Water, gold, fire, wood, earth, Neptune, Pluto around;

Only life on earth exists, and warm gas, liquid and water are caused by the edge.

(1) temperature, suitable temperature. Qi, an atmosphere suitable for biological breathing.

2. Characteristics of the Earth

The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat.

From west to east, time began to change.

North and South are parallel lines, which are relatively equal circles.

Things are longitude lines, which form parallel circles separately;

The equator is the longest, and polarization is the focus.

3. Division of East, West, North and Southern Hemisphere

20 degrees west longitude, 0/60 degrees east longitude,

Generally speaking, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

Northern and southern hemispheres, equatorial zero latitude,

The four seasons are temperate, and the north and south are opposite.

4. Day and night alternation and seasonal changes

The earth rotates and changes day and night.

Around the sun, four seasons appear.

One day rotates, one year revolves.

From west to east, the direction remains the same.

5. Five regions of the earth

The earth has five regions, all separated by four lines;

Back to the tropics, the polar circle is divided into cold and warm;

There are two cold temperatures and five areas with uneven temperatures.

(1) Temperature refers to temperature.

6. Map direction

Identify the direction of the map and put it in front of you;

From north to south, from left to west and from right to east.

The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is difficult;

Weft refers to the north-south and east-west warp circles.

Polar projection, with special direction:

For the northern hemisphere, the heart is four Nan Zhou;

In the east-west direction of the northern latitude circle, the rotation is counterclockwise.

For the southern hemisphere, north and south around the heart;

South latitude circle east and west, rotate clockwise.

7. continents and oceans

The total surface area of the earth is * * * 501 million;

The percentage of land and water is 7 1 ocean.

Six continents, including islands and seven continents;

Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctic Ocean Europe.

Water is four oceans, and peace is the deepest and widest;

Happy? s？ Sample, Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate structure, six plates are combined together;

The plot is relatively stable, and there are many earthquakes at the junction.

8. Location of oceans and continents

The ocean is bounded by the mainland, and the mainland is bounded by the ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans and lies between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is in the southwest of North America, and the east coast is very important to Europe and Africa.

The Indian Ocean is adjacent to Asia, Africa and Australia, and the south is connected by Sanyo Water.

The Arctic Ocean has the smallest water surface, including Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The boundaries and locations of the seven continents

The surface of the earth covers a large area, and Asia, Europe, Africa and the United States are all in the south.

Asia and Europe are integrated, and Ulagao adds points to both sides;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, and the Suai Canal was cut off.

Asia and North America are separated by water, with the Bering Strait in the middle;

China and the United States came to bring the North and the South together, and the Bana Canal was blocked.

Oceania is small in size and seems to be broken.

Asia, Europe, Africa and the Eastern Hemisphere, and North and South America occupy the Western Hemisphere.

Only the Antarctic is independent, and the ice sheet is called the plateau.

Basic knowledge of geography in the second day of junior high school to see China from the world

1. The geographical location of China.

From the eastern and western hemispheres, China is located in the eastern hemisphere, from the northern and southern hemispheres, China is located in the northern hemisphere, and from the position of mainland and ocean, China is located in the eastern part of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

2. China's superior geographical position.

From the latitude position, China's territory spans a vast latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few areas in the south are located in the tropics south of the Tropic of Cancer, with no frigid zone; From the land and sea position, China is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, bordering many countries, facing the Pacific Ocean in the east, with numerous harbors. This is a country with both land and sea.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian. The land border is more than 20,000 kilometers, with land neighbors 14.

Russia and Mongolia are in the north, Korea is on the east coast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are in the northwest, Pakistan is in the west, Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan are in the southwest, and Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam are in the south.

4. Four Knowledge of China

Northernmost point: the center line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang Province.

The easternmost point: the intersection of the middle line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River.

The westernmost point: Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang.

Southernmost tip: Zengmu shoal in Shao Islands, South Hainan.

5. China's endangered oceans

From north to south: Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea (Taiwan Province Strait belongs to East China Sea).

6. Chinese mainland has a coastline of18,000 kilometers, and faces six countries across the sea: South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, China, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. The difference between East and West in the morning and evening: the longitudes of the two places are different. In China, the longitude of the east and west spans is wide, about 60 degrees, with no difference in longitude 15 degrees and time difference 1 hour.

Seasonal difference between the north and the south: the latitudes of the two places are different, and the latitude between the north and the south in China is quite different, about 50 degrees, and the temperature changes greatly.

8. chinese administrative division

(1) provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government

(2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities.

(3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns.

9. China has 34 provincial administrative units, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.

(provincial administrative region memory formula)

10.？ Three-character classics? The abbreviations of provincial administrative regions in French memory are: Heijiliao, Inner Mongolia, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Yunnan-Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, Qinghai-Tibet, Guiyueqiong, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

1 1. According to the fifth census in 2000, the population of China was12.95 million, accounting for more than 1/5 of the world population.

12. Characteristics of China population: large population base and fast growth.

13. China regards family planning as a basic national policy, including controlling the population and improving the quality of the population.

14. Negative effects of excessive population growth

The reduction of grain and cotton per capita and the difficulty of seeking medical treatment in hospitals have added a heavy burden to the country, schools, society, families, resource utilization and ecological environment. China's total resources rank among the top in the world, but its per capita is behind the world. Most of the new wealth in the country is consumed by the new population in the north, and the wealth used to develop production and improve people's lives is reduced.

15. Characteristics of population distribution in China

Less in the east and more in the west, bounded by the first line of Heihe Tengchong.

The reason for this distribution feature

(1) Due to natural reasons, the eastern part has more cultivated land and a good climate, while the western part has more deserts, grasslands and mountains and less cultivated land.

(2) Socioeconomically, the industry and commerce and transportation in the east are developed, with many towns and concentrated population, while the industry and commerce and transportation in the west are backward, with few towns;

(3) Historical reasons for development: the eastern part developed earlier and the western part developed later.

16. China is a big multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups. The Han nationality has the largest population, accounting for 92% of the national population, and the other 55 ethnic groups account for 8%, so they are called ethnic minorities.

Among ethnic minorities, Zhuang has the largest population, while Barrow has the smallest. Nine ethnic minorities have a population of over 5 million.

(Memory formula: northwest Mongolian, Hui and Uygur, northeast Manchu, southwest Miao, Yi and Zhuang, Tujia and Tibetan)

17. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and all ethnic groups, big or small, are equal.

18. Han people are distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are scattered, mainly in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

19. The province with the largest number of ethnic minorities is Yunnan Province.

20 national customs

Nadam Congress (Mongolian)

Dai Water-splashing Festival, peacock dance

Tibetan group dance and Tibetan calendar year

The long-term encouragement of the (North Korea) nation, etc.

2 1. What is the ethnic distribution? Big mixed residence, small settlement? The characteristics of? Big mixed residence? It is conducive to ethnic exchanges and promotes the economic prosperity of all ethnic groups; ? Small settlements? Cultural traditions conducive to protecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities.

The geography of the first grade must recite the knowledge of land and sea.

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land.

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Four continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. See page 37 of the textbook for the schematic diagram of the six major plates.

9. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Weather and climate (page 42)

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. Fog and dew are not precipitation.

② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. This world? Rain pole? Kira Peng Qi; This world? Dry pole? Atacama desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.