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Coconut is a tropical light-loving crop, which grows well under the conditions of high temperature, rainy, sunny and sea breeze. It is required that the average annual temperature should be above 24-25℃ when the coconut blooms, the temperature difference should be small, and the coconut can blossom and bear fruit normally without frost all year round, and the optimum growth temperature is 26-27℃. If the average temperature is 18℃ in one month of the year, its yield will drop obviously. If the average temperature is lower than 15℃, it will cause flower drop, fruit drop and yellow leaves. The water condition should be that the annual rainfall is above 15-2mm, and it is evenly distributed. However, in areas with abundant underground water sources or irrigation, the annual rainfall is 6-8mm, which can also grow well. Drought affects coconut yield for 2-3 years, and long-term water accumulation will also affect the growth and yield of coconut. Coconut is suitable to grow in low altitude areas, and Hainan Island in China can grow well below 15-2m above sea level. The suitable soil is the alluvial land in Haidian and the alluvial soil along the river bank, followed by sandy loam, gravelly soil and clay. The groundwater level is required to be 1.-2.5m, and clay and swamp soil with poor drainage are not suitable for planting. As far as soil fertility is concerned, it is required to be rich in potassium fertilizer. Soil PH can be 5.2-8.3, but 7. is the most suitable. Coconut has strong wind resistance, and strong winds of 6-7 only have a slight impact on its growth and yield. A typhoon of magnitude 8-9 can blow off a few leaves and tear the leaflets. Strong typhoons of magnitude 1-12 or above have serious harm to coconuts. The conditions are suitable. Coconut begins to bear fruit in 15-18 years after planting, with 4-8 fruits per plant, more than 1, and its economic life is over 8 years. The number of leaves produced by coconut trees each year varies with the age of the trees. Before the rich season, it tends to increase with the age of the trees, and it decreases slightly after the rich season, but it can still remain constant. About 3 leaves are drawn in the seedling stage, 1-13 unfruitful young trees, 14-15 young fruiting trees and 12-13 mature trees. With the senescence of plants, the number of leaves produced each year decreases accordingly. Within a year, due to the change of seasons, the number of leaves pumped every month also changes to some extent. Young fruiting trees produce fewer buds each year than adult trees, with an average of 1.6 buds for the former and 12 buds for the latter. In a year, the number of buds sprouting is the most in May-June, and the least in November-December. 3.5 months after the bud is pulled out, the inflorescence is exposed, which is called flowering, with the most flowers in July-September, and the pistils in the buds are the most, and the least in November to March of the following year. It takes 12 months for coconut to mature from fertilization.

[ Edit this paragraph] Cultivation techniques

Propagation: Breeding by seeds. Fully mature coconuts will germinate in more than two months as long as there are proper temperature and humidity conditions. The method of accelerating germination by preparing nursery is widely used in Hainan. Choose a semi-shaded, well-ventilated and well-drained environment, remove the roots of weeds, plow to a depth of 15-2 cm, ditch with a width slightly wider than that of the fruits, and bury the fruits one by one at an angle of 45 degrees to the bottom of the ditch to half to two thirds of the fruits. When the buds are 1-15 cm long, move the buds to a nursery with moderate shade, and pay attention to watering, drainage, weeding and fertilization. Generally, about one year, the seedlings can be planted out of the nursery when they are about 1 meter high.

management: after seedling protection and replanting, management should be strengthened, proper shade should be provided at the initial stage after planting, water should be used to keep moisture, and the missing plants should be replanted in time. Tillage, ridging and intercropping are done twice a year, that is, once in November-December combined with fertilization and once again in August-September. As the plant grows up, a large number of air roots grow on the trunk and stem, which can be used to cultivate the soil and strengthen the tree. Coconut orchards can intercrop short-term crops, such as peanuts and beans. It plays the role of living covering and improving the humidity in the garden, which is beneficial to the growth of young trees.

Coconut trees need full fertilizer, with potassium fertilizer being the most, followed by nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine fertilizer, but it is necessary to pay attention to balanced fertilization. When coconut trees are deficient in potassium, the stems are thin and the leaves are short. The leaves in the middle of the crown wither first, the upper leaves cluster downward, and the lower leaves dry and hang down from the trunk. Under nitrogen deficiency, young leaves lose their green color and luster, and old leaves age in different degrees, resulting in lower yield. Phosphorus deficiency will cause poor root development and excessive rot; Chlorine deficiency will affect the size of coconut, nitrogen absorption and water utilization of plants. Therefore, when applying fertilizer, we should give priority to organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer and apply some salt. Fertilization can be carried out in April-May and November-December every year, and fertilization ditches should be opened at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from the base of the tree, with good results. If you use the spreading method, you should weed and loosen the soil comprehensively before applying fertilizer.

[ Edit this paragraph] Coconut varieties

Coconut cultivation has a long history, and many types and varieties have been formed in long-term natural selection and artificial selection. In recent years, from the perspective of cultivated varieties, it is considered that there are wild species and cultivated species, and cultivated varieties can be divided into high species, short species and hybrid species.

Introduction of high-variety coconut: This variety is the largest commercial coconut planted in the world at present. The plant is tall and thick, with a trunk diameter of 9-12 cm and a tree height of more than 2 meters. The base of the stem is swollen and called "Hulutou". The crown is round, semi-circular and Y-shaped, and consists of 3-4 leaves; The leaves are 5-6 meters long. Fruiting is late, it blooms and bears fruit in 7-8 years after planting, the economic life span is 6-8 years, and the natural life span is over 1 years. Male and female are in the same order, and the flowering period is different. First, male flowers are opened, then female flowers are opened, and cross pollination is carried out. All plants are heterozygotes. Coconut is bigger, and the quality rate of desiccated coconut is high. The output of desiccated coconut is 1-1.5 tons/hectare.

1. According to the color difference between leaves and fruits, high-grade coconuts can be divided into red coconuts and green coconuts. High-species coconuts can be divided into three types according to fruit shape and volume: large round fruit, medium round fruit and small round fruit.

(1) large round fruit: the circumference of the fruit is 7-9cm, the fruit weight is 2.4-3.1kg, the coconut weight is .49-.63kg, the coconut water weight is .74-1.15kg, the coconut shell weight is .32-.36kg, and the fruit is round, oval and oval. The yield per plant is low. It is rare in the high species.

(2) Medium round fruit: the circumference of the fruit is 6-7cm, the fruit weight is 1.87-2.kg, the coconut meat weight is .39-.42kg, the coconut shell weight is .41-.45kg, and the fruit is round and oval. The yield is medium, which is the largest among high-grade coconuts.

(3) small round fruit: the circumference of the fruit is 5-6 cm, the fruit weight is 1-1.5 kg, the coconut meat weight is .25-.3 kg, and the coconut water weight is .55 kg. The fruit is round and oval. High output, few.

2. Special types of high-grade coconuts:

(1) Male trees (male and female sterility) are also called super dominant male trees, which are characterized by incomplete feather splitting of coconut leaves. 4-5 leaflets are bonded together. The width of the leaflets is about 7 cm (normally 4-5 cm), the length of the leaves is 4 cm (normally 45-5 cm), the inflorescence is 7-9 cm (normally 11-12 cm), the number of male flowers is large, and the female flowers are few or none, so the plants are not developing normally.

(2) Female trees (male sterility): the inflorescence is 4-8 cm shorter, the floral axis is 17-25 cm shorter (normal 4 cm), the number of flower branches is 15-17 (normal 36-4 cm), the flower branches are 12-15 cm shorter (normal 36-4 cm), and only female flowers are borne on the flower branches.

(3) Coconut trees with many female flowers: characterized by a large number of female flowers in inflorescences, with 14-214 female flowers in each inflorescence and 7-12 females in each flower branch, which is 3-4 times more than that of normal high-grade coconut trees. Flower branches and inflorescences are short, the number of male flowers is small, and the yield is low.

(4) Multi-layer bud coconut tree: the bud of Buddha's flame is double-layered (normal single-layered), some of which are as long as the bud of double-layered, and some of which are long and short, with short leaves, inflorescences and flower branches, which are quite different among plants.

(5) Multi-layer bud coconut tree: Buddha's flame bud is multi-layer, the inflorescence is short, 8 cm, and the flower branches are multi-layered branched (normally unbranched). After the inflorescence dries up, it does not fall off with the withered leaves, and the trunk is covered with residual inflorescences, some of which are all male flowers, and some are hermaphroditic, with low yield and rare.

(6) Early-maturing coconut: the seedling blooms only 3-4 months old, with a height of about 4 cm and 1 leaves, all of which are boat-shaped leaves (not feathered). The inflorescence is drawn from the center, and the male and female are in the same order. The volume of female and male is smaller than normal, and the plant dies shortly after flowering, so it is impossible to reproduce.

(7) Multi-embryo coconut seedlings: Normal coconut has only one embryo to develop into a seedling, but some coconuts have more than two embryos to develop into a seedling. Twin seedlings are common, 4-6 seedlings are rare, up to more than 2 seedlings, which is rare.

The highest height of high-species coconuts is 25m, and the highest height of short-species coconuts is only about 15m. The economic life span of high-species coconuts is much longer than that of short-species coconuts: the economic life span of high-species coconuts is about 8 years, while that of short-species coconuts is only about 2-4 years. However, dwarf coconuts bear fruit early and have high yield: dwarf coconuts only need 3-4 years to blossom and bear fruit, with an annual output of about 8 coconuts per tree, while high coconuts take 6-8 years to blossom and bear fruit, with an annual output of about 4-6 coconuts per tree. The hybrid coconut absorbs the advantages of high and low species coconuts, and has the characteristics of low height, long life and high yield. The annual output of hybrid coconuts is about 18-2 per tree. In addition, the hybrid coconut has strong characteristics of wind resistance and insect resistance.

[ Edit this paragraph] Geographical distribution

Coconut is an ancient cultivated crop, and there are different opinions on its origin. Some say it is produced in South America and some say it is in tropical islands in Asia, but most of them think it originated in Malay Archipelago. Now it is widely distributed in tropical coastal and inland areas of Asia, Africa, Oceania and America. It is mainly distributed between 2 north and south latitudes, especially in equatorial coastal areas. Secondly, there is also a large area distribution in the range of 2-23.5 degrees north and south latitude. Coconut has been planted in China for more than 2 years. At present, it is mainly distributed in all parts of Hainan, with a small amount in southern Taiwan Province, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Baoshan and Hekou in Yunnan.

[ Edit this paragraph] Nutritional value

The water content of coconut juice and coconut meat is protein, fructose, glucose, sucrose, fat, vitamin B1, vitamin E, vitamin C, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Coconut meat is white as jade, fragrant and crisp; Coconut juice is cool and sweet. Coconut meat and coconut juice are delicious fruits suitable for all ages.

[ Edit this paragraph] Dietotherapy effect

Coconut is sweet and flat, and enters the stomach, spleen and large intestine; The pulp has the effects of tonifying deficiency and strengthening, invigorating qi and expelling wind, eliminating malnutrition and killing insects. Long-term eating can moisturize the face, benefit people's strength and tolerate hunger, and treat children's filariasis and ginger leaf disease. Coconut water has the effects of nourishing, clearing away summer heat and quenching thirst, and is mainly used for thirst caused by summer heat and lack of body fluid; Coconut shell oil cures tinea and Myrica rubra sore.

[ Edit this paragraph] Feeding value

Coconut as feed is mainly coconut cake left after coconut meat is pressed for oil. Generally, each coconut can produce .18kg of desiccated coconut, extract .11kg of oil and obtain .55kg of coconut oil cake. Feeding livestock with coconut oil cake needs to be gradually added to their diet, and livestock are very fond of eating after getting used to it. The feeding dosage of dairy cows is 1.5-2.kg per day. Feeding coconut oil cake can improve the milk fat content of dairy cows. In the pig diet, it is best to add 25%. In addition, coconut leaves and desiccated coconut are also popular for domestic animals, but they are generally not used as feed. Fresh coconut water can be used as a component of artificial insemination to dilute semen of livestock.

[ edit this paragraph] medicinal value

pulp juice and shell are used as medicine. Collect the fruit when it is ripe, and take the gravy and shell for use at any time.

coconut is sweet and flat.

Functions and indications: pulp juice can tonify deficiency, promote fluid production, induce diuresis and kill insects, and can be used for heart edema, dry mouth and polydipsia, and ginger worm; The shell can dispel wind, promote diuresis, relieve itching, and treat tinea corporis and tinea pedis externally.

usage and dosage: appropriate amount of coconut milk or coconut meat; Burn coconut shells on the stove for external use, cover with a bowl to collect steam, condense to obtain distillate oil, add 3% alcohol to mix and apply it to the affected area.

Remarks: Coconut growing for 9 months has been used as a substitute for intravenous infusion in case of emergency.

Chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine:

Coconut contains 35%-45% oil. The oil contains free fatty acid 2%, capric acid 2%, palmitic acid, caprylic acid 9%, capric acid, oleic acid 2% and lauric acid. It also contains stignastatrienol, stig-masterol, fucosterol, α-spinasterol and sterol. Carbohydrate is about 15%, mainly including stachyose, sucrose and glucose. Protein is less than 5%, including albumin, globulin, proamine and so on. Contains 173 μ g% of vitamin B1, 13 μ g% of vitamin B5, trace amount of vitamin B2, 7 μ g% of α-tocopherol and 25 μ g% of γ-tocopherol. The content of vitamin C is higher in immature fruits. The stone contains mannan.

[ Edit this paragraph] Application of Coconut

Trees themselves are excellent garden trees, which can be used as street trees, scenic trees and garden trees reflecting tropical and subtropical scenery.

Coconut fiber has many uses, such as padding, brooms, brushes and offshore cables. Especially in horticulture, insulation, corrosion control and agriculture. Because of its super water absorption, it is more effective than plastic and iron wire in corrosion protection, and it can also provide a growing environment for vegetables and trees. It has been used to cover embankments in the United States, Germany, Japan and Europe.

coconut wood: hard texture and beautiful patterns can be used as furniture and building materials.

coconut leaf: it can be used for weaving, making daily necessities and daily fuel.

Coconut bud: Coconut flower juice can be cut to make coconut wine, or coconut juice sugar can be extracted.

coconut shell: it is hard in texture and does not deform when it is hot or cold. It can be made into high-quality activated carbon or processed into handicrafts such as coconut carving and musical instruments.

Coconut meat: it can be made into desiccated coconut, coconut milk powder, coconut protein, coconut juice, coconut paste and colorless coconut oil.

Coconut water: It contains vitamins B and C, hormones, sugar and other ingredients. It is a natural refreshing drink and can also be used for processing other foods.

Coconut oil: mainly used in industry, it is a high-quality raw material for making soap, and has strong foaming power to make high-grade soap and toothpaste.

The health-care effect of coconut

Coconut has a wide range of uses, and is known as the "tree of life" and "treasure tree". Its taste is sweet and cold, and it contains protein, sugar, vitamin C, calcium and potassium. Coconut is rich in juice and nutrition, which can quench thirst, dispel summer heat, promote fluid production and diuresis, and treat fever. Its pulp has the effects of benefiting qi, expelling wind, expelling toxin and moistening face. Mature coconut meat is rich in protein and fat, and is often made into canned food, desiccated coconut, etc. Although coconut juice