has two sections? It turns out that the number of segments matches the other four. If it had three joints, the thumb would be so weak that it would not be able to lift heavy objects; and if it had only one joint, it would not be able to work well with the other four fingers to grasp things! 14. Why don't we feel an itch when we tickle ourselves? When others tickle us, we feel the tickle and laugh constantly; but when we tickle ourselves, we not only don't laugh, but we don't feel the tickle.

Based on our mental preparation, our brain sends out a message that there is no danger, and our nerves relax, so we don't laugh and we don't feel tickled! 15. Why is the sea mostly blue or green? When you look at the sea, you will often find that it is blue or green in color. However, when you pick up the sea water, you can only see it like the water of the past, transparent and colorless.

It turns out that the seawater itself is not the same as the water we come into contact with on a daily basis.

5. What is the system of life sciences

Life sciences refers to biology and its related broad fields.

When we study the living world, we often do so from different aspects, perspectives or at different levels, and thus biology gives rise to many branches. Depending on the object of study, biology can be divided into zoology, botany and microbiology.

They respectively study the morphology, classification, physiology, ecology, distribution, occurrence, genetics, evolution of animals, plants or microorganisms and their relationship with humans. According to the different characteristics of the study, biology can be divided into: taxonomy, morphology, embryology, paleontology, genetics, ecology, biochemistry, biophysics, and so on.

From the level of organism structure, biology can be divided into: molecular biology, cytology, histology, organ biology, group biology, and so on. In addition, with the expanding scope of human activities, the development of cosmobiology, radiation biology, deep-sea biology and the study of environmental protection of biological sciences.

6. Knowledge of the Origin of Life

The question of when, where, and especially how life originated is a major problem that has not yet been fully resolved by modern natural science, and it is the focus of attention and debate.

Historically, there have also been a variety of speculations and hypotheses on this issue, and there have been many controversies. With the continuous deepening of the understanding and the discovery of different kinds of evidence, people have a more in-depth study of the origin of life, and the following is an introduction to several famous hypotheses.

Creationism (or divine creation) of the origin of life Creationism denies the idea that everything is naturally occurring. It argues that even the air you are breathing needs to be created in order to come into being.

At the present time, mankind is facing various disasters caused by the depletion of natural resources and the disruption of the ecological balance, and is powerless to control nature. When humans are powerless, what else can they do? The only way is to rely on God.

This is not foolishness, but human instinct. In the Bible, it says, "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth."

I am afraid that whether human beings really have a close relationship with God can only be known when God comes to judge the world.

We cannot deny creationism because there is no science yet to prove whether it is the real truth.

Such as the ancient Chinese so-called "meat rot out of the worm, fish withered birth moth", Aristotle said "...... some fish from the silt and gravel development". In the Middle Ages, some people believe that leaves fall into the water into fish, fall on the ground into birds and so on.

The theory of natural occurrence is a widely popular theory before the 19th century, which holds that life occurs naturally from inanimate matter. For example, in ancient China, "rotting grass into fireflies" (i.e., fireflies are produced from rotting grass), maggots from rotting meat, etc.

The theory of natural occurrence was widely popular before the 19th century.

In the West, Aristotle (384 BC ~ 322 BC) is a naturalist. Some people also proved through "experiments", the grain, torn shirt stuffed into a bottle, placed in the dark, 21 days after the production of rats, and to his surprise, this "natural" occurrence of rats and common rats are exactly the same.

In the 19th century, the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur (LouisPasteur) (1821-1895.9.25) found that the broth placed in a flask heated, boiled and then allowed to cool down, if the flask is placed in an open position, the broth quickly multiply and grow a lot of microorganisms; however, if the mouth of the flask with a plug, and then carry out the same experiments, there is no microbial reproduction in the broth. microorganisms multiplied in the broth. Pasteur concluded that the small organisms in the broth came from the air and did not occur naturally.

His experiment laid a solid foundation for scientists to further deny the "theory of natural occurrence". In 1860, the French microbiologist Pasteur devised a simple but convincing experiment that completely discredited the theory of natural occurrence.

The chemical origin of life The chemical origin theory is a hypothesis of the origin of life that is generally accepted by a large number of scholars. This hypothesis suggests that life on Earth evolved step by step from non-living matter through an extremely complex chemical process over an extremely long period of time after the temperature of the Earth gradually decreased.

Miller's experiment Miller's experimental setup Miller assumed in his experiment that at the beginning of the origin of life in the atmosphere only cyanide, ammonia and water vapor, which does not have oxygen, etc., when he put these gases into the simulated atmosphere and electrified detonation, found that some of the proteins produced, and proteins are the form of life, so he believes that the theory of life from nothing will be able to be established. . Proof that life evolved.

But Miller's experiment also has a lot of doubts, such as the size of the energy used, the different gases, etc. Although all produced amino acids, carbohydrates and other substances, but still can not prove that this is the origin of life. Because the atmosphere he hypothesized could not be proven to be the original atmosphere, the results were inconclusive.

Miller himself recognized that his experiments were still far from the natural origin of life. And modern science has found that there is oxygen on Mars, but no life, then Miller assumed that there is no oxygen in the atmosphere, so there is no life is not valid, and therefore can not prove that the origin of life is the evolution of a single cell.

The chemical origin theory divides the origin of life into four stages (Miller's experiment). The first stage, the generation of small organic molecules from small inorganic molecules, that is, the chemical evolution of the origin of life was carried out in the primitive conditions of the Earth, this process has been described in the textbook, and will not be repeated here.

It is important to highlight Miller's simulation experiment. In this experiment, a flask with an aqueous solution represents the primitive ocean, and its upper spherical space contains a "reducing atmosphere" of hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water vapor.

Miller first heated the flask to circulate water vapor in the tube, and then he discharged two electrodes to generate an electric spark, simulating the original sky lightning to stimulate the different gases in the sealed device to chemical reactions, and the lower part of the spherical space connected to the condenser tube so that the products of the reaction and the water vapor cooled to form a liquid, and then flowed back to the bottom of the flask, that is, to simulate the process of rainfall. After a week of continuous experiments and cycles.

Miller analyzed its chemical composition and found that it contained a variety of new organic compounds including five amino acids and different organic acids, as well as the formation of cyanohydric acid, which can be synthesized into adenine, which is the basic unit that makes up a nucleotide. Miller's experiments sought to confirm to people that the first step in the origin of life, the formation of organic small molecules from inorganic small molecules, was entirely possible under the conditions of the primitive Earth.

The second stage, the generation of biomolecules from organic small molecules. This process occurs in the primitive oceans, that is, amino acids, nucleotides and other organic small molecules, after a long period of accumulation, interaction, under appropriate conditions (such as the adsorption of clay), through the role of condensation or polymerization to form the original protein molecules and nucleic acid molecules.

The third stage, from biological macromolecular substances to form a multimolecular system. How is this process formed? The Soviet scholar O'Baring put forward the hypothesis of agglomerates, he experimentally showed that proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides, etc. placed in a suitable solution, they can automatically concentrate and gather into a dispersed spherical droplets, which are the agglomerates.

O'Barrin et al.