His political career began shortly thereafter. At the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the House of Commons. Although he has great talent, Queen Elizabeth refused to appoint him to any important position or profitable position. One of the reasons is that he boldly opposed a tax bill firmly supported by the Queen in Parliament. He lives in luxury, is extravagant, "borrows" debts and has no scruples. In fact, he was arrested once for being in debt.
Bacon became a friend and consultant of the young noble Earl of Essex, who was full of ambition and popular support, and Essex became Bacon's friend and generous donor. But when Essex's ambition expanded and he plotted to launch a coup to overthrow Queen Elizabeth, it was Bacon who warned him to put the faithful queen first. Despite this, Essex staged a coup, but it failed. Bacon played an active role in prosecuting the Earl for treason, and Essex was beheaded. The whole incident made many people feel bad about bacon.
Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, and Bacon became an adviser to her successor, King James I. Although James refused to take Bacon's advice, he appreciated Bacon. During James's rule, Bacon rose step by step in the government. 1607 Bacon became the second minister of law, and 16 18 was appointed as a British justice, a position roughly equivalent to that of the president of the US court; In the same year, he was made a baron; 162 1 year was made a viscount.
But joy begets sorrow, and bacon was in great trouble later. As a judge, Bacon accepted the "gift" of litigants face to face. Although it was very common, it was obviously against the law. His political opponents in parliament are trying to seize this opportunity to oust him. Bacon confessed, was sentenced to imprisonment, held in the Tower of London, and was forbidden to hold any public office for life. At the same time, he was fined a huge sum of money. The king soon released Bacon from prison and exempted him from the fine, but his political career was over.
Nowadays, there are examples of senior politicians being arrested for taking bribes or trampling on public trust by other means. When such people are arrested, they often sue to defend themselves, claiming that everyone else is cheating. If we take this defense seriously, it seems that it means that cheating politicians will get away with it unless there is a precedent for punishment. Bacon's confession is different: "I am the most just judge in Britain in the past 50 years, but my conviction is the most just condemnation made by parliament in the past 200 years."
With such an active and fulfilling political career, it seems that there is no time to do anything else. But Bacon's immortal fame and position in this volume are due to his philosophical works, not his political activities. His first important work, Essays, was first published in 1597, and has been supplemented year by year. The book is concise and brilliant, and it contains many insights, including not only politics but also many philosophies of life. Here are some representative words:
Young people are more suitable for invention than for judgment, more suitable for practical work than for consultation, and more suitable for innovation than for established career ... Old people deny more, negotiate for a long time, and take less risks ... If young and old two combination, they will benefit a lot, ... because they can learn from each other's strengths ...
-"Talking about Youth and Old Age"
Those who have wives and children have paid the collateral for fate ...
-"Talking about Marriage and Singleness"
Bacon himself was married, but he had no children.
But Bacon's most important work is about philosophy of science. He plans to write a masterpiece "The Great Renaissance" in six parts. I intend to reiterate our knowledge in the first part; The second part describes a new scientific investigation method; The third part collects experimental data; The fourth part explains his new scientific working method; The fifth part puts forward some tentative conclusions; The last part summarizes the knowledge gained by his new method. It is conceivable that this grand plan-perhaps the most ambitious idea since Aristotle-has never been fully realized. However, Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620) can be regarded as the first two parts of his great works.
New Tools is perhaps Bacon's most important work. This book basically calls on people to adopt experimental investigation method. Because of the absurdity of relying entirely on Aristotle's deductive logic method, a new logic method-induction is needed. Knowledge is not a known condition in our inference, but a conclusion from the condition, or rather a conclusion that we want to achieve our goal. If people want to understand the world, they must first observe it. Bacon pointed out that facts should be collected first, and then conclusions should be drawn from these facts by inductive reasoning. Although scientists don't always follow Bacon's induction in every detail, the basic ideas he expressed are of great significance to observation and experiment, and form the core of the methods that scientists have been adopting since then.
Bacon's last book is New West Atlantis, which describes a utopian country on a fictional island in the Pacific Ocean. Although the background in the book is reminiscent of Sir Thomas Moore's utopia, his whole viewpoint is quite different. In Bacon's book, the prosperity and happiness of his ideal kingdom depend on and come directly from the scientific research he concentrated on. Of course, Bacon is indirectly telling readers that the wise application of scientific research can make the European people as prosperous and happy as the people on his mysterious island.
People can say that Francis Bacon is a real modern philosopher. His whole worldview is secular rather than religious (although he firmly believes in God). He is a rationalist rather than a superstitious admirer, an empiricist rather than a sophist. Politically, he is a realist rather than a theorist. His profound knowledge, together with his wonderful writing, is in harmony with science and technology.
Although Bacon is a loyal Englishman, his insight far exceeds his own national boundaries. He divided three kinds of ambitions:
One kind of people, who miss each other so much, manage dismally, and within their own borders, get a long-term view of Shu and covet Qingyun; In the second category, the government is full of clothes and food, and the organs are exhausted, trying to figure out the state of others and expand the potential of their own country. The more people who prostrate themselves, the better. Although this generation is greedy, it is supreme; If a person cuts through thorns and climbs hard, so that human beings can enjoy the experience of heaven and earth and master the talents of the universe, it is really ambitious and … perfect.
Although Bacon is the guide of science, he is not a scientist himself, nor can he keep up with the progress made by his contemporaries. He ignored Napier (who recently invented logarithm) and Kepler, and even his English companion william harvey. Bacon correctly pointed out that heat is a form of movement-an important scientific theory, but he refused to accept Copernicus' theory in astronomy. However, people should remember that Bacon did not want to put forward a complete and correct set of scientific laws, but to put forward an overview of what should be learned. His scientific conjecture is intended as a starting point for further discussion rather than as the ultimate conclusion.
Francis Bacon was not the first to realize the use of inductive reasoning, nor was he the first to understand that science would bring various possible benefits to society. But no one has published these ideas so enthusiastically and widely before him. Moreover, partly because Bacon was a good writer and partly because of his fame as a major politician, his views on science had a great influence in practice. 1662 When the Royal Society of London was founded to promote the growth of scientific knowledge, the founders called Bacon their enlightener. Moreover, when compiling the encyclopaedia during the French Enlightenment, major editors such as Diderot and Alembert praised Bacon as the enlightener of their works. If "New Tools" and "New Atlantis" have fewer readers today than once, it is because their meanings have been widely accepted.
People have reason to compare Bacon with rene descartes, another pioneer of the coming scientific era. Bacon was a generation ahead of Descartes (thirty years). He emphasized the importance of observation and experiment more than Descartes, but the Frenchman's great mathematical invention tilted the balance of this contrast slightly in his favor.
Supplement his resume.
Francis Bacon (1561~1626) was the most important essayist and philosopher in the English Renaissance. He not only made many achievements in literature and philosophy, but also made great achievements in the field of natural science. Bacon is a noble child who has experienced many hardships. The complicated and changeable life experiences have enriched his experience, and with it, his thoughts have matured, his speech has been profound, and he is rich in philosophy. New Tools is one of Bacon's major philosophical works, which was first published in 1620. Peigen planned to write a big book called "Great Renaissance", which is divided into six parts, and "New Tools" is the second one, but it was not completed.
From the chapters on truth, death and human nature in Bacon's Essays, we can see a Bacon who loves philosophy. From the chapters of "on senior officials", "on kingship" and "on ambition", we can see a Bacon who is keen on politics and well versed in the operation of officialdom. From the chapters of "on love", "on friendship" and "on marriage and celibacy", we can see a Bacon who is full of life interest. From the chapters of "On Adversity", "On Luck" and "On Disability", we can see a self-improvement Bacon. From the chapters of "on forgery and cover-up" and "on speech", we can see a scheming and sophisticated Bacon.
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Bacon was born in London in 156 1, the second son of a senior government official under Queen Elizabeth. He entered Trinity College of Cambridge University at the age of twelve, but dropped out of school three years later and did not get a degree. He worked as an official for the British ambassador to Paris for a period from the age of sixteen. But when Bacon was eighteen, his father died suddenly and failed to leave him any money. So he began to study law and found a career as a lawyer at the age of 21.
His political career began shortly thereafter. At the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the House of Commons. Although he has great talent, Queen Elizabeth refused to appoint him to any important position or profitable position. One of the reasons is that he boldly opposed a tax bill firmly supported by the Queen in Parliament. He lives in luxury, is extravagant, "borrows" debts and has no scruples. In fact, he was arrested once for being in debt.
Bacon became a friend and consultant of the young noble Earl of Essex, who was full of ambition and popular support, and Essex became Bacon's friend and generous donor. But when Essex's ambition expanded and he plotted to launch a coup to overthrow Queen Elizabeth, it was Bacon who warned him to put the faithful queen first. Despite this, Essex staged a coup, but it failed. Bacon played an active role in prosecuting the Earl for treason, and Essex was beheaded. The whole incident made many people feel bad about bacon.
Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, and Bacon became an adviser to her successor, King James I. Although James refused to take Bacon's advice, he appreciated Bacon. During James's rule, Bacon rose step by step in the government. 1607 Bacon became the second minister of law, and 16 18 was appointed as a British justice, a position roughly equivalent to that of the president of the US court; In the same year, he was made a baron; 162 1 year was made a viscount.
But joy begets sorrow, and bacon was in great trouble later. As a judge, Bacon accepted the "gift" of litigants face to face. Although it was very common, it was obviously against the law. His political opponents in parliament are trying to seize this opportunity to oust him. Bacon confessed, was sentenced to imprisonment, held in the Tower of London, and was forbidden to hold any public office for life. At the same time, he was fined a huge sum of money. The king soon released Bacon from prison and exempted him from the fine, but his political career was over.
Nowadays, there are examples of senior politicians being arrested for taking bribes or trampling on public trust by other means. When such people are arrested, they often sue to defend themselves, claiming that everyone else is cheating. If we take this defense seriously, it seems that it means that cheating politicians will get away with it unless there is a precedent for punishment. Bacon's confession is different: "I am the most just judge in Britain in the past 50 years, but my conviction is the most just condemnation made by parliament in the past 200 years."
With such an active and fulfilling political career, it seems that there is no time to do anything else. But Bacon's immortal fame and position in this volume are due to his philosophical works, not his political activities. His first important work, Essays, was first published in 1597, and has been supplemented year by year. The book is concise and brilliant, and it contains many insights, including not only politics but also many philosophies of life. Here are some representative words:
Young people are more suitable for invention than for judgment, more suitable for practical work than for consultation, and more suitable for innovation than for established career ... Old people deny more, negotiate for a long time, and take less risks ... If young and old two combination, they will benefit a lot, ... because they can learn from each other's strengths ...
-"Talking about Youth and Old Age"
Those who have wives and children have paid the collateral for fate ...
-"Talking about Marriage and Singleness"
Bacon himself was married, but he had no children.
But Bacon's most important work is about philosophy of science. He plans to write a masterpiece "The Great Renaissance" in six parts. I intend to reiterate our knowledge in the first part; The second part describes a new scientific investigation method; The third part collects experimental data; The fourth part explains his new scientific working method; The fifth part puts forward some tentative conclusions; The last part summarizes the knowledge gained by his new method. It is conceivable that this grand plan-perhaps the most ambitious idea since Aristotle-has never been fully realized. However, Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620) can be regarded as the first two parts of his great works.
New Tools is perhaps Bacon's most important work. This book basically calls on people to adopt experimental investigation method. Because of the absurdity of relying entirely on Aristotle's deductive logic method, a new logic method-induction is needed. Knowledge is not a known condition in our inference, but a conclusion from the condition, or rather a conclusion that we want to achieve our goal. If people want to understand the world, they must first observe it. Bacon pointed out that facts should be collected first, and then conclusions should be drawn from these facts by inductive reasoning. Although scientists don't always follow Bacon's induction in every detail, the basic ideas he expressed are of great significance to observation and experiment, and form the core of the methods that scientists have been adopting since then.
Bacon's last book is New West Atlantis, which describes a utopian country on a fictional island in the Pacific Ocean. Although the background in the book is reminiscent of Sir Thomas Moore's utopia, his whole viewpoint is quite different. In Bacon's book, the prosperity and happiness of his ideal kingdom depend on and come directly from the scientific research he concentrated on. Of course, Bacon is indirectly telling readers that the wise application of scientific research can make the European people as prosperous and happy as the people on his mysterious island.
People can say that Francis Bacon is a real modern philosopher. His whole worldview is secular rather than religious (although he firmly believes in God). He is a rationalist rather than a superstitious admirer, an empiricist rather than a sophist. Politically, he is a realist rather than a theorist. His profound knowledge, together with his wonderful writing, is in harmony with science and technology.
Although Bacon is a loyal Englishman, his insight far exceeds his own national boundaries. He divided three kinds of ambitions:
One kind of people, who miss each other so much, manage dismally, and within their own borders, get a long-term view of Shu and covet Qingyun; In the second category, the government is full of clothes and food, and the organs are exhausted, trying to figure out the state of others and expand the potential of their own country. The more people who prostrate themselves, the better. Although this generation is greedy, it is supreme; If a person cuts through thorns and climbs hard, so that human beings can enjoy the experience of heaven and earth and master the talents of the universe, it is really ambitious and … perfect.
Although Bacon is the guide of science, he is not a scientist himself, nor can he keep up with the progress made by his contemporaries. He ignored Napier (who recently invented logarithm) and Kepler, and even his English companion william harvey. Bacon correctly pointed out that heat is a form of movement-an important scientific theory, but he refused to accept Copernicus' theory in astronomy. However, people should remember that Bacon did not want to put forward a complete and correct set of scientific laws, but to put forward an overview of what should be learned. His scientific conjecture is intended as a starting point for further discussion rather than as the ultimate conclusion.
Francis Bacon was not the first to realize the use of inductive reasoning, nor was he the first to understand that science would bring various possible benefits to society. But no one has published these ideas so enthusiastically and widely before him. Moreover, partly because Bacon was a good writer and partly because of his fame as a major politician, his views on science had a great influence in practice. 1662 When the Royal Society of London was founded to promote the growth of scientific knowledge, the founders called Bacon their enlightener. Moreover, when compiling the encyclopaedia during the French Enlightenment, major editors such as Diderot and Alembert praised Bacon as the enlightener of their works. If "New Tools" and "New Atlantis" have fewer readers today than once, it is because their meanings have been widely accepted.
People have reason to compare Bacon with rene descartes, another pioneer of the coming scientific era. Bacon was a generation ahead of Descartes (thirty years). He emphasized the importance of observation and experiment more than Descartes, but the Frenchman's great mathematical invention tilted the balance of this contrast slightly in his favor.
Respondent: problem user-director level 812-14 22:11
Bacon was born in London in 156 1, the second son of a senior government official under Queen Elizabeth. He entered Trinity College of Cambridge University at the age of twelve, but dropped out of school three years later and did not get a degree. He worked as an official for the British ambassador to Paris for a period from the age of sixteen. But when Bacon was eighteen, his father died suddenly and failed to leave him any money. So he began to study law and found a career as a lawyer at the age of 21.
His political career began shortly thereafter. At the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the House of Commons. Although he has great talent, Queen Elizabeth refused to appoint him to any important position or profitable position. One of the reasons is that he boldly opposed a tax bill firmly supported by the Queen in Parliament. He lives in luxury, is extravagant, "borrows" debts and has no scruples. In fact, he was arrested once for being in debt.
Bacon became a friend and consultant of the young noble Earl of Essex, who was full of ambition and popular support, and Essex became Bacon's friend and generous donor. But when Essex's ambition expanded and he plotted to launch a coup to overthrow Queen Elizabeth, it was Bacon who warned him to put the faithful queen first. Despite this, Essex staged a coup, but it failed. Bacon played an active role in prosecuting the Earl for treason, and Essex was beheaded. The whole incident made many people feel bad about bacon.
Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, and Bacon became an adviser to her successor, King James I. Although James refused to take Bacon's advice, he appreciated Bacon. During James's rule, Bacon rose step by step in the government. 1607 Bacon became the second minister of law, and 16 18 was appointed as a British justice, a position roughly equivalent to that of the president of the US court; In the same year, he was made a baron; 162 1 year was made a viscount.
But joy begets sorrow, and bacon was in great trouble later. As a judge, Bacon accepted the "gift" of litigants face to face. Although it was very common, it was obviously against the law. His political opponents in parliament are trying to seize this opportunity to oust him. Bacon confessed, was sentenced to imprisonment, held in the Tower of London, and was forbidden to hold any public office for life. At the same time, he was fined a huge sum of money. The king soon released Bacon from prison and exempted him from the fine, but his political career was over.
Nowadays, there are examples of senior politicians being arrested for taking bribes or trampling on public trust by other means. When such people are arrested, they often sue to defend themselves, claiming that everyone else is cheating. If we take this defense seriously, it seems that it means that cheating politicians will get away with it unless there is a precedent for punishment. Bacon's confession is different: "I am the most just judge in Britain in the past 50 years, but my conviction is the most just condemnation made by parliament in the past 200 years."