1, do a good job in the management of the growth period. Including intertillage weeding, water storage and moisture conservation, vine erection, pruning and harrowing, old leaves removal, ventilation and light transmission, strengthening pest control and temperature management. Tomato diseases mainly include virus disease, bacterial wilt, early blight and late blight. The main pests are cotton bollworm and aphid. The prevention and control methods of virus disease include: selecting resistant varieties, dressing seeds with new high-fat film, planting stubble, preventing aphids and sowing early in time. Temperature management is to properly increase the ventilation in the greenhouse during the day to keep the temperature in the greenhouse at around 25℃. The temperature at night is kept between 10- 13℃. At the beginning of ventilation, the air outlet should be from small to large, from less to more, and gradually become smaller or closed after the temperature drops in the afternoon.
2. Do a good job in fertilizer and water management. Tomatoes generally don't need watering in summer and autumn rainy season, but they should be properly watered when the second to third ears are dry after maturity. According to the growth situation, timely topdressing and spraying new high-fat film can promote fruit development and protect flowers and fruits. Generally, the fruit-picking Zhuangdiling is sprayed once before flowering, young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage to enhance the fertilization quality of tomato pollen and improve the periodic fruit setting rate.
3. Pick the fruit at the right time. There are four stages of tomato ripening: green ripening, discoloration, ripening and full ripening. Storage and preservation can be harvested at green maturity. When picking, you should handle it with care, and it is best to pick it without fruit pedicle to prevent the fruits from stabbing each other during transportation. Before the first frost, if there are unripe green fruits, they should be harvested and stored in the greenhouse, and then listed after the fruits are ripe, which not only prolongs the supply period, but also increases the economic benefits. It is not suitable to use hormones to stimulate fruit coloring in the post-ripening period, and sell it in boxes after selection. Its advantages are not only reducing the production cost, improving the fruit quality, but also ensuring the food safety of consumers.
4. Choose a good variety. Greenhouse tomatoes should be planted with infinite varieties with low temperature tolerance, strong weak light energy, high yield, few deformed fruits, thick meat, storage and transportation resistance, good commodity, strong disease resistance and strong growth potential, such as Sunrise Winter Crown, Sunrise Golden Crown 1.
5. Clean up the stubble. The seedling raising time of tomatoes should be advanced appropriately, and it is better to sow in early July and early August, so that when watermelon is planted in spring, 4-5 layers of fruits can be harvested from autumn stubble to the next year, and the overwintering stubble can be topped when tomatoes grow to 6-7 layers. After harvesting, pruning and regeneration cultivation can be carried out, and 5-6 layers of fruits can be harvested, and each tomato can harvest 1 1-60.
6. Cultivate strong seedlings. As the saying goes, "If the seedlings are good, 50% will be harvested", cultivating healthy seedlings without pests and diseases is half the battle. Tomato seedlings are usually raised in July and August, and farmers are used to raising seedlings in greenhouses, which are easy to be infected with pests and diseases at seedling stage, and the greenhouse cannot be disinfected at high temperature in summer. Therefore, it is best to build a shade shed outside the greenhouse and disinfect it at high temperature in summer.
Set the outer frame of the shed, with a width of 1.2m, a length of about 6m and a frame height of 25cm. Tread firmly to prevent rain from entering. Set up a bow shed on the side, with a width of 1.8m and a height of 1.5m, and cover the middle and upper parts with old film. In summer, seedlings grow fast and can be planted in about 25 days, so 8 cm ×8 cm nutrient pots are generally used to raise seedlings. Summer seedlings are most prone to virus diseases, so when soaking seeds, soak them in clear water for 3-4 hours and then in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, which can effectively prevent seeds from spreading viruses. After taking out and cleaning, put the seeds into sandbags, put them into a germination box at 25-28 degrees to accelerate germination, and sow when the seeds are half white. The main content of seedling management in summer is scientific watering to prevent overgrowth, insect prevention and virus prevention. Before emergence, cover the border with a sunshade net to cool and moisturize, and remove the cover from the border in the evening after the seeds are half covered with soil. The old film on the shade shed should always be covered. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be watered until they are dry, that is, after the surface is dry, they should be watered with small water. Never water them to prevent the seedlings from growing vigorously and causing the formation of aged seedlings. It is found that when the seedlings grow vigorously, one is to properly control watering, the other is to widen the distance between seedlings and increase the nutritional area, and the third is to spray 60~ 100ppm of growth AIDS on the leaves to prevent them. Spraying 10% imidacloprid 1500 times solution and 20% virus A500 times solution every 5-7 days after emergence can prevent pests and virus diseases.
7. Plant seedlings reasonably. Half a month before sowing, the residual branches, leaves, pests and diseases of the previous crop should be removed, removed from the greenhouse and buried or burned. Apply fully decomposed farmyard manure 10 cubic meter per mu, add 80- 100 kg of calcium superphosphate, 25-30 kg of potassium sulfate, 20-30 kg of urea, and add trace element fertilizer boric acid 1-2 kg (2 yuan/kg) and magnesium sulfate 5- 10. Spread evenly on the surface and turn over 30 cm deep. Only when the base fertilizer is sufficient can there be high yield and high benefit. Ridge width is 80 cm, ditch width is 60 cm, and ridge height is 15 cm. After ridging, water is poured on the soles of the feet, and 5% bacterial toxin 100 ~ 150 times solution is sprayed on all surfaces in the greenhouse once, and then the greenhouse is covered with a film and sealed at high temperature for 7 ~ 10 days, so as to kill pests and solidify soil. Watering the seedbed with seedling water the day before planting, spraying 800 times of 72.2% Prick aqueous solution and once of 10% imidacloprid 1500 times of solution to prevent and control pests and diseases. When sowing seedlings, the small row spacing is 60 cm, the large row spacing is 80 cm, and the plant spacing is 45 cm. More than 265,438+000 plants are planted per mu. Attention should be paid to the grading planting of seedlings, and the depth should be buried in the roots. Too deep planting can easily lead to "black stem disease"; When planting seedlings, the first ear bud faces the direction of big row, so that the fruit will see more light and have uniform color in the future.
8. Scientific and meticulous management. After planting tomatoes, the benefits mainly depend on whether the management is scientific and meticulous. Only by creating the most suitable environmental conditions for tomatoes on the basis of science can we achieve high yield and high efficiency. On sunny days, after the greenhouse is exposed to the sun every day, the straw curtain should be uncovered and the film should be cleaned to improve the light transmittance of the film. When the temperature rises to 30℃, the top seam should be opened for ventilation. After ventilation, the size of the vent should be within 5℃. When the temperature drops to 22℃ in the afternoon, turn off the wind, cover the curtains before sunset, and the minimum before opening the curtains in the morning should not be lower than 12℃. On cloudy nights, it is not ventilated to cover early. Clear the snow in time when it snows, and open the curtains at noon to see the light. Pay attention to the curtain must be opened during the day to see the light, and it must be covered at night on cloudy and snowy days, and the curtain should be covered with cold-proof film. If it clears up on cloudy and snowy days, it must be shaded by flowers and not ventilated, so that the greenhouse temperature will rise slowly and excessively, which will easily lead to plant wilting. After cloudy or snowy days, diseases are prone to occur and need to be sprayed to prevent diseases. When spraying, 25 grams of urea and 20 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added to each medicine barrel to supplement the nutrition of tomatoes. When the temperature in the cloudy and snowy canopy is too low, an iron stove can be used to light it in the canopy to raise the temperature and prevent freezing. After planting tomatoes in August, it is easy to grow vigorously, and the vigorous growth mainly depends on watering. Therefore, generally stop watering after the bottom water is poured enough, and wait until the first ear of fruit grows to the size of walnut before topdressing. When there is a real drought, only a small amount of water can be watered, and watering before the first ear grows to the size of a walnut is the main reason for the vigorous growth of tomatoes. When the first ear of walnut is big, the first topdressing and watering, ternary compound fertilizer per mu 15 ~ 20 kg. After that, the second and third ears of walnut were topdressing once per ear, with urea 10 ~ 15 kg and potassium sulfate 8 ~ 12 kg per mu. Watering must be carried out in sunny morning, and opening the tuyere at noon to reduce humidity can effectively prevent diseases. During the low temperature period, the amount of irrigation under the film should be less, so as to avoid the excessive ground temperature drop caused by excessive watering and affect the normal growth of tomatoes. Greenhouse tomatoes are generally pruned with a single stem, leaving only one main stem, and all the side branches are thinned out. Side branches should be done in sunny morning, which is beneficial to wound healing. When the first ear fruit is green and ripe (the fruit grows to the maximum, and the top of the fruit turns from green to white), the old leaves under the first ear fruit are removed, and when the second ear fruit is green and ripe, the old leaves under the second ear fruit are removed, and so on, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, reducing ineffective consumption of nutrients and preventing the spread of diseases. When the main stem is cultivated in autumn, 2 ~ 3 leaves are left on the ear after 5 ears of fruit bloom. After the main stem cultivated in the overwintering stubble bears 6-7 ears of fruit, leave 2-3 leaves above the ear to pick the core, and start to keep side branches on the stem. When harvesting the fruit on the main stem, if each tomato produces side branches, choose the side branch with strong base and cut off the old branches on it. If there are no plants with lateral branches nearby, put the tomato down, choose a lateral branch at the base to grow in this place, and choose a lateral branch at the upper part to grow with the lanyard of plants without lateral branches. The second crop can bear 5~6 layers of fruit. In winter and spring, the temperature is low and the light is weak, so tomatoes are not easy to set fruit, so it is necessary to protect flowers and fruits. To protect flowers and fruits, it is best to spray flowers with 25 ~ 50 mg/kg anti-falling agent (tomato essence) when there are 3 ~ 4 flowers in an inflorescence, and it is best to add 0. 1% 50% quick-acting agent to control gray mold when spraying flowers. Spraying with anti-falling agent is more labor-saving than spraying with 2.4 ~ d, and it is not easy to cause phytotoxicity, but spraying with 2.4 ~ d is absolutely not allowed, otherwise phytotoxicity will easily occur. Tomato cultivation should also be thinning flowers and fruits, because there are too many fruits in one ear, and the fruits are of different sizes and poor commercialization. Large-fruit varieties should keep 3 ~ 4 fruits per panicle, medium-fruit varieties should keep 5 ~ 6 fruits per panicle, and the first and second floors can be kept less appropriately to prevent seedling drop. Generally, leaving fruit is "pinching the head and leaving the tail in the middle", that is, not leaving the first fruit, not leaving the small fruit and deformed fruit behind, so that the fruit size is consistent and the commodity is good.
Prevention and control of major diseases
The main diseases of tomato include early blight, late blight, virus disease, gray mold and leaf mold. If it is not controlled in time, the yield and quality of tomato will be seriously affected.
1, tomato early blight
(1) Symptoms: Sick at seedling stage, with dark brown spots, slight depression and ring marks at the base of seedling stem. In the adult stage, the leaves are dark green spots at the beginning of the disease, and they are round or irregular ring spots after expansion, with light green or yellow halo on the edge and concentric ring marks in the middle. When it is wet, a black mold layer will grow on the spots. The diseased leaves generally develop upward from the lower part of the plant, and the middle leaves fall off in severe cases. Stem lesions are mostly located at the base of branches and petioles, which are brown to dark brown irregular round or oval lesions, sunken, sometimes cracked, and in severe cases, branches are broken. The disease of olive began near calyx, with oval or irregular brown or black spots and depressions in the early stage, and the fruit cracked, the diseased part was hard and the black mold layer was dense in the later stage.
(2) Prevention and treatment methods Can I spray 58% metalaxyl before the onset? Control of chemical substances such as manganese, zinc and antiviral alum; Dust suppression and spraying chlorothalonil dust remover can also be used in the early stage of the disease; In the growth period, chlorothalonil fumigant can be fumigated at night or sprayed evenly with 40% storax suspension and 50% chlorpheniramine suspension 1000 times solution.
2. Tomato late blight
(1) Symptomatic seedlings and adult plants can get sick, which is harmful to leaves, stems and fruits, but leaves and olives in adult stage are more seriously damaged. Seedlings are susceptible to diseases and appear dark green water spots, which develop from leaves to main stems, making petioles and stems thinner, dark brown, rotten and collapsed, and the whole plant wilting. When humidity is high, a white mold layer is produced at the diseased part. The base of the young stem is sick, resulting in waterlogging, wilting or lodging of seedlings. Most of the leaf diseases in adult stage come from the lower leaves, forming dark green water-soaked lesions with inconspicuous edges, which are brown after expansion. When the humidity is high, white mold appears at the junction of leaf back disease and health. When it is dry, the affected area is dry, fragile and easy to break. At first, the diseased spot on the stem was black and sunken, and later it turned black and brown, which easily caused the branches and leaves above the diseased part of the main stem to wither. Olive is infected, the diseased spot is dark green in oil immersion, then dark brown, slightly sunken, the affected area is hard, and the edge has obvious moire. When the humidity is high, white mold grows rapidly and rots.
(2) Prevention and control methods When the central diseased plant is found in the field, it should be sprayed in time for prevention and control. After spraying, closing the shed and raising the temperature can improve the control effect. 50 ~ 75 ml/mu of 68.75% Yinfali suspension concentrate can be sprayed evenly, which can achieve the dual effects of protection and treatment.
3. Tomato virus disease
(1) There are three main types of symptom tomato virus disease: mosaic type. The leaves are mottled yellow-green or different shades, the veins are transparent, the leaves are slightly shriveled, the diseased plants are slightly short, the new leaves are small, the fruits are small, and the surface quality of the fruits is poor, mostly in the shape of a flower face. Types of fern leaves. All or part of the upper blade becomes a strip, and the middle and lower blades are slightly rolled up. The petals expand to form a "giant flower". Plants are dwarfed to varying degrees. C-stripe pattern. Mainly exists in fruits and stems. The leaves are brown spots or mosaic, and the veins on the back are purple; There are dark green to dark brown concave oily necrosis stripes on the stem, and the diseased stem is fragile and easy to break. Brown patches of different shapes are often formed on fruits, but the discolored part is only in the surface tissue, not in the stem and pulp. With the development of the fruit, the diseased part is sunken and becomes deformed and stiff fruit.
(2) Control method: 30-45kg of 70% water dispersible granule 3-4g of water is sprayed per mu to control sucking mouthparts pests such as aphids or whiteflies, so as to cut off the transmission route of insects and achieve the purpose of controlling virus diseases. At the initial stage of infection, you can also spray Bingzhiling 1000 times solution to reduce the degree of poisoning.
4. Tomato gray mold
(1) Symptomatic tomato flowers, fruits, leaves and stems can all get sick. When the fruit is infected, olives are seriously damaged. Most of the remaining stigma or petals are infected first, and then spread to the fruit or fruit stalk, resulting in a gray peel with a thick gray mold layer and rotten water. The leaf diseases mostly start from the tip of the leaf and spread inward in a "V" shape along the branches. At first, they are soaked in water, and then they are yellow-brown, with deep and dark stripes on the edges. The boundary between diseased tissue and healthy tissue is clear. When the stem was infected, it began to appear water spots, and then it expanded into rectangular or strip spots with light brown color. When the humidity is high, there is a gray mold layer on the surface of the lesion, and it will die above the lesion in severe cases.
(2) The prevention method is to prepare nutrient soil with sterile soil, and disinfect the bed surface with 50% carbendazim 500 times solution; Strengthen ventilation management, reduce air humidity and prevent dew from condensing on the blades; The air humidity should be kept below 80% to avoid watering on cloudy days, even after watering; Clean up the fields and remove diseased fruits and leaves in time. When tomatoes were dipped in flowers, 0.3% chlorpheniramine suspension or wettable powder was added to control tomato gray mold. You can also spray 1000 ~ 1500 times of Texaco 40% suspension or 1500 times of chlorpheniramine at flowering stage.
5. Tomato leaf mold
The symptom of tomato leaf mold (1) mainly harms leaves, and even stems, fruits and flowers in severe cases. When the leaves die, unplanned or oval yellowish or greenish spots appear on the back of the leaves, and a white mold layer is formed, which later becomes a grayish brown or dark brown velvet layer. The front of the leaf is pale yellow, and the edge is not obvious. In severe cases, the diseased leaves dry and curl and die. The lower leaves of the diseased plant became ill first, and then gradually spread to the upper leaves. In severe cases, the leaves of the whole plant will be curled. After the fruit is infected, it spreads around from the pedicle, and the surface of the fruit forms black or irregular patches, which become hard and sunken.
(2) Prevention and control methods: control watering, frequent watering, control outdoor air, control greenhouse humidity, apply more organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer, especially less chemical fertilizer in winter. At the initial stage of the disease, choose 43% Hollick SC 3000 times solution, or 50% chlorpheniramine SC 1000 times solution or wettable powder to spray evenly.