Manchu people (jurchen) come from the northeast white mountains and black waters, and make a living by fishing and hunting. One of the most common meats they eat is deer. The cooking method is simple and rough, or barbecue or steaming, such as boiled white meat, roasted venison and steamed cake for offering sacrifices to the gods. After the unification of China, the Aisingiorro family insisted on traditional customs in dress, hairstyle, etiquette and diet, especially Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong often went hunting on the grassland in Weichang County, Chengde City, Hebei Province, north of Beijing. One of the tricks of jurchen deer hunting is to use what they call "Mulan" (translated as "deer whistle" or "deer whistle enclosure"), which is usually made of birch bark or trees, two or three inches long and shaped like a horn horn. When blowing or sucking with their mouths, they can make a "yo-yo" sound similar to a stag to lure the roe to come, and the hunters who have been lying in ambush just gather around and shoot it. Over time, the emperor. Emperor Kangxi created the "Mulan Autumn A" system in order to train the officers and men of the Eight Banners and meet the Mongolian princes. It was also intended to swear martial arts and inherit the Manchu tradition. Deer were the most valued prey, and deer roe shot by the emperor himself had to be sent to the capital to be presented to the ancestors of Fengxian Hall. The draft of Qing history? 9? In the Biography of Empresses, there is a record that Emperor Kangxi offered his deer tail to his mother and grandmother. In his later years, he recalled that he had hunted hundreds of deer in his life.

Kangxi

Kangxi not only ate venison himself, used venison as a sacrifice, but also often gave venison to Manchu courtiers, which promoted the popularity of venison. In his later years, Emperor Kangxi held two "Thousand Feasts" in the court to entertain more than 2,8 people in aged person. One of the dishes was a plate of roast venison with deer tail. Interestingly, during the reign of Kangxi, Cao Yin and Li Xu often presented Kangxi with fresh fruits, fresh rivers and dew in the south of the Yangtze River, while Emperor Kangxi rewarded northeast specialties such as venison strips and hazelnuts. This is also a special cultural exchange between North and South. Kangxi and Qianlong went south to the south of the Yangtze River, and it is estimated that they also have a great relationship with trying the delicious food in the south.

There were three main sources of venison in Kangxi period: tribute from three northeastern provinces, tribute from Mongolia and Mulan paddock. Every year, the Northeast has to contribute deer tail, deer tendon and venison to the Qing royal family. At the end of each year, the emperor held a "deer-roasting reward" in accordance with the customs of the customs, and distributed venison, deer tail, deer tongue, roe, wild boar, pheasant, pheasant, soup sheep, Harhan sheep, deer-bending fish, fine-scaled fish and Qin carp to the princes and ministers. At this time, there was a Kanto Freight Yard in Beijing, commonly known as the "deer shed", which sold deer, bear's paw, hump and sturgeon in the northeast, and "purple deer and yellow sheep piled up all over the street", so that the Eight Banners soldiers and their families far away from their hometown could enjoy their hometown flavor.

Emperor Qianlong, the grandson of Kangxi, often imitates his grandfather in his life. He is as enthusiastic about Mulan Autumn A as Kangxi. He once saw a herd of deer on horseback during Mulan Autumn A, ordered a bodyguard to hold a fake deer's head as bait, imitated Luming Literature with Mulan's yo-yo sound, and immediately shot an arrow when the roe was imported, and drank deer's blood on the spot. "It's not only good for health, but also to learn from work." In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), he toured Shengjing in the north, and General Shengjing made a special trip to Shanhaiguan to get fresh deer. Hongli specifically asked, "Are the deer entering today fat?" I heard that I was thinner before I ordered the chef to cook Hami venison for dinner. The rest are served and enjoyed. " After his son Jiaqing ascended the throne, he sympathized with the hard supply of the people, and repeatedly instructed the local authorities not to pay tribute to deer and venison, which greatly reduced the source of fresh venison, a nourishing food that Manchu people loved at that time. Ordinary people could not afford venison, so a meat shop came up with a substitute, which was mixed with pork stuffing and spices in the way of filling sausages, and made it look like "venison", which has become a dish that has been handed down to this day.

Jia Baoyu and Shi Xiangyun, the gifted scholars and beauties in the Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin, also want to roast venison in the snow, which implies that their family has Manchu origin. The rent paid by the grange in Zhongjiafu on the 53rd visit includes "3 big deer, 2 Jin of deer tendon and 5 deer tongues", and it is estimated that the place where deer can be raised is most likely in the northeast of the Commissioner. Another interesting thing is that Jia Baoyu's nephew Jia Lan chased the deer in the Grand View Garden with a small bow after school, which means "competing for the Central Plains", perhaps suggesting that he replaced Jia Baoyu's central position in the family for a period of time after the drastic changes in Jiafu.

Emperors and Manchu dignitaries attached so much importance to venison that it even influenced Jiangnan. Gourmet Yuan Mei once praised venison for its tenderness, freshness and liveliness. It can be made into dried meat, suitable for barbecue or simmered slowly. In fact, most wild deer often run and exercise, and the meat is hard and mature. Therefore, in order to make the venison taste better, most chefs will marinate the venison first, and then stew, stew, stir-fry, stir-fry and hot pot. At that time, venison was rarer and more expensive than pigs, cattle and sheep, so the rich bureaucrats often gave it as a gift.

In China, there are now special farms in Xinjiang and Heilongjiang to raise deer and sell deer meat, canned deer meat, velvet antler, etc. The main breeds are stout and tender red deer and sika deer. In the world, the largest exporter of deer products is New Zealand. Interestingly, there are no native deer species in New Zealand. After British immigrants introduced red deer and red deer in the mid-19th century, there was a flood of wild deer because of the suitable climate, abundant forage and almost no natural enemies. According to statistics, there were as many as 7 million to 8 million wild deer in 193, and the government had to encourage people to hunt and shoot them. Since the 196s, artificial farms with fenced grazing have appeared in the local area. As many as one million deer live in pastures all over New Zealand, and a large number of deer meat, velvet antler and other commodities are sold to Europe, Japan, Southeast Asia and other places.