Uraemia is a relatively common disease, but it is also a relatively serious disease. Generally, the main symptom of patients is kidney failure, so the kidney detoxification function of patients with uremia is completely zero. So uremia requires dialysis. So, what are the general early symptoms of uremia? The following are three major early symptoms of uremia.
1. Early symptoms of uremia
1. Nervous system symptoms
Nervous system symptoms are the main symptoms of uremia. In the early stages of uremia, patients often have symptoms such as dizziness, headache, fatigue, and decreased understanding and memory. As the condition worsens, irritability, muscle tremors, and twitching may occur; eventually, it may progress to indifference, lethargy, and coma.
2. Digestive system symptoms
The earliest symptom of the digestive system of uremic patients is loss of appetite or indigestion; when the condition worsens, anorexia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea may occur. The occurrence of these symptoms may be related to the fact that the urease of bacteria in the intestine decomposes urea into ammonia, and ammonia stimulates the gastrointestinal mucosa, causing inflammation and multiple superficial small ulcers. Patients often suffer from gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, nausea and vomiting are also related to dysfunction of the central nervous system.
3. Skin symptoms
Skin itching is a common symptom in patients with uremia, which may be caused by stimulation of skin receptors by toxic products; some people think that it is related to secondary parathyroid disease It is related to hyperthyroidism, because removal of the parathyroid glands can immediately relieve this painful symptom. In addition, the patient's skin was dry, flaky, and tan. Changes in skin color were previously thought to be due to an increase in urinary pigment, but examination using an absorption spectrophotometer proved that the skin pigment was mainly melanin. In exposed areas of skin, minor bruises can cause skin ecchymosis. Since sweat contains a high concentration of urea, there are white crystals of urea at the openings of sweat glands, which is called urea cream.
2. Causes of uremia
1. Chronic urinary tract obstruction, such as kidney stones, bilateral ureteral stones, urinary tract stricture, prostatic hypertrophy, tumors, etc.
2. Secondary to systemic diseases, such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, diabetes, gout, etc., are also causes of uremia.
3. Congenital kidney diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, hereditary nephritis and various congenital renal tubular dysfunction.
4. Other causes of uremia, such as taking nephrotoxic drugs. Research shows that about 25% of patients with renal failure are related to the nephrotoxicity of drugs, and blind weight loss. Uremia caused by HIV infection is on the rise, and this reason now accounts for 1% of the causes of uremia.
5. Various types of primary glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative nephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, membranous nephritis, focal glomerulosclerosis, etc., if they do not receive active and effective treatment, Eventually became the cause of uremia. Kidney disease is the main cause of uremia, and the ultimate outcome of all chronic kidney diseases will be uremia. Among them, chronic nephritis is the primary cause of uremia. Among the diseases that cause uremia, chronic glomerulonephritis accounts for 55.7%.
3. Diet for uremia
(1) Diet treatment. A low-protein diet prevents the accumulation of nitrogen-containing metabolic waste and poisons in the body, which may further worsen kidney function. A low-phosphorus diet can reduce calcium deposition in the remaining nephrons. Supply enough calories to reduce protein decomposition and help alleviate azotemia. Generally, carbohydrates should account for 40% and fat should account for 30% to 40% in the diet.
(2) Treat high blood pressure, effectively control high blood pressure, and delay the deterioration of the condition. Commonly used drugs are as follows:
a. Diuretics; b. Calcium ion antagonists; c. .β-receptor blockers; d.a-receptor blockers; e.ACEI, ARB, etc.
(3) Apply calcium ion antagonists, such as Xintongding, etc.
(4) Oral administration of oxidized starch, Urduqing, Shenshuaining, Haikun Shenxi Capsules and other adsorbents can reduce blood urea nitrogen.
(5) Oral calcium and vitamins are taken to treat renal bone disease.
(6) Increasing the intake of iron and folic acid will help improve renal anemia, and erythropoietin can be used if necessary.