There are many channels for the exchange of Chinese and foreign food culture in history, and there are six main types:

1. Communication on the Northwest Land Silk Road represented by Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions;

Second, the diet cultural exchange in the Buddhist cultural exchange represented by Xuanzang's voyage to the West;

Third, the cultural and commercial exchanges between tribute envoys and businessmen;

Fourth, the government's large-scale maritime exchanges represented by Zheng He's voyages to the West;

Fifth, the role of missionaries in the exchange of Chinese and foreign food culture;

Sixth, overseas Chinese spread food culture.

In ancient times, the communication between Chinese and western food culture was from less to more, from single to rich. Before the Ming Dynasty, the main channels of communication were commodity trade and delegation visits. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, communication channels were constantly enriched and expanded, including not only commodity trade and exhibitions, people's words and deeds, but also the establishment of restaurants, professional writings and school education.

From the Han Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the communication channels between Chinese and Western food cultures were mainly commodity trade and delegation visits. The most common thing is that westerners spread China's food raw materials, eating utensils and eating customs to western countries through commodity trade, and show them to China people through words and deeds. Among them, when introducing China's food raw materials, tableware and eating customs, Italian Kyle? Poirot's book Kyle? Polo's travels contributed a lot. Irishman Morris? Coles pointed out: "This book is not a simple travel note, but an inspiring work. For closed Europeans, it is tantamount to enlightenment, showing Europeans a brand-new field of knowledge and vision. The significance of this book is that it has led to the extensive revival of the humanities in Europe. "

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ways of communication between Chinese and Western food cultures were constantly enriched and expanded, mainly including four aspects. First, commodity trading and display. At this time, businessmen from Holland, Britain, France, the United States and other countries traded with China, and the biggest commodities they bought were tea and porcelain. Commodity exhibitions are mainly world expositions. According to Chen Zhanbiao's Biography of World Expositions in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China, from the first World Exposition in 185 1 year to the previous World Expositions in191year, in addition to occasionally exhibiting candied fruit, soybeans and their products, China tea and porcelain were also exhibited. Second, the exchange personnel teach by example. There are many types of these people, including diplomatic envoys, missionaries, overseas students, businessmen, travelers and others. They consciously or unconsciously spread Chinese and western cultures, including food culture. Among them, the outstanding achievements are western missionaries. According to the Jesuit missionaries who came to China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 467 people in Philae's Biography of Jesuits in China and Bibliography of Jesuits in China, and 920 people in Rong Zhenhua's Biography of Jesuits in China and Bibliography Supplement of Jesuits in China. Their subjective purpose in coming to China is to spread Catholicism, but objectively, they not only spread western culture to China, but also introduced the food raw materials, dishes, cooking methods and eating customs of China and China to the western society in many aspects. By bringing back and translating China's classics, you can write or write letters, such as Matteo Ricci's miscellaneous notes in China and the letters of overseas missionaries.

In addition, China's diplomatic envoys, overseas students and businessmen sent to western countries also have some writings and related introductions, such as Zhang Deyi's Sailing Story, British and Russian Companions in Qing Dynasty and Li Guixin's Global Travel Record? A Brief Introduction to American Society, Guo's Brief Introduction to the Italian World Expo, etc. Third, open a restaurant. This is the most concrete, visible and tasteful way to spread Chinese and western food culture. Most restaurants in China in western countries are run by China people who emigrated overseas in the Qing Dynasty. Because of war, disaster or forced to make a living in foreign countries, these immigrants often choose Chinese restaurants that are relatively easy to open and make Chinese food, which objectively spreads China's food culture to the world, just like American Philip? Fernandez said: "The spread of China cooking in the world is immigrant, not imperial." Since China was forced to establish many trading ports after the Opium War, a large number of western restaurants and restaurants have appeared. At first, they only served foreigners, and it was not until the early 20th century that they were opened to China people. At that time, there were Six Kingdoms Hotel, Dechang Hotel and Chang 'an Hotel in Beijing, and Western-style hotels in Shanghai, such as Richard Hotel, Zhonghui Hotel and Dahua Hotel. "Most hotel managers and chefs are French, and they serve more European and American dishes. “