China Oriental Valentine's Day - "Girls' Club"

Leaving Enshi City and walking more than 100 kilometers southeast, there is a tower surrounded by a clear river flowing along the mountain. , it was called Shi Heyao in ancient times, and now it is called Lime Kiln with the homophonic pronunciation. It is adjacent to Jianshiguandian, Hefeng Zhongying, Enshi Shuanghe, and Xuanen Chunmu Camp. Every year on the 12th day of the seventh lunar month, it is the traditional festival of the Tujia people here, the "Girls' Meeting". On this day, many young men and women Then he walked out of the secluded path to attend the meeting, looking for the lover of his dreams.

The "Daughters' Club" of Shiyao has a long history. According to legend, a long time ago, here, far away from the mountains and deep in the mountains, there was no restraint between men and women. They sang and danced while working, talked about their love, and made private arrangements for life. Live a free and pastoral life to the fullest. Later, people with ten surnames climbed vines and cliffs from outside the mountain and climbed to the lime kiln at an altitude of more than 1,700 meters. These ten surnames were Zhang, Xue, Li, Teng, Yang, Tian, ??Qin, Cao, Huang, and Wang. The place where people lived was bounded by grass, and they built sheds and houses, and set up households and started businesses. They were known as the "Ten Sheds". By the end of the Ming Dynasty, one of the people named Xue was promoted as a "country scholar" (a learned person who could command the people in the village). ), with the surname Xue, there were many girls and few sons (the surname Xue has been extinct in today's lime kilns), with nine daughters under his knees. The goddaughter surnamed Xue strictly guarded the boudoir and was not allowed to travel outside. The children's engagements are arranged by their parents, and they have no chance to meet. They can only meet each other after they are of appropriate age and worship in the church. At this time, the marriages of the children in the "Ten Sheng" are mostly arranged by their parents, and the girls are given the eight-character Gengtie sticker.

One year, Xue Xiangshi went on a long trip to the mountains and returned home on July 11. The whole house held a big banquet for the Xiangshi to celebrate his return from his travels. Xue Xiangshi was very happy. While drinking, he talked freely about what he had seen along the way. When the wine was exhausted, he called his favorite daughter Zhenmei to his side and said: "Tomorrow is the Half-Moon Festival. Early in the morning, you and your sisters will put on new clothes. We went out to the streets for a day to enjoy the autumn scenery. We have only been waiting for this day. We are not allowed to leave the shed at ordinary times." The nine sisters were so happy that they got up at the third watch and dressed up at the fifth watch. They saw that they had printed folding handkerchiefs on their heads, red and green lace clothes, and black and gold waistlines. Thread embroidered scarf, inlaid shoes, shiny jade bracelets on her hands, all dressed up like flowers. When they got out of the house, the young men in the village looked far and near, never leaving their left and right sides, chasing each other with folk songs and conveying affection with their eyebrows. All the nine sisters found their husbands in the sky, until they returned after stepping on the moon. After that, every July 12th day, they would dress up and dress up, sneak out of the house, and invite the sisters in the neighborhood to go out on the street. This continued for several years, and as it became a habit, people called it the 12th day of the seventh lunar month. The second day is the "daughter meeting". At that time, the life of girls was too hard. They had to stay at home all year round. In addition to working, they stayed at the door of the house. Guests could not show up, and meals could not be served. There was no freedom at all. The girls always looked forward to the annual "daughter meeting". "Meeting", on July 12th, the daughters, who have worked hard for a year, put on the most beautiful jewelry and layers of edging clothes of different colors, long on the inside and short on the outside, and refurbished layer by layer into the shape of bamboo shoots. This is called " "Every day is high", which means wealth and beauty, and people use flower baskets to carry some local products and go to the streets to go to the market. Daughters gather and compete for beauty, attracting many young people. The young people pretend to be leisurely in the market. , a pair of eyes rolled around, and he caught a girl and quickly walked over to say hello: "Hey, sister, how much do these pears cost?" The girl pursed her lips and smiled, and then talked about the price. The smart young man said: "Oh, my dear girl, are these pears a golden weight or a silver egg?" The girl was not careless: "I said, this big brother, what you want is the price, what you want in return is the money, a year's worth of pears. How tall is the tree? How much does a pair of pears cost? Do you know that the price is too high for me?" Just talk about the price and try to find out. If the price doesn't come down, it means that the girl doesn't like you. If the price gets lower and lower, the young man's hope will become bigger and bigger. When the price drops by half, the young man will have to buy all the pears and carry the basket for the girl. Nature will follow you.

Tujia girls see beauty in songs and use songs as matchmakers. "If you sing well, cool water will light up the lamp", "One is not to love you, only a talented person is good, the other is not to love your rich family, if you love you, you can sing and play gongs and drums."

At that time, there were many trees growing around the village, and there were many clean and beautiful stones in the forest. The interested young men and women went to the depths of the dense forest, chose a stone bench and sat down together.

Soon, a string of charming folk songs floated out of the woods...

A hill of fields on the top of the mountain

Lang half comes to sister half

Lang's Half of it is planted with licorice

My sister’s half is planted with cucumbers

He is entangled with a single thread

There is a mulberry tree on the top of the mountain

Open a dyeing vat at the foot of the mulberry tree

You have blue and white cloth for dyeing

My new vat can dye old clothes

Alpine wood leaves are subtle

Let’s see if your elder brother can play it

If it makes Konoha scream

Only Konoha doesn’t need a matchmaker

By the sweet singing voice of the mountain girl, The young man, who was drunk with lingering thoughts, couldn't help but open his voice and sing to each other:

Female: Sing yo three, you can figure out yo three

What is blooming in pairs?

Bamboo leaves are green, willow leaves are green

Bamboos are green and willows are green

Tenya sisters are making lanterns

Male: Sing a song Three, explain it three

Peas bloom in pairs

A duck crossing a river has short legs

You sing again and I will explain it to you

......

Young men and women who fall in love always have endless songs to sing to each other, from "Song to the Lang", "A Bamboo Standing on the Top", "A Pair of Starlings Flying Southward" ” to “Ten Loves”, “Ten Thoughts”, and “Twelve Hours”... Songs are used as matchmakers to make private arrangements for life, and gifts of love are given to each other. Men give women rings, ivory combs, embroidery needles, etc. The woman gives the man a pair of blue cloth shoes, a pair of embroidered socks soles, or an embroidered purse. It's true that the moon is above the willow trees, and they are leaning against each other when we say goodbye.

After the young men and women whose daughters became friends through singing broke up, it was difficult for them to have the opportunity to meet each other. The singing in the woods became a beautiful memory and a permanent yearning beside the stilted building:

Sister Chenshi is embroidering

Thinking of the slave enemy

I don’t know whose home I have left behind

My heart is so messed up

Sometimes the brave man and woman complain Get rid of family tracking and have a secret tryst to relieve the pain of longing:

Go to my sister’s house at noon

My sister is doing embroidery

Leave the flowers behind Don't embroider

Get up and go sift tea

Brother, here you go

Chou Shilang is going

Pull on Lang's clothes

Don’t be a ruthless bird in the mountains

Don’t listen to the dusk chicken in the cage

The slave will send you at dawn

Many infatuated Tujia girls are due to feudal parents He arranged their marriage and turned the love wine they brewed at their daughter's party into endless tears:

Six glasses of wine and three pairs of wine

Hide it from your father Come and hide it from your mother

Hide it from your brother and sister-in-law

Lest the slave family guard the empty house

Enter the garden with three glasses of wine

Climb the flower tree with your hands Tears abound

Flowers bloom and fall every year

How can anyone turn old into a young man

I miss my life very much

The fate is not as good as others

p>

Hung a rope high in front of the hall

Death early, escape life early...

The leaves turned green and yellow, yellow and green again, and I don’t know how many years have passed. The Daughters' Club has changed and turned into a cultural event for the Tujia people here. The suona team, flower gong and drum team, hand-waving dance team, and bench dragon team shook the mountains, and there were also old artists performing quilt dramas and monkey tricks, with dozens of people. The Nuo operas performed included traditional sports competitions such as wrench, chin thrust, weightlifting, and shuttlecock kicking. The daughters no longer had to worry about being followed by their family members. They came to sing songs, and Dafangfang and the boys performed a grand waving dance. Dance, on the stage, see who sings the most and the sweetest... On the day of the Daughter's Party, Shiyao Street is full of singing and dancing, and a street of celebration.

Today, Shiyao's "Daughters' Club" has become a cultural and material exchange meeting. People carrying baskets with flowers on their backs lead horses and mules, carrying special mountain products, laughing and joking, tinkling and clanging. Keep pouring into the streets. Not only the local people from Hefeng, Xuanen, Jianshi, but also merchants from Hunan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang came in an endless stream to set up stalls and set up business on the spot. In the streets and alleys, and in the middle of the street, goods were sold. Shop for goods, crowded with people, bustling with flowers, the street is bustling and full of vitality. On the stage, the bamboo lotus dance is vigorous and vigorous, the hand-waving dance has a lively rhythm, the Nuo opera is antique, and the tea-picking dance praises the new trends of the times, the changes in the village, the freedom, happiness and love of the Tujia people. The reporter was even more busy carrying the video camera. They were delighted to capture every wonderful moment, the Tujia style, the modern civilization of this ancient village and the laughter of the Tujia girls.

"Daughters' Club" is like a magnificent epic, telling the infatuated and resentful feelings of Tujia children in the past, precipitating the decay of history, and describing the changes of the times!

Nuo Opera

Nuo Opera is a local opera developed based on the folk custom of honoring gods and fulfilling wishes, and is characterized by masked performances.

Nuo opera can be divided into two types: "Zheng Ba Chu" and "Wai Ba Chu". "Zheng Ba Chu" belongs to shamanistic rituals, while "Wai Ba Chu" is an excerpt and a series of operas with plots, and the roles are divided into different parts. There are four major styles: Dan, Jing and Chou. The singing tunes are divided into high tune, flat tune, mourning tune, flower drum tune and folk song tune. There is not enough drama, but there is more than enough singing.

playing

"playing" comes from the folk, from the social practice life of the predecessors. It is the crystallization of the civilization and wisdom of the ethnic minority people, and it is a treasure of national culture.

When did "playing" start? This starts from the Tang Dynasty: "Xiao Shua" has this rap:

Everything is the same in heaven and on earth. In the past there was a little Tang King.

He is an immortal with immortal roots and became an emperor for a time.

On August 15th of that year, the dragon body slept on the gum bed.

The household snacks travel to the sky at night, and the soul travels to the fairyland.

When we arrived at the Moon Palace, we saw many beauties.

Everyone is wearing colorful clothes, and everyone is playing the piano and singing.

The beating was lively and the knocking was tinkling.

Some are singing from the front, and some are helping from the back.

The king of Tang remembered it as soon as he saw it, and his soul returned to the sun from the dream.

The king of Tang woke up and thought carefully, the gods in the sky entertained him.

The mortal world should continue as usual, giving orders to civil servants and generals.

All the girls in the palace, learn from the example in heaven.

Play with lanterns, act, dance and sing.

Shengdan is clean and ugly, but has many famous names.

The Tang Dynasty was prosperous, the country was peaceful and the people were peaceful. Taizong Li Shimin ordered entertainment, dancing and singing, or two people dancing against each other, or many people dancing together. From then on, the drums in the palace were ringing, singing and dancing were peaceful, and the singing and dancing was very lively... At first, it was only lively in the palace. Later, the king of Tang ordered, The officials and the people celebrate the Lantern Festival together on the fifteenth night of the first lunar month, perform lion dances, play with dragon lanterns, and dance "Hua Hua" to celebrate the Lantern Festival. "Hua Hua" has been passed down from generation to generation since then.

In the Qing Dynasty, "playing" was even more developed. Because the Qing government at that time implemented the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty, "Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Rules", "Three Obediences and Four Virtues", "The Matchmaker's Words, and the Orders of Parents", it is said that in the Qing Dynasty Before the "Tusi Guiliu" movement, there were three chieftain brothers in the western Hubei area. They proclaimed themselves "chieftains" and tried to establish the hegemony of the Tusi Emperor. They implemented some "trial wedding rules". When a man and a woman got married, they had to go through a trial marriage first through the "chieftain officer". You can only get married if you stay together for three nights, otherwise you will be killed. In order to oppose the unequal old system at that time, many young men and women left their hometowns and danced "playing" in front of each house to beg for money and food to make a living. From then on, "Playing" is rising and becoming popular everywhere.

1. "Xiao Shua" is divided into Wen and Wu Shua Shu. They are introduced as follows:

1. Wen "Xu Shua" action

Grooming Cloud Picking melons with hands, sweeping clouds, playing with butterflies in the water, twisting around to express love, the eagle spreads its wings, flowers on one side, two hands in love, flowers on the left and right, ending with flower arrangement

2. Wu's "playing" movements

Getting dressed Rolling the pot, circling flowers on the ground, passing the token (dwarf step), kissing and doing somersaults, bobo somersaults, high-spirited sales, ending with yellow dragons.

There are two ways to jump in "playing", one is only jumping but not Singing, using movements to express the interest of the two people; the other singing and dancing, dancing and singing, singing whatever comes to mind, mainly expressing real life or complimenting or congratulating or promoting the party's policies, cooperating with the central government, and serving reality.

There are many singing styles in "Xiao Shua", which are divided into northern and southern singing styles. There are several ancient singing styles.

1. Foreigner tune: Kaicaimen

The lanterns come to your house, and the public happily beats gongs and drums and plays on the stage

First, put on the lanterns at the Caimen Gate of the Lord and enter the house to wish the Lord a new year

The wealth is rolling in

Spring opens the door to wealth, spring brings joy and welcomes the new year, playing "playing" and playing with lanterns

From now on, the east Xiyingmen looks like a new money tree cornucopia

Gold will fall sooner or later

p>

The summer opens the door for wealth, and in the summer, the old and young live together to enjoy the blessings

Everyone, old and young, is happy and healthy for many years and has good luck and prosperity year after year

Happiness lasts forever

Autumn brings wealth, autumn returns, and every year there is a good harvest, food and clothing

The whole family, old and young, is happy and worry-free, everything goes smoothly, old and young work together

Ambition and ambition

If you open the door to wealth in winter, you will be able to do business safely and produce diligently every year

Be diligent in farming and study, overcome all difficulties, march forward courageously, and set an example of morality

Be a high-ranking official from generation to generation.

2. Future generations will carry on the past and open up the future (the idiom is: carry on the past and open up the future)

Don’t imitate Chen Shimei of the previous dynasty, who was unkind and unjust, abandoned his children and forgot his wife’s righteousness

p>

I was very proud of being the consort, so I refused to recognize my ex-wife and insisted on supporting justice

Beheaded him

Some people like to scold their wives and have solid methods. This is not , that’s not

Just pretend to be me, it’s really hopeless, and force your wife to death

I will regret it later

Don’t be aloof to your wife. Communicate with each other, respect each other, and be noble

We must honor the husband's face, be a good person, and pay special attention to morality

The relationship between husband and wife is long

As for the husband and wife, There should be no distinction between you and me. We must cooperate in internal and external affairs

Remember not to do our own thing. A good wife and husband will cause less trouble. We will produce and live together

Unity brings more happiness

Husbands and wives should respect their parents when they are together, and the word filial piety is present, and later on, they will raise children

It is passed down from generation to generation, and generations of people enjoy happiness. The father loves his grandchildren, and the children are filial to their fathers

Twins Gathering a house full

Specially, a daughter-in-law must be good at everything, and listen to what is said in domestic and foreign affairs

Discuss in front of parents, do not be arrogant, and set an example for yourself

p>

I want to be a mother in the future

Mothers must be humble, don’t be a weird mother-in-law who looks for trouble and just picks the wrong one

Forcing the daughter-in-law to suffer, the whole family will be at odds , fan the cold wind, light will-o'-the-wisps

Create your own sins

Father-in-laws must be good at it and set an example, both sons and daughters-in-law are the same

Don't say that the daughter-in-law is in vain In the workplace, when others point at the back, be especially careful about morality

Don’t enter your wife’s room

As mentioned in the previous words of advice, learn from the ancients, be moral, and value emotions

< p>The old etiquette emphasizes loyalty, and how to behave as a human being must be established and noble.

Leave a good name for generations to come

3. Human tune: Chairman Mao’s good ideas

< p>The people of the whole country are liberated, with high morale and wisdom, and the Communist Party

Chairman Mao’s good idea is that the people should take possession of their property, push away the dark clouds, and see the sun.

The people are overjoyed .

Since ancient times, the country has been prosperous, the harvest has been plentiful, Chairman Mao, Commander-in-Chief,

Prime Minister Zhou Enlai has turned things around, made wise policies, resisted Japan, and defeated the Chiang bandits,

The world is at peace.

The country is upright, the officials and the people praise it, the country is prosperous and the people are strong, and all the people enjoy the blessings,

All people, old and young, are happy and healthy, work hard, the new world, the new atmosphere,

May happiness last forever.

Let’s never forget Chairman Mao, have enough food and clothing, engage in construction, and work together.

Unite and step in step, work together to build socialism well,

< p>The revolutionary will is unwavering.

Be committed to the Communist Party, have a strong will, workers, peasants and soldiers, march together,

Industry and agriculture are the main program, the program is ambitious, work together, and win the war.

Build urban and rural areas well.

2. Shortcomings of "playing"

This kind of singing style is very simple. You just need to sing the tune, and you can write and perform the content yourself. You can watch and sing whatever you want, but you have to Strictly require rhythm, and sing according to up and down rhymes, such as:

Our lanterns come quickly, yoyi

Come and give yo lord dongbian, Nian Luo, yoyi

< p>Sing seven words per board: Like

walking into your mansion and watching,

sitting in a nice house in the east.

There are two dragons in front of you grabbing the treasure,

There are two birds in the back facing the sun.

The family in your mansion is prosperous, and

their descendants are number one scholars from generation to generation.

This kind of singing can be written and performed according to the actual situation to congratulate the host.

The shortcomings of "playing": "五七五" Ten loves:

I love my sister's head, my lord, I have an ivory comb in my hand

It's so combed, yo yo, it's combed so smoothly, yo ye

Sister Erai's eyebrows are as straight as curves, as if they were painted on bamboo shoots.

Sister Sanai’s ring, made of gold and silver, hangs on her shoulder.

Sister Si Ai’s face, with rouge and gouache on it, looks like a female Diao Chan.

On Sister Wu'ai's hand, the tips of her ten fingers are as white as lotus roots, and her rings are well worn.

Sister Liu Ai’s clothes are red and green inside, and the four corners are evenly aligned.

Sister Qi Ai’s skirt has yellow straps that are divided into two sides and tied evenly at the four corners.

Sister Baai’s trousers are neither too long nor too short, three feet five feet long, and are straight to the bone.

Sister Jiuai’s feet are neither too long nor too short, just like a fairy can shed its shell.

The body of Sister Shiai is like the Avalokitesvara of the previous dynasty, who loved the younger generation.

"playing" flowing water tune: seven-character sentence, such as:

We, our, Luo Zeng, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, your house, you, Luo, ah, Yiye

Special to the Lord, dongluo, bless the new year, bless the new year, bless you

bless the new year, hey hey hey.

This kind of singing method can also be used to sing whatever you see. You can perform it on the spot when singing. The content is determined by yourself and is not limited.

Cutting grass, gongs and drums

Singing about labor customs:

"There are layers of peach and plum blossoms on the mountains, fireworks in the clouds are people's homes, silver and gold hairpins come to carry water, Use a long knife and a short hat to burn rice.

"(Liu Yuxi's Ci) This poem describes the Tujia area where the mountains are high and the slopes are steep, men and women working, slash-and-burn farming. Because of this living environment, swapping jobs has become a traditional custom in the Tujia area. "Cultivation in April and May , several families flock to one family, as many as thirty or forty people. One family is working hard, and then the other family is gathering again. One person beats the drum for strength; one person sounds the zheng to save work and rest, and sings with the work, and the syllables of the leaves... …" Invite each other to form a group and form a joint force. Grass-cutting, gongs and drums are the link between groups working together, the horns that inspire enthusiasm and boost work morale.

Farmers sing folk songs casually, and Beimo Nanqian responds to drums Gongs.

Don’t think that the Tian family has a lot of fun.

The songs are all over the hills in June.

There is no etiquette in Modao Mountain. Men and women work in separate rows.

Man and women are planting rice seedlings and playing drums and gongs.

Men and women put their children on their backs in the shade, and the men sing songs and come to pick them up. Song.

The Tujia people’s harvest season is the happiest time. People amuse themselves by tearing off chaff leaves in front of the lamp and under the moonlight, playing riddles, telling ancient stories, telling jokes, such as a poem by Li Huanchun:< /p>

Cooking pumpkins and red beans carefully makes the neighbors peel off the buds at night.

If you can't figure out a riddle, you will laugh at each other in front of the lamp and under the moon.

Singing about the solar terms and customs of the year: People in the Tujia area attach great importance to the solar terms of the year, and there must be customs when there are festivals. Many bamboo stick poems describe various simple and honest customs.

On New Year's Day, paper money is used to open the door, and there is red light and green wine. Going out to the sky.

It's like guests arriving for the first time.

Wearing women's wedding clothes and applying pink to the theater.

< p>A night of Lantern Festival flowers and drums, poplars and willows singing Sichuan accent

The first part describes the scene of opening the door for sacrifices on the first day of the first lunar month and the intimacy of the family during the New Year's Day, and the second part describes the city and village playing flower drums and performing poplars during the Lantern Festival. Flower opera, women can also perform and watch lanterns on an equal footing with men.

There are also descriptions of Qingming Festival and Double Ninth Festival:

Mountain ladies in silk jackets and red skirts. Returning from planting green flowers,

Occasionally picked a mountain flower to wear, which caused swarms of bees to fly around her temples.

This poem describes the Qingming Festival, when a girl returns from sweeping the tomb wearing red and green, picking along the way. The bright mountain flowers are inserted in the hair, and the colorful butterflies and bees fly around the girl, adding to the beautiful spring scenery.

The light rain is like Double Ninth Festival. Every family has wine in the vat.

Love him for his good tea-picking poem, and the fragrance of chrysanthemums for making wine during the Double Ninth Festival.

This poem depicts the reunion and joy of people during the Double Ninth Festival. Peaceful festive mood.

Singing about love life: The love life of the Tujia people is relatively free and full of fun and love. However, there are few people in Shanda, or the men often travel far to make a living, or their lovers stay with each other for many years. Seeing, the words describe the life of lovesickness and separation in a charming and unique way:

The birds are calling for brother several times, and the girl is curled up in the dense bushes.

The man is not seen in the opposite door, but the lovesickness is only there. Across a river.

This poem is actually a love song. When the daughter of the village heard the sound of a bird calling "brother," she was moved by the scene and thought of her brother, which aroused endless emotions. Another example:

The love between husband and wife becomes stronger after their separation, and they meet each other every year.

Although the good night is good and the new autumn is short, I am afraid that the dawn will not end yet.

This poem is based on the reunion of husband and wife after a long separation, and is associated with the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meeting on the Magpie Bridge on the Chinese Valentine's Day. And Nanzhou.

Looking over the river with the sun and moon in my eyes, I can see no boats but passenger ships.

This poem is a love song about a woman looking forward to her lover’s return. The lover leaves her hometown and goes to a foreign land. Wild geese fly north and south several times. Spring goes and autumn comes. The infatuated woman complains that she waits day and night on the river for him to return. Touching.

Those who sing about the customs of clothing, food, housing and transportation: The Tujia people live in deep mountains and lush forests, and have unique customs in clothing, food, housing and transportation. Especially the words about drinking wine and eating tea are the most distinctive, such as the words about sipping wine and camellia oleifera. :

Family is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the local customs and customs are quite similar.

Only the guests follow the old custom and often drink smoky wine and camellia.

Another example is that sipping wine with a bamboo pole is better than pouring it from a pot. Large bowls of pork and moving altars to persuade guests show the generosity of the Tujia people:

Barbaric wine brews a fragrant aroma, and a branch of bamboo pole Better than a cup.

Crossing the bridge pork lotus bowl, the lady opens the altar to encourage guests to try it.

Another example is the custom of celebrating the new year, living in a stilted building with a flavor and a prosperous scene:

It is a wonder to celebrate the new year while sipping tea and wine, and looking at the high stilted building is mesmerizing.

I am delighted to see the prosperous elephant in Yajiang. May I ask which period the Three Tang Dynasty belongs to?

The labor life, weddings, funerals, solar terms of the year, lovesickness and farewell, food, clothing, housing and transportation described above describe the scenery of mountains and rivers, express the promotion of good and suppress evil, describe the hardships of life, and expose the sins of the evildoers. It can be said that there are all kinds of phenomena in the world, just like colorful pictures of Tujia customs.

Lianxiang

"Lianxiang" is a folk performing art form between rap and dance. Its titles include "Lianxiang", "Lianxiang", "Lianxiang" and "Lianxiang". There are many theories such as "Lianxiang" and so on. In terms of the origin of development, it is more accurate to call it "Lianxiang". In terms of performance form, it is called "Continuous Sound". It is named after the beautiful sound made by the props, which is indeed more reasonable.

The props used by "Lianxiang" are divided into long and short ones. The commonly used ones are 2 feet 5 inches long, and the longest is 3 feet. Regardless of the length, they are all made of bamboo poles with a diameter of 15 centimeters. , there are 12 eyes chiselled on the bamboo, and 24 ancient copper coins are embedded in the eyes. The twelve eyes are "Lotus Incense" to mark the 12 years the brother and sister have been searching for their father. The 24 coins mean that the brother and sister have been inseparable for 12 years. The performer holds the "Lotus Incense" lightly. With a slight movement, it will make a rhythmic and coherent sound.

The Tujia people love to perform the "Lotus Incense" dance, which is especially common during the Spring Festival. At that time, Tujia villages and villages can hear the "Lotus Incense" dance. The performers are a man and a woman, dressed as brothers and sisters. They hold "lotus incense" in their hands and visit every door, performing in the main hall as the performance area. Most of the words they sing are to congratulate the owner on a happy New Year and wish the owner prosperity and wealth.

In the middle of the last century, the "Lianxiang" brothers and sisters came into the house to perform. Zhudong mostly ordered the performers to sing arias from "Lianxiang" to educate future generations. Zhudong also believed that only those who could sing The troupe who came from "Lianxiang" are the authentic "Lianxiang" masters. In the second half of the last century, the content of "Lianxiang" singing gradually became richer, and most of them were improvisations on the spot. The performers called themselves "seeing the child and beating the child".

The performance forms of "Lianxiang" are diverse, which can be divided into high piles, low piles, rolling dragon lotus, Roulian, etc. "Lianxiang" with high piles is mostly performed while standing, while "Lianxiang" with low piles is performed in a standing position. Lotus performers must squat half-crouch during the performance. "Rolling Dragon Lotus" is performed by two men and women on a high bench. The performers use a high bench as the performance area. The two shuttle on the bench, performing freely, as if A bench rises and falls suddenly, hence the name "Rolling Dragon and Lotus Fragrance". This is probably a performance form designed by folk artists to demonstrate their superb skills after they have reached the stage of mastery. The performers in the above-mentioned performance forms all bring props - "Continuous Sound". In another form of performance, no props are used at all, and they only wear shorts. Occasionally, they also tie red silk on their heads and wear red belts on their chests. The performer slaps various parts of the body with his hands to make a beautiful and pleasant sound like a "continuous sound", so it is called "Rou Lou Lou". Whether using props or not, he hits the shoulders, arms, waist, head, legs, etc. The feet and other parts make rhythmic sounds, and its main performance movements include Yangko steps, palm-piercing and leg-sucking steps, trembling steps and turning around the head, etc. The performance teams are divided into doubles, three-ring, seven-ring, ten-ring, etc.

As for the origin of the performance form "Lianxiang", you can find some records in "The Origin of Lianxiang", a long folk oral tradition. According to legend, there was a scholar named Zhang Chunfang in the Tang Dynasty, and his mother's appearance was As beautiful as a fairy, a military general in the court passed by and forcibly married her as a concubine. After her mother entered the palace, she was afraid that her poor life experience would be exposed, so she had her son Zhang Chunfang killed. Chunfang gave birth to a son and a daughter who were less than ten years old. After being separated from their father, they also suffered His grandmother sent people to hunt him down, but the killer took pity on his brother and sister, so he killed the chicken and smeared his knife with blood and went back to the court to report for compensation. Brother Jinlian and sister Yuxiang were wandering around, begging for a living, looking for their father. One night, the brother and sister dreamed that an immortal would guide them and teach them to perform the "Lianxiang" song and dance, saying that only in this way could they attract spectators and find their father's whereabouts. The brother and sister woke up. , act according to the dream, and no longer lack food and drink.

Tujia New Year Customs

Tujia New Year Customs are the customs and habits of every ethnic group during the Spring Festival. Enshi area, where the Tujia people live, has been changing since the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. It is greatly influenced by Han culture, and its customs and culture merge with Han customs to form a strange and special New Year custom culture.

Killing the New Year pig to make bacon

Killing the New Year pig is a festive event for the Tujia people in the year. Killing the pig is not only a good way to celebrate the New Year, but also a good way to entertain guests and the whole family. To ensure a year of oil and water, when Tujia people kill pigs for the New Year, they first check the date and then hire a butcher. After the butcher kills the pig, he cuts the pig's snout and then washes it. He will no longer turn into a pig and be slaughtered. In fact, this knife is the butcher's psychological comfort for his "sin" of killing too many animals.

After the pig is cleaned and cleaned, the butcher cuts it into pieces. If there is a son in the family who is married or betrothed, the elbow should be "beaten", usually with the hind legs. For families with many sons, the front and rear legs should be used. Both legs are used. People from a well-off family make elbows with a back, which will be heavier. People from a poor family make round elbows without a back, which will naturally be lighter. These elbows are prepared for the son to pay New Year's greetings to his father-in-law. It is a great pride for the Tujia people who have daughters to eat the elbow as a gift. It is said that whoever eats the elbow will know whose daughter he has let go.

After the pig is killed, the host will entertain the butcher and relatives and friends for a meal. Generally, the whole body of the pig is not used, only the "collar meat" (the pig's neck) and the trimmings from the elbows that are difficult to clean. Well, this meal has a not-so-nice name, it’s called “shaking soup”. After the butcher and his relatives and friends left, the owner began to marinate the bacon. Before marinating, he had to make a red pot, that is, heat the iron pot red. Brown the skin side of the pork in a red pot. This way, firstly, the hairy bits in the skin can be cleaned. Secondly, when the meat is cured before eating, it can be cleaned by soaking it in hot water and scraping it, and it will be easier to cook when cooked. , is also very particular about the marinating of meat. Fry the raw salt until cooked, sprinkle with pepper powder, put a layer of meat in a basin or vat, apply a layer of pepper powder salt, marinate for about seven days, then hang the vat in front of the stove. Or smoking on the fire pit.

Beat cakes and make glutinous rice grains

At the end of the twelfth lunar month, Tujia people are busy beating cakes and making glutinous rice grains in preparation for the New Year. There are three kinds of cakes, one is glutinous rice cake, the other is seal shell, and the third is rice cake. It's called frozen cake.

Ciba is made by steaming glutinous rice, pounding it with a hammer, beating it with a pestle or mallet, or poking and kneading it with a sharpened bamboo stick. Or pressed into a special wooden mold, it is a glutinous rice cake. The size is determined by the owner. The big ones are two to three pounds per pair, and the small ones are only one, two or two. The big ones are mainly used to give gifts to others, with sugar. Eating cakes looks good-looking and practical. There is no rice in the mountains, and glutinous rice is expensive. It is necessary to mix some glutinous rice. The glutinous rice cakes made in this way are golden and bright. When baked, they are sweeter than pure glutinous rice. Yinzikeer is made from glutinous rice. Mix it with sticky rice, and some also use sorghum rice. Soak it in water and grind it into a slurry. Put it into a bag and hang it overnight. Most of the water will be lost by hanging, which is called hanging slurry. Knead the hanging slurry into balls and put it in the bag. It is extruded into a mold and steamed. Therefore, the Yinzi shell is also called hanging glutinous rice dumplings, and the glutinous rice balls made from it are called hanging glutinous rice dumplings. Frozen cakes are a unique seasonal food of the Tujia people in Enshi. They are chosen in cold weather. , grind the rice into pulp, shake half of the fried rice milk and the other half of the raw pulp and ferment it, then freeze it in the ice and snow for a few days, and then knead it into balls and steam them. It tastes soft and delicious. Some people mix mung beans Or boil red beans into puree, add sugar, salt, and spices to make sweet and salty bean fillings, wrap them in rice milk, and steam them on monkey chestnut leaves to make cakes, which have a unique flavor.

During the twelfth lunar month and the first month of the lunar month, if you walk into a Tujia home, you will always find a basin or a jar of glutinous rice cakes and yinzi shells soaked in clean water. As long as you change the water frequently, you can eat them for six months without spoiling, and they taste special. It is refreshing and delicious, so there is a saying that "making cakes in the twelfth lunar month and eating them in the sixth month" has become a dietary experience of the Tujia people.

Making fermented rice wine is brewing rice wine. This is not only a must-have delicacy for the Tujia people during the New Year, but also a custom for predicting luck in the coming year. In the late twelfth lunar month, every housewife will prepare high-quality glutinous rice. Where rice is not available, glutinous rice will be used instead, and the glutinous rice or rice will be steamed. , pour it into a dustpan and spread it out, sprinkle with cold water and stir it up, then shake in the sweet wine koji, and put it into a basin while it is slightly hot. In this way, the green glutinous rice body is made. Put a small kang in the middle of the green body and insert a few holes around it. Use chopsticks as a support, and then wrap it with clean cotton fabric, which is called "coming out of the nest". If the glutinous rice that has just come out of the nest is full of sweet water, it is called "float water". Especially if the glutinous rice balls can be rotated in the basin and the taste is particularly sweet, it indicates that the weather will be good in the coming year, the land will be harvested, the family will be prosperous, and the whole family will be happy. If the fermented glutinous rice wine turns red, it is called "Tian Ying", which indicates wealth and happiness.

Around the Chinese New Year, when you walk into a Tujia home, you will be entertained with fried glutinous rice cakes, fried glutinous rice cakes with fried meat, and a bowl of stir-fried pork with glutinous rice glutinous rice. , is generally a special treatment that Tujia women can only enjoy after giving birth to a child as a "mother and child".

Catching the Hairy Dog

On the fifteenth night of the first lunar month, the Tujia people put up lanterns and streamers, play with lanterns and pick lotus boats, dance with dragon lanterns, lion lanterns and clam shell lanterns, and dance all night long to "happy the Lantern Festival" , the same as Han custom. In addition, they took fir branches and set up a shed outside the house to burn them. The children shouted loudly, "Catch the hairy dog, drive the hairy dog. As soon as they arrived at the door of Zhang's sister-in-law's stove, she farted, and the hairy dog ??was useless. ", which is called "driving the hairy dog" or "driving the hairy nine", is a unique custom of the Tujia people. Speaking of setting up a dog shed to chase the dogs on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, there is an origin. Legend has it that on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month of one year, the Jade Emperor drank a few glasses of wine and looked at the lower world at the gate of Nantian. He thought the stilted buildings and thatched shacks in the mountain nook were ugly, so he asked the God of Fire to come down to earth and burn all the stilted buildings and thatched shacks. As soon as the God of Fire arrived in the mortal world, he was followed by the God of Rooftops and the God of Door Blockers. The roof god and the door-blocking god knew that it was not easy for mortals to build houses and buildings, so they advised the fire god to accumulate some virtue. The God of Fire also knew that the Jade Emperor had drunk too much, so he wanted to play a trick and asked the heavenly soldiers and generals to build many sheds in the mountains with firewood and light them. All I saw was smoke and raging fire. I could only see smoke and fire, and I couldn't tell them clearly. The Jade Emperor looked up from the sky and thought that the houses on earth had really been burned down. Later, people in all realms built tents and burned them on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month to fool the Jade Emperor. This thatched shed looked like a shed used by farmers to guard their furry dogs, so it was called a furry dog ??shed.