From Shennong's Herbal Classic.
1. Shu materia medica: aconite, aconite, tianxiong, aconite and aconite all have the same name. How to do it? Soak it in raw and cooked soup for a long time. Don't let it die. Let it be covered with white ash and dry easily. The method of flooding it with rice porridge and bad koji is not as good as the previous method.
2. Materia Medica: Aconitum and Darkmouth were born in Langya Valley; Tianxiong gave birth to Shaoshi Mountain Valley; Fuzi and Fuzi were born in the valley, Guanghan and Imadegawa. However, these four products are all produced by the same kind, and their varieties are all from Longzhou. The planting method is to plow the fertile land five or seven times before the winter solstice, then sow it with pig manure, and sow it month by month until the next eight years.
Pinyin name symbol
English name prepared common monk shoco daughterttrout
monkshood
source
Source of medicinal materials: Aconitum carmichaeli of Ranunculaceae.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: Aconitum.
Harvest and storage: dig out the whole plant from the end of June to the beginning of June, shake off the sediment, pick up the secondary root (Aconitum carmichaeli) and remove the fibrous root, that is, mud aconite, which needs to be processed immediately.
The prototype of Aconitum, a perennial herb, is 60- 120cm high. The tuberous roots are usually 2-connected, spindle-shaped to obovate, and the outer skin is dark brown; The lateral roots (sub-roots) of cultivated products are very large, with a diameter of 5cm. The stem is erect or slightly inclined, the lower part is smooth and hairless, and the upper part is scattered and appressed. Leaves alternate, leathery and stipitate; Leaf blade ovoid, 5- 12cm wide, 3-lobed almost to the base, 2-lobed on both sides, rhombic wedge-shaped central lobe, 3-lobed apex, with coarse teeth or notched lobes on the edge. Raceme panicle with appressed pilose inflorescence axis; Sepals 5, blue-purple, puberulent outside, upper sepals helmet-shaped, length 15- 18 mm, width about 20 mm, lateral sepals nearly round; Petals 2, glabrous; There are many stamens, and the lower part of filaments expands into wide linear wings; Carpels 3-5, free, densely covered with short grayish yellow villi. Follicles are oblong, with transverse veins, persistent styles and sharp awns. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is July-August.
Habitat distribution
Eco-environment: Born on mountain slopes or bushes.
Distribution of resources: distributed in southern Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, northern Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. Mainly cultivated in Sichuan. Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan and other places are also cultivated.
Character; Role; letter
1. Personal identification (1) The circular pliers of aconite salt are conical, with a length of 4-7cm and a diameter of 3-5cm. The surface is gray-black, frosty, with concave bud marks at the top and nodular branches or root marks around it. Weight. The cross section is grayish brown, the small gaps are filled with salt frost and polygonal cambium rings, and the ribs (duct bundles) in the rings are irregularly arranged. A slight breath, a salty and numb smell, and a stinging tongue.
It is best to be big, strong, gray-black and smooth.
(2) The black film is vertically sliced, with a wide top and a narrow bottom; Length 1.7-5cm, width 0.9-3cm and thickness 2-5mm. The epidermis is dark brown, the section is dark yellow, shiny and translucent, with longitudinal edges (duct bundles). Hard and brittle, with horny cross section. A slight breath, a faint taste.
It is best to be large, uniform, brown and shiny.
(3) Radix Aconiti Lateralis is a longitudinal slice, skinless, yellow-white, translucent and about 3mm thick.
It is best to be uniform, yellow and white and translucent.
2. Microscopic identification of cross section of Aconitum (lateral root): The outermost layer of the epigenetic cortex is 1 row of yellow cork cells, and the rest are 8-9 rows of compressed cells, with yellow walls and cork cells, scattered in a few stone cells, and the cells in the inner cortex are small. The phloem is mostly, and the cells contain starch granules scattered in small sieve tubes. Occasionally 1 to several abnormal vascular bundles can be seen. The cambium ring is slightly pentagonal to heptagonal. Xylem can often be located in the corner of cambium, and the vessels are slightly V-shaped or radially arranged; The xylem parenchyma is more developed. The parenchyma cells in pulp contain starch granules.
3. Powder characteristics: grayish yellow and white. 1 There are many starch granules, with a single granule in the shape of a sphere or polygon, a few in the shape of a rectangle, with a diameter of 2-20μm, and the umbilical point in the shape of a dot, a cross and a herringbone; Multiple grains consist of 2-7 grains or more. Epigenetic cortical fragments are few, with polygonal surface, uneven thickening of longitudinal wall, and some tumor-like protrusions into the cell cavity, which contains brown substances. 3 Stone cells are sparsely dispersed, with a diameter of about 53- 1.25 micron and obvious pits. There are 4 reticular ducts with marginal holes and a diameter of 20-48 μ m, and the attachment pieces are mainly thin-walled tissue fragments of fuzzy starch granules.
Aconitum contains aconitine, neoaconitine, hypaconitine, taraxacine and anisodamine, that is, racemic anisodamine. Corynebacterium chloride, Isodelphinine, Benzoyl neoaconitine, Neolignan, Fuziling, Beutine, Oxyaconitine, Fuziling, Thymine, Uracil, Hypotensive Tablets, Neohypotensive Tablets, Norepinephrine, etc.
pharmacological action
1. Anti-inflammatory and endocrine effects: Oral administration of 2.5 ml/ 100 g of 20% aconite or 2 ml/ 100 g of 50% aconite has a very significant inhibitory effect on the paw swelling caused by formaldehyde or egg white (P < 0.0 1). Shufu Tablet 0.5g/kg/kg decoction can also significantly inhibit the swelling of egg white feet in rats. The methanol extract of raw aconite root can inhibit the increase of abdominal vascular permeability caused by egg white and the swelling of feet and ankles caused by carrageenan in mice. The effect of oral administration of 300 mg/kg on adjuvant arthritis of ankle joint in rats is stronger than that of oral administration of 50 mg/kg, and the inhibitory effect of oral administration of 30 mg/kg on cotton granuloma is stronger than that of oral administration of 20 mg/kg cortisone. Rats were injected with different doses of aconite decoction and alcohol precipitation (each 1ml= 2g crude drug) intraperitoneally, which inhibited the joint swelling caused by egg white in different degrees, and the intensity was positively correlated with the drug dosage. There are different views on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of aconite. For example, after administration of aconite, the contents of vitamin C and cholesterol in adrenal gland decreased, urine 17- ketone and steroid excretion increased, eosinophils in blood decreased, and alkaline phosphatase and liver sugar did not increase, which seemed to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal cortex system. It is also reported that the anti-inflammatory effect of Aconitum carmichaeli remains after adrenalectomy, and it is considered that its anti-inflammatory effect has nothing to do with pituitary-adrenal cortex system. Some people think that Aconitum itself has glucocorticoid-like effects.
2. Analgesia, sedation and effect on body temperature: Aconitum carmichaeli (0.1-kloc-0/g/kg) can inhibit the pain caused by tail pressing in rats and the writhing reaction caused by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of aconite water decoction and alcohol precipitation (1 ml = 2 g crude drug) can increase the pain threshold of mice. Oral administration of cold extract of raw aconite root in mice can prolong the sleep time of sodium hexabarbital, reduce spontaneous exercise and lower body temperature for 2 hours, but processed aconite root has no such effect at the same dose. However, under cold conditions, both the cold extract and decoction of Aconitum can inhibit the decrease of body temperature in chickens and rats caused by cold, and even restore the decreased body temperature, prolong the survival time and reduce the mortality rate. Oral administration of 20g/kg aconite decoction can significantly prolong the survival rate of cold mice (P < 0.438+0). Aconitum carmichaeli decoction can significantly resist water immersion stress in mice and hydrochloric acid ulcer in rats. It can also significantly resist the drug-induced diarrhea in mice caused by castor oil and senna, and has analgesic effect in hot plate method, which is considered to be the pharmacological basis of aconite's analgesic effect.
3. Effects on cardiovascular system:
3. 1. Cardiotonic and pressor effects: Noraconitine is one of the cardiotonic components in Radix Aconiti Lateralis, with little content. It has a strong effect on cardiovascular system and can obviously increase the myocardial contractility of isolated frog heart. After intravenous injection of l-2μg/kg in anesthetized dogs, the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure and cardiac output increase, the resistance of coronary artery, brain, peripheral artery and systemic blood vessels decrease, the myocardial oxygen consumption increases, and the beating frequency and amplitude of cultured myocardial cells in rats also increase. These effects can be blocked by propranolol, which is similar to isoproterenol. Norepinephrine in Radix Aconiti Lateralis is a weak β-stimulant, which can excite isolated guinea pig atria and increase contraction frequency. Intravenous injection can increase blood pressure and heart rate in normal and spinal cord injured rats, but the spinal cord injured rats are more sensitive to the pressor effect of norepinephrine than normal rats, so it is considered that norepinephrine can stimulate both β receptor and α receptor. Palmatine in Radix Aconiti Lateralis Lateralis has obvious pressor and cardiotonic effects. Intravenous injection of 40μg/kg can increase the blood pressure of rats by 50%, and 3× 10 (-6) g/ml can increase the contraction amplitude and frequency of isolated right atrium of guinea pigs by 250 and 120% respectively. It also has the above effect on cats with spinal cord damage. Its pressor effect can be cancelled by phentolamine, an α -adrenergic receptor blocker, and its pressor effect and its effect on guinea pig's right atrium can also be offset by hexahydroquaternary amine, a ganglion blocker. It shows that its function is related to exciting ganglion or preganglionic fiber.
3.2. Influence on heart rate and arrhythmia: Noraconitine can accelerate heart rate and improve experimental bradyarrhythmia. Clinical observation also confirmed that noraconitine has obvious therapeutic effect on bradyarrhythmia. After intravenous injection, the patient's heart rate increased to varying degrees, sinus bradycardia returned to normal level, sinus atrial conduction block and atrioventricular conduction function in nodal region improved, thus reducing or eliminating conduction block, and its mechanism was mainly to shorten A-H interval. The experiment also shows that noraconitine and isoproterenol have similar affinity for β -adrenergic receptors, but their intrinsic activity is obviously lower than isoproterenol. This directly proves that noraconitine is a partial agonist of β adrenergic receptor. It also has obvious exciting effect on tracheal β2- receptor, which is stronger than directly exciting myocardial B 1- receptor. This provides some evidence for explaining the reversion of aconite root to yang.
The water-soluble part of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (water-soluble part without aconitine alkaloid) was given intravenously to rats at 60 mg/kg, and to mice at LD50110-1/5 or normal saline (control). After 5 minutes, aconitine was given intravenously at 30μg/kg. Six rats in the 120 mg/kg group had no arrhythmia within 20 minutes (P < 0.005438+0). Rats were treated with the water-soluble part of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata 550 mg/kg, 1 100 mg/kg, and similar results were obtained. In the water-soluble part of Aconitum, rats were injected with aconitine 40μg/kg and aconitine 20μg/kg intravenously for 5 minutes, and then injected with aconitine 200mg, aconitine 400 mg/kg and aconitine1000 mg/kg intravenously, respectively, which could significantly restore the normal heart rhythm (P < 0.05). However, the water-soluble parts of aconite have no effect on arrhythmia caused by ouabain or chloroform. Importantly, there are chemical components in the same drug that cause and fight arrhythmia.
3.3. Effect on shock: Give the cats with endotoxic shock 2 mg/(kg min) or/kloc-0 30 mg/kg intravenously. Results It can obviously resist the decrease of aortic pressure (BP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVP) and the maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure (LVDP/DT, max), slow down the heart rate and prolong the survival time. It shows that it has therapeutic effect on shock caused by endotoxin. The aconite extract 80 1 can significantly prolong the survival time of scalded shock rats.
3.4. Effect on blood flow: Radix Aconiti Lateralis can dilate peripheral blood vessels, and the decoction of Radix Aconiti Lateralis can obviously dilate the blood vessels of anesthetized dogs and cats, as well as the decoction of Radix Aconiti Lateralis. Intravenous injection of 7.5 mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of the water-soluble part of aconite root can increase the femoral artery blood flow of anesthetized dogs by 30, 70 mg/kg and 1.29% respectively, and reduce the resistance by 0.42% and 50%. The effect can last about 65,438+00 minutes, which can explain the warming of limbs after using aconite.
3.5. Effect on myocardial ischemia: Fuzi injection and its water-soluble parts have obvious effects on acute myocardial ischemia.