Guan Yu (160-220), originally named Changsheng, later changed to Yunchang, was a native of Jie County, Hedong County. He was a famous general in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He followed Liu Bei around in the early days. He was captured alive by Cao Cao and beheaded on Baimapo. He killed Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang, and together with Zhang Fei, he was known as the enemy of ten thousand people.
Main deeds:
Guarding Jingzhou
In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Liu Bei took refuge with Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye. Cao Cao led his army south, Liu Bei fled south, and Guan Yu was sent to take hundreds of ships to Jiangling (today's Jingzhou, Hubei) to meet up.
But Liu Bei was chased by Cao Cao's army on Changbanpo in Dangyang (now Yichang, Hubei) on the way. Fortunately, Guan Yu sailed to Hanjin (now Jingmen, Hubei), and they took a boat together to Xiakou (now Wuhan, Hubei). .
After Liu Bei acquired the four counties of Jingnan (Changsha, Lingling, Wuling, and Guiyang), he worshiped Guan Yu as his founding father, and was granted the title of Grand Administrator of Xiangyang and General of Dang Kou. At this time, Xiangyang was actually Cao Cao's sphere of influence. Yue Jin was stationed, so Guan Yu was stationed in Jiangbei. During this period, Guan Yu rebuilt Jiangling City. In the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213 years), Liu Bei entered Shu to help Liu Zhang defend Zhang Lu, while Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou.
Defeat Maicheng
At the end of the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Cao Cao thought that Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was in Xu and was close to Guan Yu's army, so he wanted to move the capital to avoid his influence. Sima Yi and Jiang Ji and others dissuaded him, thinking that Sun Quan must not want to see Guan Yu succeed, so he could use Sun Quan's promise to grant Jiangnan to Sun Quan as a condition for him to send troops to attack Guan Yu from behind. At the same time, Cao Cao sent Xu Huang, Zhao Yan and others to lead troops to rescue Fancheng, and even prepared to personally conquer Guan Yu.
At first, Sun Quan sent someone to propose to Guan Yu's daughter for his son. Guan Yu insulted the envoy and refused to get married, which made Sun Quan very angry. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to be the commander-in-chief of a surprise attack on Jingzhou, and personally led the army as backup. Mi Fang (brother-in-law of Liu Bei) and public security guard Shi Ren of Jiangling, an important town in Jingzhou, surrendered without fighting because they had a quarrel with Guan Yu.
When Guan Yu led his troops on an expedition, Mi Fang and Shi Ren were responsible for supplying grain and military supplies, but they were unwilling to fully rescue Guan Yu. Guan Yu said: "I will punish them when we return." Mi and Shi were both frightened and uneasy. So Sun Quan secretly sent someone to lure Mi and Shi.
At this time, after Guan Yu learned that Nanjun had been lost, he immediately retreated south. On the way back to the army, Guan Yu sent envoys to contact Lü Meng many times. Lü Meng treated Guan Yu's envoys favorably each time, allowing various tours in the city, and expressed condolences to the relatives of Guan Yu's subordinates. Some people wrote letters in their own hands and trusted him to take them away as proof of safety. .
When the envoy returned, Guan Yu's subordinates asked him privately about the situation at home. They knew that he was safe at home and that he was treated better than before. Therefore, Guan Yu's soldiers had no intention of fighting anymore. The soldiers gradually dispersed and retreated to Maicheng.
In December of the same year, Guan Yu led dozens of horses to escape and broke through to Linju (now Nanzhang County, Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), which was only ten or twenty miles away from Yizhou. He met Pan Zhang's generals and horses. Zhong was ambushed and captured, and his eldest son Guan Ping was killed in Linju.
Edited on 2021-03-21
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Is Guan Yu really a person in history?
Yes. Guan Yu (160-220), whose original name was Changsheng, later changed to Yunchang, was a native of Jie County, Hedong County (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was known as the "Beautiful Bearded Duke". In his early years, he followed Liu Bei and traveled around various places. He became brothers with Liu Bei and Zhang Fei. Therefore, although he was treated favorably by Cao Cao, Guan Yu still took the opportunity to leave Cao Cao and follow Liu Bei. After the Battle of Chibi, Guan Yu helped Liu Bei and Zhou Yu attack Nanjun where Cao Ren was stationed. Afterwards, Liu Bei's power gradually grew, and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou for a long time. In the 24th year of Jian'an, Guan Yu gradually gained the upper hand in the military friction with Cao Ren. He then advanced by land and water, besieging Xiangyang and Fancheng. He also took advantage of the heavy autumn rains to flood seven armies and annihilated the entire army that came to rescue Yu Jin. . Guan Yu's power shocked China, and Cao Cao once had the idea of ????moving the capital to avoid Guan Yu's sharpness. But then Sun Quan of the Eastern Wu Dynasty sent Lu Meng and Lu Xun to attack Guan Yu's rear. Guan Yu lost the battle with Xu Huang, and finally lost ground and was defeated and killed.
Extended information: For thousands of years, the historical figure Guan Yu, as the embodiment of "loyalty, justice, benevolence and courage", has gained widespread and consistent national identity among Chinese at home and abroad, and is known as the "Martial Saint" and "Guan Gong". ", "Guan Emperor" and "Guan Caishen" have formed a unique Guan Gong culture with the virtue of "loyalty, justice, benevolence and courage" as its core content. Guan Yu was originally a military general, but because he "lived up to his duty" and was both loyal and brave, he eventually "succumbed to his death" and became benevolent. Therefore, for thousands of years, court officials Li Shu admired Guan Yu's "loyalty, justice, benevolence and courage" and regarded him as a model of loyalty and the embodiment of benevolence and courage. The emperors of the past dynasties added titles step by step to show their loyalty and righteousness, from "the lord becomes the king, the king becomes the emperor, the emperor becomes the saint, and the saint becomes the heaven". His title eventually became "The God of Loyalty and Righteousness, the Martial Spirit, Your Benevolence, the Brave Power, the Great Emperor of Guan Sheng". As successive emperors added posthumous titles to Guan Yu, the title of Guan Yu's tomb also became higher and higher. In ancient China, only the burial places of saints, such as Kong Lin and Meng Lin, could be called "Lin". In Luoyang, Henan, the tomb where Guan Yu's head was buried was called Guan Lin.
Only the tombs of ancient emperors can be called mausoleums, but in Dangyang, Hubei, the tomb where Guan Yu's body is buried is called a mausoleum. There is a tomb to bury his soul in Jie County, Shanxi Province. There is also a tomb of clothes built in Chengdu, Sichuan. The head, body, soul, and tomb are complete, which is rare in the history of Chinese tombs. People worshiped and offered sacrifices to Guan Yu, and built temples for him. In the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1727 AD), the emperor ordered all the provinces, counties and cities in the world to build Guan temples, grant spring and autumn festivals, and birthday festivals, and confer the title of Duke Guan Yu for the third generation. After that, there were "endless praises and endless temples for worshiping Guan Yu". It can be said that "who can hold a candle for five nights, and burn incense everywhere in Kyushu", forming a "confucian temple" to worship Guan Yu corresponding to the "Confucian temples" all over the world. Martial Arts Temple". Although Guan Yu is as famous as the literary sage Confucius for his title of martial sage, Confucius temples are generally one temple per county, while Guan Yu temples are spread across urban and rural areas across the country. According to statistics, there are currently thousands of imperial temples in my country, including more than 40 in Taiwan alone, and Chinese-inhabited areas in more than 40 countries such as the United States, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Australia. , built more than 40,000 imperial temples. If there is a temple, there will be sacrifices, and if there are sacrifices, there will be temple fairs. According to historical records, in the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1592), the Guanlin Temple Fair in Luoyang, which combined the three sacrifices of the "Tomb Temple Forest", attracted tens of thousands of people. On the day of the temple fair, incense was burned, operas were performed for entertainment, and a market trade integrating eating and shopping appeared in front of the temple, which gradually became the local commodity trading center. Guan Yu became the patron saint of businessmen, and "loyal Guan Yu" became "Shang Guan Yu". ". Businessmen worshiped "Guan Yu God" in their shops and homes. As the "God of Wealth", Guan Yu's "honesty and integrity" have formed a commodity trading code with "benevolence, righteousness" and "justice" as the core, forming a commodity trading ethics of "seeking wealth amidst righteousness", and therefore become an important part of Guan Gong's culture. . In recent years, compatriots from Taiwan and Hong Kong, as well as Chinese people and businessmen from Singapore, Malaysia and other countries, have returned to the mainland every year to conduct worship and cultural exchange activities at Guanlin in Luoyang, Guandi Mausoleum in Dangyang and Guandi Temple in Xiezhou. Chinese people at home and abroad use "Guan" as a medium to promote the traditional virtues of "loyalty, justice, benevolence and courage", spread China's righteousness and promote the development of China's economy. People's Daily Online - Baidu Encyclopedia of Guan Yu and Guan Gong Culture - Guan Yu
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Historical information about Guan Yu
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What was Guan Yu like in real history?
1. Guan Yu’s true historical face, the headstrong warrior who stepped down from the altar. 1. A martial artist. A careful reading of "The Biography of Guan Yu" reveals that Guan Yu in history was extremely lacking in political acumen. He did not understand the importance of uniting Wu to fight against Cao, and refused Sun Quan's marriage proposal with a very unfriendly attitude. He insulted the messenger who proposed to him: "How can a dog be worthy of a tiger girl?" This offended Soochow. Everyone is familiar with the story after this. After Sun Quan attempted to capture Jingzhou, he killed Guan Yu and his son in Linju, and the alliance between Sun and Liu was completely broken. 2. Headstrong and conceited. If the lack of political acumen ruined the Shu Han's future, then "being rather conceited and bullying" was Guan Yu's biggest personal flaw. In the 19th year of Jian'an (214 years), Ma Chao came to surrender. Guan Yu wrote to Zhuge Liang to inquire about the truth. Fortunately, Zhuge Liang knew his "little calculation" and said that although Ma Chao and Zhang Fei were rivals, it was difficult for him to become an enemy of Guan Yu because of Kong Ming's After expressing his stance, Guan Yu felt relieved and felt complacent. Guan Yu treated Ma Chao like this, but the elderly Huang Zhong looked down upon him even more. "Three Kingdoms" records Guan Yu's attitude towards Huang Zhong. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Huang Zhong surrendered in Hanzhong. Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang intended to name him and several others as the "Five Tiger Generals", but they were worried that Guan Yu would be disgraced and included in the same rank as Huang Zhong. 3. A lustful person. In fact, Guan Yu is also a bit lecherous. According to the Records of Shu cited in the "Biography of Guan Yu", in the third year of Jian'an (198), when Liu Bei and Cao Cao joined forces to attack Lu Bu, Guan Yu asked Cao Cao that after the city was captured, he wanted to get the wife of the scholar Qin Yilu, Du. But after the city of Xiapi was destroyed, Cao Cao ordered Du to be captured and brought to him first for him to see for himself. As a result, the lustful Cao Cao forgot his promise to Guan Yu and kept the woman for himself. Since then, there has been a gap between Guan Yu and Cao Cao. 2. Don’t regard "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" as real history.
Thousands of years later, Guan Yu is no longer the mortal Guan Yu. All his temperament and weaknesses have been transformed and sublimated by people, and he has gradually become a perfect man. Master Zhizhe, the founder of the Tiantai Sect of Buddhism in the Sui Dynasty, granted the "Bodhisattva Ring" to Guan Yu's deceased soul, and he was named Jialan Bodhisattva. Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty invited Guan Yu into the martial arts temple and kept pace with Jiang Ziya. The Taoist Celestial Master fabricated a huge lie about "Guan Gong fighting Chi You", and Guan Yu became the number one god in Taoism. Emperors of the past dynasties have repeatedly given him titles. Huizong of the Song Dynasty named him Zhonghui Gong, Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty named him Guansheng Emperor, and Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty named him "Loyalty and Righteousness, Martial Spirit, Benevolence, Braveness and Might, Guansheng Emperor". His reputation has reached an unparalleled level, even higher than Confucius's "Dacheng and the Most Holy King Wenxuan". His tomb in Luoyang, second only to the emperor's mausoleum, is called Guanlin, and his temples, like those of Confucius, are located throughout China. Explaining this phenomenon is laborious. The rulers gave him titles and titles because of his loyalty and to consolidate their rule. As a result, this ordinary man who had no great achievements to boast of during his lifetime was deified after his death as a god of war or even a god of wealth that transcended history. Finally, he was reborn and became a moral model and a god on earth that was worshiped by all three religions and nine schools of thought. Extended information "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is divided into three parts fact and seven parts fiction. Many of them are fictionalized by Luo Guanzhong, but they are very literary. If you want to see the true history, it is best to read Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms". Li Wen said that Cao Cao was "greedy". It can be seen from the above facts that Guan Yu is probably no less powerful than Cao Cao in this aspect, but he is not as powerful as Cao Cao and has nothing to do with him. From this point of view, after Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao, if Cao Cao really gave him ten beauties, I cannot guarantee that Guan Yu would not accept and enjoy them. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" greatly beautifies Guan Yu in this aspect, which is inconsistent with the real Guan Yu in history.
Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Guan Yu; Baidu Encyclopedia - Romance of the Three Kingdoms; People's Daily Online - the true face of the headstrong warrior Guan Yu who stepped down from the altar; People's Daily - the real Guan Yu: he was vain and lustful. Yu Cao Cao
820 likes · 124, 029 views 2019-08-02
The history of Guan Yu—to find the answer, come to "Ask"
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What is the historical background and story of Guan Yu?
Taoyuan sworn alliance. Guan Yu met the Eastern Han Dynasty government in Zhuojun (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province) and mobilized powerful landlords from all over the country to organize armed forces to suppress the Yellow Turban Uprising. Here he met Liu Bei (Liu Bei claimed to be a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty) and Zhang Fei, who were gathering local people to raise troops. The three of them had the same goals and fell in love at first sight. Their friendship was extraordinary and they were as close as brothers. It is said in later generations that Liu, Guan and Zhang once became sworn brothers in Taoyuan. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes their oath: "Although they have different surnames, as brothers, we will work together to rescue the poor and help the people in danger; we will report to the country and live in peace and prosperity. We do not wish to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day, but only wish to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day." Die." Although this is a novelist's words, it has a huge impact because it conforms to the mentality of the middle and lower classes in an era of frequent turmoil. Many peasant uprisings in later generations imitated the form of sworn friendship to consolidate the ranks and strengthen unity. The three organized an armed force and participated in the attack on the peasant uprising army. Guan Yu began his military career from then on. From the first year of Zhongping (184) until his death, Guan Yu followed Liu Bei loyally, "following Liu Bei and not avoiding hardships and dangers" ("Three Kingdoms·Book of Shu·Biography of Guan Yu"). Appreciation by Cao Cao Cao Cao admired Guan Yu as a person and worshiped him as a partial general, treating him with great courtesy. Soon he realized that Guan Yu was unsettled and had no intention of staying for a long time, so he said to Zhang Liao, who had a good relationship with Guan Yu: "Please try to ask him with affection." Zhang Liao went to ask Guan Yu, but Guan Yu sighed and said, "I know very well that Duke Cao has treated me well. However, I have received such kindness from General Liu. I swear to the death of my mother-in-law, and I must not betray it. I will not stay for the rest of my life, and I will repay the favor by performing my duties." Duke Cao is leaving" ("Three Kingdoms, Book of Shu, Biography of Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang and Zhao"). Zhang Liao conveyed Guan Yu's words to Cao Cao. After hearing this, Cao Cao not only did not resent Guan Yu, but believed that he was benevolent and righteous and valued him even more. Cao Cao praised Guan Yu's bravery, rewarded him heavily, and named him Hanshou Tinghou (Hanshou, place name; Tinghou, marquis name).
Although the wound healed, the bone often hurt when it rained. Hua Tuo said: "The arrowhead is poisonous, and the poison penetrates into the bone. It is necessary to break the arm and scrape the bone to remove the poison. Then the ear is removed." Guan Yu stretched out his arm and asked the doctor to open the wound. At that time, Guan Yu was hosting a banquet for the generals. "The blood flowed from his arms and filled the dishes, while his feathers were cut and burned while drinking wine, talking and laughing freely." In November of that year, when Guan Gong was killed, Lu Meng led his troops out of hiding and entered Xunyang (now northeast of Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province). He ambush the elite soldiers in disguised merchant ships, ordered the soldiers to wear white clothes, disguised as merchants, and recruited the people to paddle oars. Paddling, day and night, rushing up the river, heading straight for Jiangling, everything was done very covertly and cunningly. Lü Meng knew that Guan Yu had few soldiers and expected that if he wanted to escape, he would take the path leading to Xichuan in the north of Maicheng, so he sent troops to ambush him in advance. In December, Sun Quan sent envoys to Maicheng to persuade Guan Yu to surrender. Guan Yu proposed that the Wu army retreat ten miles and then meet at the south gate. As expected, Lu Meng retreated ten miles and waited for Guan Yu to surrender. Guan Yu and his eldest son Guan Ping took the opportunity to sneak out of the north gate with more than a dozen cavalry and fled to the west. They were captured by Sima Zhong of Wu general Pan Zhang and were bound to see Sun Quan. Sun Quan surrendered Guan Yu. Guan Yu would rather die than surrender and join his son Guan Ping was killed by Pan Zhang in Linju together. He was fifty-eight years old when he died. His second son, Guan Xing, succeeded him to the position of "Han Shoutinghou". Liu Chan, Emperor Huai of the Shu Han Dynasty, posthumously named Guan Yu "Marquis Zhuang Miao" in the third year of Jingyao (AD 260). In the autumn of the 24th year of Emperor Xian's reign of the Han Dynasty (AD 219), Guan Yu led his troops to attack Fancheng and Xiangyang. He ordered Mi Fang, the prefect of Nanjun, to guard Jiangling, and General Fu Shiren to guard the public security and be responsible for logistics supplies. At that time, the fighting was fierce at the front, and Guan Yu was victorious, but the supply of military supplies was often insufficient. Guan Yu believed that Mi and Fu had seriously neglected their duties, and threatened: "Return, punish them!" Mi Fang and Fu Shiren were already dissatisfied with Guan Yu's contempt for them. He also heard that Guan Yu would punish them after returning to the army, so he was naturally very afraid. Therefore, when Lu Meng sent Yu Fan to persuade him to surrender, he handed over Jiangling and Gong'an to Yu Fan without hesitation, causing Guan Yu to lose ground and was defeated and killed.
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