Pleurotus ostreatus is the mother species obtained by spore separation and tissue separation and then expanded by rotating tube. Mushroom-wood separation method is also used in special cases.
Medium: The common medium (PDA) should be used for the separation and preservation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The growth rate of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium on this medium is slow. Sorghum powder culture medium is suitable for expanding rotating tube. The formula and preparation method are as follows: adding 30g of sorghum powder, 0/000ml of distilled water and 0/%of agar/kloc, heating in aluminum pot, stirring after the agar is completely dissolved, subpackaging in test tubes, sterilizing and inoculating. Pleurotus ostreatus grows fastest, evenly and exuberantly on sorghum medium. Sorghum culture medium is suitable for producing Pleurotus ostreatus mother species.
Strain culture: The isolated mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus should be cultured at the optimum temperature (25℃ 2℃), and then transferred to a test tube after purification. Generally, hyphae can grow in test tubes after 7- 10 days of culture. If there are no miscellaneous bacteria, the separation and culture are successful. But whether the strain is good or not and whether it has production value needs to be cultivated.
2. Original seed production
The number of hyphae in the mother seed is too small, so it is necessary to expand the first-class seed into the second-class seed (that is, the original seed) in actual production to meet the needs of seed production.
The preparation and production of Pleurotus ostreatus stock culture medium refers to the content of seed production of wood rot fungus in seed production technology. The mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus can grow full in 20-25 days on sawdust culture medium. It can be used in wheat grain culture medium for 15-20 days. Good primary hyphae are dense, white, uniform, thick and cotton-wadded, with wall climbing.
When the original seed is full, it should be immediately expanded into a cultivated seed, otherwise once the nutrition is exhausted, the mycelium will age or even die. Wheat seeds should be used in time.
3. Production of cultivated species
The original species is expanded and propagated to become cultivated species. Cultivated species are also the production species directly used in large-scale production, also known as the third species.
Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation is the same as the original seed production in the aspects of culture material formula, production, sterilization, inoculation and culture. The culture container is a glass bottle or a plastic film bag.
In the production of cultivated species, due to the large number, it is often extensive and the cultivation location is not particular. Therefore, before sowing, it is necessary to check whether the strain carries mites or other pests and diseases. If mites or pests are found, they should be killed and discarded in time.
The viability of mycelium is closely related to the age of bacteria, which directly affects the success or failure of culture. The viability of mycelium is weakened, and it is not easy to survive or the mycelium grows slowly after sowing. After a long time, the mycelium is not covered with culture materials, which is easy to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria, which often leads to the failure of cultivation. Therefore, it is very important to control the age of bacteria. Generally, within one month after inoculation, the mycelium has the strongest vitality. The strain is mature when it leaves the primordium, so it should be used as soon as possible; Once the primordium dries up or the mycelium column shrinks and liquid accumulates at the bottom of the bottle, the strain will age and should be eliminated.
Section 4 Cultivation Techniques
The cultivator's wish is to get high yield. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to master the biological characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus, not only to meet the different requirements of its various development stages for various living conditions, but also to create the most favorable living environment for Pleurotus ostreatus to compete with other microorganisms.
1. Selection of cultivation season: Although Pleurotus ostreatus has various warm varieties, it is suitable for cultivation all year round. However, Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to low-temperature type in general, and only a few high-temperature types have been artificially propagated to meet the needs of summer production, and most varieties are still medium-low temperature types. According to the requirements of temperature for the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus, spring and autumn are the peak seasons for Pleurotus ostreatus production. September is the production season of moderate temperature Pleurotus ostreatus in alpine region; Low-heat area 10 enters the medium-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus production season. According to the characteristics of different varieties, choosing suitable production season, supplemented by heatstroke prevention and heat preservation measures and suitable cultivation methods can be successfully cultivated.
2. Preparation of culture materials
(1) Short position
Pleurotus ostreatus is a kind of wood rot fungus, which was first cultivated with broad-leaved fallen wood, and gradually developed to choose soft tree species to be sawn into short wood for cultivation. In order to make full use of resources and save wood, we can try our best to make use of tree species of little value used in other industries, such as curved wood, stumps, branches and other materials.
The advantages of short wood cultivation are: one-year inoculation and many-year harvest, less seed consumption, simple operation, high success rate and stable yield. Disadvantages are: limited by resources, it is only suitable for planting in or near forest areas.
(2) Clinker
Four parts of hardwood forest scraps, cottonseed hulls or broken branches, crop straws and waste paper were mixed with 1 part of bran and rice bran, 1% gypsum powder, 1% sugar and a proper amount of water (about 65%) to make a synthetic culture medium, and then put it into glass bottles or plastic bags for steam sterilization (high pressure 1 hour).
The advantages of clinker cultivation are: less seed consumption, high yield, easy management, little influence from external environment, and cultivation in high temperature season. It is a cultivation method used in large-scale industrial production, and its disadvantages are: it consumes a certain amount of energy, requires a certain workplace and sterilization and inoculation equipment, and has a large investment and high production cost; The cultivator must also master certain seed production techniques.
(3) Raw meal
Raw material cultivation is divided into powder and coarse material.
Powder formula: 0. 1% carbendazim or potassium permanganate can be added in the way of clinker culture, or 1% quicklime powder can be added as bactericide and then inoculated for culture.
Coarse material formula: soak the crop straw in 2% quicklime water for 2 days, then rinse it with clear water until the pH value is about 8, drain the excess water, and cut it into small pieces for inoculation and culture.
The advantages of raw material cultivation are: simple operation, no need for special equipment, less investment, quick effect and easy popularization. Disadvantages are: large amount of seeds, high cost of purchasing strains, easy to be affected by adverse environmental climate, especially in high temperature seasons and places where cultivation has been carried out for many years, which easily leads to cultivation failure.
(4) Semi-clinker
Before inoculation, the culture medium is sterilized by flash pasteurization, that is, the culture medium is soaked and accumulated for one day, then placed in a closed room, ventilated in the bridge space, then steam is input into the room, and inoculated and cultured after cooling.
Advantages of semi-clinker culture: Pasteur sterilization can be carried out in a simple way, with less investment and easy popularization; Stable yield and high success rate. The disadvantages are: more seeds are consumed than clinker cultivation; The mycelium growth stage is easily threatened by high temperature, which is difficult to manage.
The above culture materials have their own advantages and disadvantages. Cultivators should choose suitable culture materials and their preparation methods according to their respective resource conditions and production conditions.
3. Cultivation methods
(1) Dwarf Tree Cultivation
Select soft tree species suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, such as tung tree, Liquidambar formosana, poplar, phoenix tree and Pterocarya stenoptera. After defoliation in the first year, cut it down before germination in the second year. During this period, the nutrient storage of trees is the most abundant. Protect the bark when cutting trees and transporting mushrooms, and brush the tree head with quicklime to avoid polluting miscellaneous bacteria.
After the mushroom wood is transported back to the cultivation field, it is sawed into short wood with a length of 5-6 inches. After the strains are mixed into paste with cold boiled water, they are evenly attached to the cross section, then the second short wood is overlapped, and then the third short wood is placed ... until it becomes unstable after overlapping again, and then the second pile is connected. After each overlap, nail boards on both sides or four sides to prevent loosening or collapse. When sawing mushroom wood, mark the number of each section to ensure the inoculation quality. Some protective measures should be taken after planting. It is forbidden to shake the inoculation pile to ensure normal colonization. Chimneys should be covered with branches or thatch for shade, heat preservation and moisture retention.
Ten days before and after beginning of autumn buried piles. Piles can be buried in the front and back of the house, in the Woods, bamboo forests, under the grape trellis and other places where it gets wet and shady. Bury the dwarf trees with hyphae vertically into the soil, leaving only mushrooms 1 inch high on the ground. The ground is high and does not moisturize. There should be proper spacing between piles to avoid mushroom crowding. Leave sidewalks every 1.5 meters for management and mushroom picking.
Mushroom production management. September -65438+ 10, when the temperature drops and autumn rain comes, mushrooms will begin to grow. If the rainfall is insufficient, water it manually. After picking mushrooms, water spraying should be stopped for 7- 10 days, and improving ventilation conditions is beneficial to the next batch of mushrooms.
Short wood cultivation can be harvested for three years by one inoculation. Pick mushrooms in autumn and winter, and rest in spring and summer. Let it rest naturally in spring and summer, and it will produce high yield in autumn and winter. If mushrooms are watered in spring and summer, the yield will be less rotten and piled up quickly, and the yield will be seriously reduced in autumn and winter, which is not worth the candle.
The success rate of short wood cultivation is high, and more than 60 kg of fresh mushrooms can be harvested per 100 kg of short wood, and the height can reach more than 150 kg.
(2) Branch culture
Cut the twigs abandoned in logging field or cultivation field, and the twigs pruned from urban gardens or street trees into 1 foot long, and tie them with iron wires into branches with a diameter of 5 inches.
Dig a trench 5 inches deep, 2.5 feet wide and unlimited in length in a well-drained place. Row the branches vertically into the main ditch, sprinkle with strains, cover them with three layers of wet newspapers, and then cover them with straw mats to keep them moist. After 2-3 months, it is confirmed that the hyphae have spread, the branches are filled with soil and covered with straw mats. When the temperature drops below 20℃, it is necessary to set up a tall straw mat for water management and mushroom production.
(3) Indoor bedstead cultivation method
This method is suitable for standardized professional production, can make full use of three-dimensional space, and is convenient for people to control the annual cultivation of temperature. Although this method has a large one-time investment, it has a fast turnover and a fast cost recovery.
Construction of mushroom house: choose a place with dry terrain, clean environment, leeward and sunny air. The mushroom room should face south. Each room is about 20 square meters, 3.5 meters high, and the walls and roof should be thick, which can reduce the influence of sudden temperature change, especially to prevent high temperature attacks. Interior walls and roofs should be painted with lime, which is beneficial to sterilization. The ground should be flat and solid, easy to clean and keep sanitary. The layout of doors and windows should be reasonable to facilitate ventilation and bedstead setting. Windows are installed at the foot of the wall, and ventilation fans are installed on the roof. Conditional to be equipped with heating and cooling facilities.
The existing house was re-elected as a mushroom house, mainly a window range hood.
There are two kinds of simple mushroom house designs: one is ground excavation 1.5-2 meters deep, and it is semi-underground, which is beneficial to heat preservation in winter and heatstroke prevention in summer. It is required to be built where there is no groundwater. Tamp the lower wall and the ground, and dig drainage ditches around. An exhaust pipe with a slope of 45 degrees extends from the excavated basement wall to prevent poor ventilation. Adobe is used for the upper wall, and the height of the wall is about 2.5 meters. Leave doors at both ends, paint the walls with lime and cover the top with grass. The other is to tie the frame with wooden stakes, use reeds and sorghum stalks as fences, mud inside and outside, and cover it with grass. This mushroom house is only suitable for spring and autumn.
Bedframe setting: Bedframe should be arranged perpendicular to the direction of mushroom room. Don't lean against the wall around. Leave 2-foot wide walkways on both sides of the north and south windows, 1.5-foot wide walkways on the east and west walls, and 2-foot wide walkways between bedsteads. The spacing between each shelf is 2 feet, and the ground floor is off the ground 1 foot. The upper floor is 4-5 feet from the roof and the bed surface is 4.5 feet wide. The bedstead must be firm and flat.
There are many kinds of materials for bedsteads: one is reinforced concrete structure; One is wood; One is an iron frame, which can also be made of several materials. The easiest way is to build a crib with bricks, a horizontal bar with wooden sticks and a layer with reed curtains.
Sterilization of mushroom house: The mushroom house must be disinfected strictly before and after use. The day before disinfection, clean the mushroom room first, and then spray the room with clean water to improve the disinfection effect. Mushroom room disinfection is generally carried out 3 days before cultivation. Disinfection method can choose one of the following according to the specific situation.
① Sulfur fumigation: the mushroom house is sealed, and then ignited and fumigated according to the dosage of 5 grams of sulfur per cubic meter of space.
② Fumigating every cubic meter of space with 10 ml formaldehyde solution 1 g potassium permanganate.
③ Spraying 1 kg bleaching powder with available chlorine content of 30%.
④ Spraying 5% carbolic acid solution.
Disinfection and ventilation can be used for breeding for two days. The disinfection of the old mushroom house should be thorough. Otherwise, mixed bacteria pollution and serious pests will lead to production failure.
The culture material for seedbed cultivation can be raw meal or semi-clinker. Powder or coarse materials can be used. Generally, the layer sowing method is adopted, that is, plastic film is spread on the bedstead, 1.5-2 inch material is spread, a layer of strain is spread, and then a layer of paper is spread and covered with the film. Inoculation amount: 5- 10% of wheat seeds and 2 times of sawdust seeds. The seed consumption of the first layer accounts for 1/3 of the total seed consumption, and the second layer accounts for 2/3. Before laminating, flatten and compact the surface of the material with wooden boards. Powder is lightly pressed, and coarse material is heavily pressed. Paving thickness should be thin in hot days and thick in cold days; Powder is diluted, and coarse material is diluted. The thickness and thinness mentioned here are relative, with the thinnest not less than 3 inches and the thickest not more than 6 inches.
Another inoculation method is hole sowing: after laying the materials, plant a strain the size of a jujube tree with a row spacing of 3×3 inches, then lay a thin strain cover in each hole and flatten the film.
(4) bag planting
Choose a cylindrical plastic film with a width of 22-25cm. Cut into 50CM long plastic pipes, or thermally bond them with ordinary polyethylene film. Bag planting can be divided into clinker and raw meal.
Clinker culture is divided into two inoculation methods and two inoculation methods. Two-end inoculation method is suitable for stacking cultivation, and double-sided inoculation method is suitable for hanging bag cultivation.
The bagging process of the two-end inoculation method is as follows: first, put the hard plastic with a diameter of 3.5CM and a length of 3.5-4 cm into the bag mouth, turn the plastic bag mouth down to make it close to the collar, then plug it with a cotton plug, rotate it once to make it full without leaving any holes, bag it and press it to a certain height, punch an inoculation hole in the middle, and attach the other collar and cotton plug in the same way. Distillation sterilization. Sterilizing at normal pressure 10 hour, cooling, and inoculating and culturing in the inoculation room.
Double-sided inoculation is that one end of the bag is tightly tied to the melting bag, sealed and charged, and the other end is tightly tied and sealed and sterilized. During inoculation, two inoculation holes are punched on both sides of the bag in the inoculation room with a sterilized punch. After inoculation, the seeds are stuck on the inoculation holes with medical tape, and then cultured.
Raw material (or semi-clinker) cultivation: the moldy rice straw is tied at one end of the bag with a 2-inch air plug with a diameter of 1 inch, a layer of strain is put into the bag and then charged, while loading and pressing, and then a layer of strain is put into the center of the bag and then charged, and finally a layer of strain is sprinkled and tied with the air plug, and then it is cultured in the room. Another inoculation method is mixed sowing, that is, strains and materials are mixed and bagged. The amount of seeds used in raw material bag cultivation must reach 15% of raw materials, and it is easy to fail if there are few strains.
After inoculation, the culture bag is first placed at a suitable temperature to produce bacteria. Generally, hyphae can grow full of fungus bags in 15-25 days, and then they can be transplanted for cultivation. Remove the cotton plugs and ferrules from the bacterial bags inoculated at both ends, cut off the mouth of the bags or roll them outward, pile them up like bricks and spray them for management, and mushrooms will grow at both ends. If they are piled on the wall, they will grow at one end. When the mycelium around the inoculation hole is full, tear off a corner of the adhesive tape to increase ventilation. When the mycelium is full, hook the fungus bag with "S"-shaped iron wire, tear off all the adhesive tapes and spray water for management. The management of raw material fungus bags is the same as that of inoculation bags at both ends of clinker.
(5) Brick and tile cultivation
The method has the advantages of simple operation, high efficiency, low cost, high yield and good economic benefit. Because it is easy to move, it is especially suitable for cultivating mushrooms in caves and civil air defense tunnels in summer.
First, make a movable wooden model, which is 1- 1.5 feet long, 0.8- 1 foot wide and 0.3-0.6 inches high. When making bricks, first spread a long film, then sow raw materials or semi-clinker in layers or mix them to make mushroom bricks, and then take them out for culture. The management mode is equivalent to bed type and box type, which will be introduced in "Management Mode" later.
(6) Box type, basket type, basin type, etc.
Pleurotus ostreatus can be cultivated in containers such as wooden boxes, cartons, plastic boxes, bamboo baskets, radish baskets and various pots. The cultivation method is basically the same as the mushroom brick cultivation method. Only the mushroom brick is a movable wooden mold, which can be demoulded, and the other ways are directly in the container.
(7) Bundle cultivation
Wash the corncob soaked in 2% limewater and tie it into a bundle with iron wire (the head and tail cannot be reversed). Punch a hole in the head of each corn cob with an iron drill and put a strain as big as a broad bean. Half trapped in the hole, half exposed. Cover with a layer of paper and wrap the whole bundle with sterilized film.
(8) Cultivation method of Xiangyang strip
The cultivation method of Pleurotus ostreatus in positive bed is a raw material cultivation method developed in recent years, which is suitable for large-scale production in rural areas. Suitable for making full use of the front and back of houses, glades in forests, grape stands, winter fallow fields, urban gardens and empty houses. It does not need special equipment, and has the advantages of low cost, high yield, simplicity and easy operation, and easy mastery of technology. It is a universal cultivation method.
Construction of sunshine bed: generally, there are three methods to choose from according to the conditions.
Excavation: Yangbian Block faces south, with a depth of 30CM, a width of 1m and an unlimited length. Put the excavated soil on the northern border to build a low wall with a height of 1 ft, and dig a shallow ditch on the southern border for drainage. This method is suitable for winter fallow fields and glades.
Ridge building: build a ridge with a width of 1 m, a height of 20CM and an unlimited length with mud bricks. The inner wall is covered with mud. This method is suitable for empty houses, cement yards, balconies and other places that are inconvenient to dig under.
Ridge-building: Build an arched shed with a width of 2.5 meters with bamboo pieces or steel bars, with a ditch in the middle of 30 cm as an aisle, with unlimited length. This bed can rotate with vegetables.
If the boundary is too dry before inoculation, water can be poured on the day before inoculation. Inoculate on the second day after water infiltration; If the groundwater level in the border is high, a film should be laid in the border before inoculation. Feeding inoculation method is the same as indoor bedstead culture method. If the temperature is low or there is no shading condition after inoculation, straw curtains can be used to keep warm or shade.
(9) Tunnel cave cultivation method
This method can make full use of civil air defense tunnels, caves and abandoned mines as mushroom houses, and can avoid unfavorable cultivation seasons in cold and summer. The site disinfection is the same as indoor culture. The sowing method can be bed frame, mushroom brick, mushroom bag, floor tile and so on according to the terrain. The difference is that there is no natural light; Small temperature difference is not conducive to germination; Others have problems with poor ventilation. Therefore, the following measures should be taken in aquaculture:
① Install electric light instead of sunlight in the hole, and install a 60-watt light bulb every 4 meters. Turn on the light for 2-5 hours every day during the growth period of mushrooms.
② Install a fan and an air inlet fan in a poorly ventilated hole. Breathe for 5- 10 minutes every hour.
(3) Mushroom cultivation in brick bags. Outside the field, mushrooms grow in holes. For bed frame or flat plate cultivation, heating equipment is arranged in the hole for intermittent heating. Note: If you use a stove for heating, you must use a pipe to discharge the smoke from the hole.
(10) tunnel cultivation
Choose a well-drained site and dig a north-south tunnel. The bottom width is 2m, and the excavation depth is1.2m. After excavation, the soil piles are compacted to make the total height of the tunnel 1.8-2m. Dig a shallow ditch on both sides of the bottom of the ditch for drainage. Build a bow shed with bamboo or steel bars on it and cover it with film. Plant green climbing plants on both sides and lay scaffolding. The two walls of the tunnel are used for stacking fungus bricks or fungus bags. In the middle is the management channel.
The temperature, humidity, light and air in the tunnel are very suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. Moreover, it is much less affected by seasonal temperature than the ground, and the cost of warm in winter and cool in summer is also low, which is extremely economical and practical, and it is a better cultivation method of Pleurotus ostreatus. It is reported that the biological efficiency of tunnel cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus can reach more than 150%, which is a cultivation method worth popularizing.
In addition to the+method mentioned above, there are column culture, mushroom wall culture, bottle culture and so on. As long as we understand the growth and development characteristics, requirements for environmental conditions and cultivation principles of Pleurotus ostreatus, we can also create new cultivation methods according to the actual situation in our own actual cultivation.
4. Cultivation management
The cultivation and management of Pleurotus ostreatus is an important link to win high yield and high quality. From the sowing of cultivation materials to the emergence of mushroom buds, the growth of small mushrooms and the final harvest, scientific management should be carried out according to the different requirements of temperature, humidity, air and light in each growth stage, combined with climate change. According to each growth stage, it is introduced as follows:
(1) mycelium growth stage
In the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the management of spawning period is very important, which is the key to the success of cultivation.
Generally, 2-3 days after inoculation, hyphae begin to recover. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth is 23-27℃. Therefore, temperature management should reach or approach this range as much as possible. In raw material culture or open culture, there are other microbial activities in the culture material to produce respiratory heat, and the temperature of the material will be 2-3℃ or more higher than room temperature. Therefore, we should pay close attention to the change of material temperature and take corresponding heat dissipation measures to reduce the temperature of the culture room.
At this stage, the relative humidity of the air should be controlled below 80%, and neither the mushroom house nor the mushroom bed can spray water, so the pollution rate is high when the humidity is high.
In the mycelium growth stage, light is not good for mycelium growth, especially the direct sunlight can not be allowed on the mycelium bed. Black curtains should be hung on the windows of the culture room. Don't turn on the lights at will in the culture room except for the inspection lights.
Air is also important for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium. Although hyphae can tolerate high concentration of carbon dioxide in the growth stage, too high concentration of carbon dioxide will also inhibit the growth of hyphae, and hyphae with severe hypoxia will age and suffocate. If the culture room is not well ventilated, the mycelium will not dissipate the heat of respiration, which will cause the temperature of the material to rise and burn the mycelium.
7- 10 days after inoculation, hyphae covered the surface of the bacterial bed, before which it was a dangerous period of mixed bacteria pollution. In principle, the film cannot be uncovered at this stage. Only when the material temperature exceeds 30℃, the uncovered mycelium will burn, and then the uncovered mycelium can be ventilated to cool down.
After the mycelium grows to the surface of the bacterial bed, the film should be uncovered and ventilated every day 10-20 minutes. Because with the increase of mycelium, the amount of respiratory heat and carbon dioxide is also high, so it is necessary to uncover the film for ventilation.
(2) the growth stage of fruiting body
When the mycelium is full of culture materials, it takes about one month at room temperature (about 20 days for Pleurotus ostreatus), and the vegetative growth period of Pleurotus ostreatus changes into reproductive development period.
The growth stage of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body needs low temperature, especially the primordium differentiation needs low temperature stimulation and large temperature difference. Therefore, the growth temperature should be controlled in the range of 7-20℃, and the optimum temperature is 13- 17℃. Enlarge the temperature difference as much as possible in the initial differentiation stage.
Water management in the development stage of fruiting body is particularly important. After the mycelium is full of culture materials, it should be watered once to replenish the water lost during the fungus growth period and meet the water demand of mushrooms. In addition, mushroom water can also reduce the temperature of materials and stimulate mushroom production. At the same time, by spraying on walls, corridors and air, the relative humidity of air can be increased to about 85%.
By accelerating germination, many small particles began to appear on the mushroom plate, that is, they entered the mulberry stage. At this stage, we should stop spraying water on the mushroom board, and remove or raise the film, otherwise it will affect the formation of mushroom buds and make them unable to differentiate and rot. At this stage, the air humidity should be increased by spraying into the space frequently. At this stage, if the mushroom tray is too dry, the mushroom buds will wither easily; With more water supply, mushroom buds are easy to soak and rot, and temperature difference stimulation is not enough to form primordium in a large area; Uncovering the membrane prematurely makes the surface hyphae dry prematurely, which reduces the vitality; Poor ventilation, surface hyphae can not be completely inverted knot, pollution and pests can not form mushroom tide. Therefore, the management at this stage is difficult and extremely important.
In about three days, the mushroom buds differentiate into corals, which is called coral stage. After 5-7 days, the mushrooms stop differentiating and mature. At this stage, the following management measures should be strengthened:
① Ventilation: Too much indoor waste gas will produce deformed mushrooms or rotten mushrooms, and ventilation will be carried out 3-4 times a day to replenish fresh air.
② Moisturizing: The relative humidity of air should be kept at 90%. Therefore, the misty water should be sprayed indoors 4-5 times a day according to the climate, but the water on the mushroom cover should not be curled. If the mushroom dish is too dry, you can pour water on it with a spoon, but don't spray water directly on the mushroom. In winter, you can put a kettle on the stove to increase indoor steam insulation and moisture retention.
Lighting: From the beginning of germination, it is necessary to open the black curtain of the culture room and let the diffused light enter the mushroom room. If there is no light, the mycelium growth will stay in the vegetative growth stage for a long time and will not differentiate into primordium. However, too bright light also has a bad influence on the development of fruiting bodies, but there can be no direct sunlight.
③ Timely harvesting: timely harvesting of Pleurotus ostreatus can not only ensure the quality, but also ensure the yield. When the mushroom cover is unfolded and the mushroom body is white, it should be harvested before releasing spores. When the harvest is too late, the edge of the mushroom lid turns up. It is characterized by aging, increased stem fiber and decreased quality. And the bacteria become lighter, which affects the yield. And a large number of loose spores pollute the air. Late harvest will also lead to mycelium aging, and the depletion of nutrients will seriously affect the tide turn and yield of Xia Chao mushrooms.
(3) Management of intermission
10- 15 After the first harvest, the second mushroom will appear, and * * * can be harvested for four to five times, with the main yield concentrated in the first three times. This is the time for hyphae to rest and accumulate nutrients. At this time, it is necessary (1) to clean the old mushroom roots and dead mushrooms on the surface of the mushroom board to prevent rot. (2) Gently press the mushroom plate to break the skin of the old mushroom, so as to facilitate the regeneration of the new mushroom. (3) Open the doors and windows for ventilation for 4-5 hours, and change the fresh air. (4) Thoroughly scrub the front and back sides of the membrane with clear water, then cover the bacterial board, clean up indoor sundries, and maintain hygiene. (5) After one week, according to the method of mushroom management, the mushroom water was poured and the germination was accelerated by temperature difference. The management method of Pleurotus ostreatus will be used in the future. In the future, every mushroom will be managed according to this.
5. Harvest and processing
Timely harvesting of Pleurotus ostreatus can not only ensure the quality, but also maintain the yield. When the mushroom cap is unfolded, the color of the mushroom body is lighter and the edge of the cap becomes thinner, so it is advisable to harvest it before releasing spores. The harvesting of Pleurotus ostreatus should be based on the actual situation. When the fruiting body is mature, all the fungus plates that form mushroom tide at one time should be harvested at one time. At this time, the maturity of big mushrooms and small mushrooms is the same. If we think that small mushrooms can grow without picking, we will wither them. The uneven mushroom plate that forms mushroom buds needs to be harvested at large intervals, and the mushrooms can be harvested in two or three times. When harvesting, the whole cluster should be harvested, and the mushroom body should be handled carefully to prevent damage and not occupy the substrate. After the mushroom is harvested, the bed surface should be cleaned to remove dead mushrooms and residual roots.
In addition to fresh sales, Pleurotus ostreatus can also be processed in rural areas and peak seasons with inconvenient transportation to adjust supply and demand in off-season.
(4) Salinization
Salted Pleurotus ostreatus can be preserved for about one year, and its flavor remains unchanged. At present, it is the main processing method of Pleurotus ostreatus export in China. The method is as follows: (1) soaking: soak fresh mushrooms in 6% light salt water for 3-4 hours; (2) Inactivation: take out the Pleurotus ostreatus soaked in light salt water, rinse it with clear water, then put it into aluminum pot (or stainless steel pot) filled with boiling water, stir it with a wooden spoon while cooking, and take it out after cooking for 10 minute, at which time the mushroom is yellow. (Inactivated water can be used as oyster sauce) (3) Cooling: pour the enzyme-inactivated mushrooms into clear water, fully cool and drain for 20-30 minutes. (4) salting: firstly, put the salt into the tank, then flush the boiling water into the tank for dissolution and cooling, so that the concentration of the brine is 15- 16%. After filtering out impurities with gauze, marinate mushrooms for three days, and then marinate them with 23-25% saturated salt water for 5-7 days (mushrooms can't touch water). (5) Cylinder change: Change the cylinder and change the brine every 12 hours, and the brine concentration must be kept at 23-25% each time. (6) Storage: After 5-7 days, take the mushrooms out of the pot, put them on a bamboo sieve to drain for 8- 10 minutes, and then put them into a bucket. After loading, it is filled with 20% salt water, sealed and then shipped for sale.
(5) Short-term preservation by salting: canteens, restaurants or families can be soaked in salt water for short-term preservation. Firstly, prepare 16- 18% saline solution, remove impurities from mushroom feet, wash them with clear water and immerse them in saline water. After 10 minutes, the dehydrated mushroom body becomes soft and its toughness is enhanced. At this time, due to dehydration, the weight of mushrooms decreased by about 20%. Keep balance in the future. When it is eaten, it can be cooked after being washed with clean water, and its flavor and color are basically unchanged.
6, the prevention and control of pests and diseases
Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium has strong viability, fast growth and strong antibacterial ability. Therefore, in the process of seed production and cultivation, the mycelium development stage is well managed, and it is not easy to be infected by miscellaneous bacteria in the later stage. Mushrooms can still grow even if they are infected with miscellaneous bacteria. However, in the open raw material culture, various fungal spores are hidden in the culture material itself. If environmental factors are not suitable for the vigorous growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium, its advantages will no longer exist and fungi will easily flood. The important environmental factors that cause the infection of miscellaneous bacteria are temperature and humidity. The temperature range of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium growth is also suitable for all molds, but the most suitable temperature and humidity for molds are slightly higher. Therefore, in the mycelium culture stage, if the temperature is slightly neglected to rise above 28-30℃ and the humidity is also high, miscellaneous bacteria will multiply in large numbers. Moreover, eggs hatch one after another, and mites follow. Once pests and diseases spread, it is difficult to drive them away. In addition, Pleurotus ostreatus is extremely sensitive to dichlorvos, and low concentration of dichlorvos will lead to the death of small mushroom buds. Because you can't use drugs easily, you can only take preventive measures to avoid pests and diseases. Once it happens, take comprehensive measures to control the spread by combining ecological control, biological control and chemical control.
(1) Control main environmental factors: Temperature and humidity are the main causes of diseases and insect pests, and corresponding preventive measures should be taken during cultivation.
① Temperature: According to various climatic conditions, grasp the safe sowing date of various varieties in various regions. If people are cultured under temperature control, the room temperature should not exceed 22℃. The material temperature shall not exceed 25℃.
(2) Humidity: the water content of the culture medium is controlled between 60% and 65%. The relative humidity of air in the mycelium growth stage is controlled at about 70%.
(2) Prevention of miscellaneous bacteria: ① The culture material should be fresh without mildew and deterioration, and it should be exposed to the sun for 1-2 days before batching. ② Before each culture, the culture room and utensils should be cleaned, fumigated and disinfected. ③ In raw material culture, organic nitrogen source and sugar should be added as little as possible. (4) The amount of bacteria should be large, and the growth speed of hyphae should be accelerated. First, the nutrients should be occupied, that is, other miscellaneous bacteria will be produced for reproduction. ⑤ Pay attention to prevent rats from blocking rat holes.
(3) Common miscellaneous bacteria and their prevention and control
The common miscellaneous bacteria in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation are Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Rhizopus, Cladosporium, Myxomycetes, Coprinus and Yeast. In open-air cultivation, it is found that the polluted parts can be covered with lime powder. In closed culture, the disinfectant can be diluted by syringe or dropper in proportion and then injected or poured into the contaminated site. Common fungicides are potassium permanganate 1000 times solution and thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution; Carbendazim (content 50%) 1000 times solution, 25% 500 times solution, etc.
(4) Pest control: The common pests in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation are nematodes, mites, gnats, mice, ants, slugs, snails, Ma Lu, fruit flies, mushrooms and mosquitoes. Pesticide control can be sprayed with 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion 2500 times; Trap and kill flies with lights and sweet and sour liquid; Roasting bones to lure and kill mites and ants; Kill snails, slugs, etc with salt.