You belong to tumor lymphadenopathy

No matter whether it is an endogenous tumor that originated from lymphoid tissue (such as lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia, etc.) or a tumor that metastasized from lymph nodes (such as breast cancer transferred to axillary lymph nodes, gastric cancer transferred to left supraclavicular lymph nodes, etc.), it can be shown that tumor cells with unlimited proliferation proliferate in lymph nodes, occupying and destroying the normal tissue structure of lymph nodes, and at the same time causing fibrous tissue proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration in lymph nodes. The cancerous tissue that causes lymphadenopathy easily invades the lymph nodes' surrounding lymph nodes, such as lemma sinus and medullary sinus, and then gradually spreads to the whole lymph nodes and can penetrate the capsule to invade the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the cancerous lymph nodes are often hard as stone and relatively fixed ~~

Besides, I hope that the knowledge about breast cancer will help you ~~

Breast cancer refers to malignant tumors that occur in breast lobules and ductal epithelium. The spread routes of breast cancer are as follows:

① Intramammary spread, showing single source and multiple sources.

② Extramammary diffusion, the most common invasion is skin, fascia, pectoralis major and other adjacent tissues. In addition to regional lymph node metastasis, cancer cells can also invade the bloodstream, circulate with the blood to all organs of the whole body, and often transfer to organs such as lung, bone, pleura, adrenal gland, kidney and brain.

breast cancer

breast cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of women, and its incidence rate accounts for 7 ~ 1% of all kinds of malignant tumors in China, second only to cervical cancer. The age of onset is mostly 4 ~ 6 years old. The incidence of male breast cancer is extremely low.

Patients with early breast cancer have no discomfort, only a relatively small lump in the breast, which is painless and painless, and the nipple has not changed. Most of them were found by doctors during physical examination, and a few of them were inadvertently touched by themselves before asking doctors for a diagnosis. Therefore, in order to find breast cancer early, especially middle-aged women should always check whether there is a lump in their breasts. The correct method of examination is to touch the breast with your fingers straight together, instead of grasping the breast with your fingers, so as to avoid mistaking normal breast tissue for a lump. If you find a suspicious lump in the breast, you must ask a doctor for examination and make necessary tests, including molybdenum target X-ray and biopsy, to make a definite diagnosis.

Because the lump of early breast cancer is small, it is easy to be ignored by patients if they are not vigilant, and the lump will gradually increase, invade the surrounding skin or muscle and adhere to it. The nipple shrinks and rises internally, and sometimes bloody liquid overflows, which is caused by the cancer infiltrating into the large mammary duct; The skin is orange peel, axillary lymph nodes are swollen and hard. The diameter of advanced breast cancer is more than 5 cm, or even ulcerated. Not only axillary lymph nodes are enlarged, but also supraclavicular lymph nodes, parasternal lymph nodes and contralateral lymph nodes can be enlarged. Cancer cells can also metastasize to the lungs, bones or liver through blood. Breast cancer develops very rapidly during pregnancy. The cancer is inflammatory, and the breast is red, swollen, congested and feverish, just like acute mastitis, which is easy to be misdiagnosed. It also shows that the incidence of breast cancer is related to the changes of sex hormones. As for the relationship between the incidence of breast cancer and fertility and breastfeeding, opinions are still inconsistent. Breast cancer accounts for the largest proportion of breast masses, and benign breast masses may also become malignant. Therefore, we should be vigilant and carefully examine women's breast masses to prevent misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Breast cancer should be differentiated from breast lobular hyperplasia and fibroadenoma.

There are many methods to treat breast cancer, including surgery, radiation, hormones, anticancer chemotherapy and Chinese herbal medicine, but at present, the most satisfactory and reliable method is early surgery, and other methods can only be used as auxiliary measures or when breast cancer is inoperable in the late stage. During the operation, the tumor can be locally removed first, and frozen section examination can be made immediately, and radical operation can be performed only after breast cancer is confirmed.

what are the causes of breast tumors?

The causes of breast tumors are unknown at present, and some factors affecting the incidence are described as follows:

(1) Age: Breast tumors mostly occur in 4-6 years old, accounting for about 75% of all patients, and patients before 2 years old are rare.

(2) Ovarian function: The mammary gland is regulated by ovarian hormones. Estrogen is the basic stimulator of breast development, and it is also one of the prerequisites for the onset of breast tumors. Some people think that the abnormal increase of estrone and estradiol and the lack of estriol are one of the causes of breast tumors, which has been supported by clinical examination and proved by animal experiments. Moreover, male breast tumor patients are rare, accounting for about 1% of female patients, which also indicates that it may be related to male ovarian hormone deficiency.

(3) Marriage, childbirth and breastfeeding: Clinically, it is found that single women have more breast tumors than married women, and the incidence of breast tumors in those who have never given birth after marriage is higher than that in those who have given birth, while the incidence of breast tumors in those who have never given birth or breast-feeding is abnormal (breast-feeding is too short or too long) is higher than that in normal breast-feeding. The breast is under the influence of endocrine hormones all its life, so marriage, childbirth and breastfeeding have certain relations with the occurrence of breast tumors.

(4) Genetic factors: Clinically, it is found that some patients with breast cancer have a family history, and their mothers, daughters and sisters have breast tumors at the same time or successively, but there are different views on this view at present.

how to have a breast examination?

To diagnose breast tumor, we should first know the medical history in detail, including the past history, menstrual marriage and family history, then have a general examination, and finally check the breast. The breast examination is mainly visual examination and palpation.

(1) visual examination

① patients should take off their shirts and face the light.

② Observe whether the breast is symmetrical and developing (such as youthful type, fat type, dysplasia type, senile atrophy type, etc.), and then observe whether there are any abnormalities such as bulge and subsidence everywhere.

③ whether the breast skin is normal, and whether there is skin adhesion, edema, redness or ulceration.

④ Whether the nipple position and size are normal, and whether there are depressions, cracks, erosion, ulceration, overflow and other lesions. Areola size, color depth, redness, edema, erosion, etc.

⑤ The location, shape and whether the breast tumor is broken. The deep tumor is not easy to see, and the superficial tumor is easy to see.

⑥ whether the armpit and collarbone are full and whether there are accessory mammary glands.

(2) Palpation

① Check the healthy side first, then the affected side. Pay attention to gently press and knead with your palm and fingers when checking, and do not grasp and knead with your fingers.

② check whether there are swollen lymph nodes in axilla, and if there are swollen lymph nodes, it indicates that lymph nodes have metastasis.

③ check the lymph nodes in the subclavian fossa. If there are swollen lymph nodes, it means that there may be distant lymph node metastasis.

④ breast examination, whether in a lying position or a sitting position, starting from below the clavicle and touching lightly in parallel in sequence, reaching the lower boundary of the breast. If a tumor is found, the location, size, shape boundary, hardness, tenderness and mobility of the tumor should be recorded in detail. In addition to the above, we should also pay attention to the contraction of breasts and nipples.

⑤ Examination of nipple discharge: Gently press the nipple from around the breast, then press the areola and nipple, and pay attention to whether there is any liquid, especially bloody liquid. And pay attention to whether it is a nipple or several nipple.

What are the benign tumors of breast and how to treat them?

(1) Cystic hyperplasia of mammary glands: Cystic hyperplasia of mammary glands refers to epithelial hyperplasia of mammary ducts or acini, and the mammary ducts at the hyperplastic epithelium expand or form cysts. This disease usually occurs in women around the age of 4, but young women and elderly women can also suffer from it. The time from onset to treatment varies from a few days to more than ten years. Tumors are the main symptoms of this disease, which can have four different manifestations: < P > Single masses: mostly caused by large cysts, with clear boundaries, which can be pushed freely, and can often be identified as cysts. Unless the contents of the capsule are too much, the tension is high, or the mass is deep and mistaken for solidity. The contents of the capsule are clear, and if complicated with infection, the contents are turbid. If it causes adhesion of surrounding tissues, the nipple can be retracted when it is adjacent to the nipple.

Most of the masses are caused by multiple cysts, and palpation shows multiple cystic nodules, which may involve the whole breast.

Segmental nodule of breast: This nodule is mostly triangular, with the base at the edge of breast and the tip pointing to nipple.

nipple discharge (bloody or serous): there is no obvious positive finding in breast examination, but pressing some parts around the breast (equivalent to one gland lobe or several gland lobes) can cause one mammary duct or several mammary ducts to discharge.

The breast pain in this disease is mostly insignificant, which is dull pain or tingling pain, and may be accompanied by pain when the mammary duct begins to dilate.

TCM is used to soothe the liver and regulate qi, eliminate phlegm and dredge collaterals, promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and western hormone therapy. If the effect is not good, it can be removed and pathological examination can be made. The principle of resection is the resection of the lesion. If the lesion is extensive, total mastectomy can be performed as appropriate. If the pathological examination after the operation reveals canceration, Kanemoto operation should be performed.

(2) Breast fibroma: Breast fibroma is the most common benign tumor among young women, and most of them are painless tumors, which are found by accident; It is small at the beginning, but it grows fast, and it grows slowly or stops growing when it is as long as 3cm; It is round or oval, with clear boundary, more protuberance, less flat, and the surface is not smooth. When it is touched, it is small nodules, some of which are obviously lobulated, moderately hard, and more tenderness-free, and can be pushed freely.

The surgical resection of breast fibroma has a good effect. However, breast fibroma can occur repeatedly, and after a surgical resection, it can make other parts of the breast happen again. If the breast fibroma is continuously born, the operation will be difficult to continue, and patients often refuse the surgical treatment. At this time, androgen therapy can be tried. Testosterone should be taken orally one week after menstruation stops and end before the next menstruation. It is advisable to take a small dose every day, with the total amount not exceeding 1mg. During the treatment, it is necessary not to make menstrual cycle disorder.

(3) Mammary duct papilloma: Mammary duct papilloma refers to a section of mammary duct from the opening of the duct to about 1cm below the ampulla. It is mainly single-shot, and multiple-shot is rare. Clinically, breast examination can be manifested as nipple discharge, pain and touching tumor. Cytological examination of nipple discharge smear shows red blood cells and epithelial cells, and sometimes tumor cells, but it is often impossible to determine benign or malignant.

For breast papilloma with nipple discharge as the only clinical manifestation, the principles of management are as follows: ① Only one catheter overflows, and this point can be locally removed. If pressing a certain section leads to nipple discharge, it is feasible to remove the section. ② Hypergalactorrhea, total mastectomy is feasible for the elderly, and segmental mastectomy is suitable for the young. ③ The specimens were removed for pathological examination, and finally, according to the pathological examination, we decided whether to add other treatments.

Papilloma has the following clinical manifestations, and the treatment methods are as follows: ① If there is bleeding, large catheter removal is feasible. ② If there is a small nodule near the areola, the nodule can be removed. ③ There are obvious cystic masses in the middle part of the breast, especially when the tumor is large. All women with unknown clinical diagnosis and over middle age should undergo total mastectomy. If the tumor is small, local excision is enough.

canceration of ductal papilloma is very rare, so it should not be regarded as precancerous lesion. Recurrence of large duct papilloma after local excision is rare, so total mastectomy should be carefully selected.

what are the three ways to find breast cancer by self-examination?

The American Cancer Society recommended a three-step self-examination method, which is suitable for women over 2 years old. It should be done once a month, and each examination should be done after menstruation:

(1) When taking a shower or bath, gently touch both breasts and armpits with your fingertips, and pay attention to whether there are any abnormal lumps.

(2) Take off your coat, stand in front of the mirror, and raise your arm to check whether the breast contour, skin, nipples, etc. have changed. Hang your arms down and put them in your waist, and observe whether the breasts on both sides are equal in height and symmetry, and whether the nipples, areola and skin are abnormal.

(3) The upper body is bare, lying on your back horizontally, with one arm bent and resting on your head, and the other hand checking the contralateral breast for lumps, induration and thickening. During the examination, the fingers move in a circle on the breast, first around the upper part, and finally under the armpit, and then touch them carefully in order. The specific method is: put your fingers flat, gently touch them with the palm of your fingers, and don't pinch them with your hands, otherwise you will mistake the grabbed glands for lumps.

what are the steps of self-examination of breast cancer and what are the main points of preventing breast cancer?

(1) The steps of self-examination of breast are as follows:

① Self-examination in the mirror;

② raise your arms and check whether the breasts are symmetrical;

③ Lie on your back with a flat pillow under your left shoulder and lift your left arm;

④ press gently with the fingers of the right hand flat to check the inside of the left breast and nipple;

⑤ check the lower part of the left breast and pay attention to the edge of the breast;

⑥ Put down the left arm and continue to check up along the outer edge of the breast, including the top of the armpit;

⑦ check the outer upper part of breasts;

⑧ check the outer lower part of the breasts.

(2) The main points of breast cancer prevention are as follows:

① Advocating marriage at the right age (after 23 years old) and childbearing at the right age (24-3 years old), and breastfeeding for one to one and a half years;

② Avoid diet with high fat and high calorie, and increase the content of dietary cellulose;

③ Actively treat breast benign diseases, remove breast benign tumors as early as possible, such as breast fibroma and intraductal papilloma, and closely observe breast cystic hyperplasia;

④ It is suggested to carry out breast cancer screening with infrared breast scanner, and the diagnostic coincidence rate of this instrument is over 95%;

⑤ advocate self-examination.

what are the main points of early self-examination of breast cancer and what are the late manifestations?

(1) Key points of early self-examination

① Women over p>①3 years old should have breast self-examination once every 1-2 months, preferably when the breasts are at least congested between menstruation.

② The high incidence area of breast cancer-the outer upper part of the breast is the key examination area, followed by the central area.

③ During the examination, you can only gently press it with a flat finger and repeatedly touch it, but you can't grasp it. Normal breast tissue is easy to grasp and pinch into a "lump feeling", and the flat breast tissue is flat and soft or has a sense of cord, rather than a lump or tumor feeling.

④ Self-examination should not push and pull hard, because the real malignant tumor is easy to spread when it is pushed and pulled.

(2) Manifestations of advanced breast cancer

① Breast mass is rapidly increasing, and its range of motion is more and more limited, and it is gradually fixed due to its connection with surrounding tissues. The shape of the mass is irregular, the surrounding boundary is unclear, the surface is not smooth, and the texture is obviously harder than the surrounding breast tissues. Although it is painless, it feels dull and uncomfortable when it is pressed.

② The appearance of breast nipple changes. Bilateral breasts are asymmetrical, the shape of the diseased side is larger than that of the healthy side, and there are some distortions such as prominent uplift or depression, skew and elevation. The nipple also becomes crooked or slightly upturned, or invaginates until it disappears, or the nipple erodes until it is defective.

③ "orange peel change" and "dimple sign". Advanced breast cancer, local skin edema and hardening, shaped like "orange peel", is a typical feature of breast cancer.

④ The nipple overflows with bloody or purulent putrefaction, and the breast skin is ulcerated to form an ulcer surface. This ulcer has a foul smell and is easy to bleed, and its shape is sunken like a crater or turned out like cauliflower.

how to choose the prescription to treat breast cancer?

Dr. Cui Koushi from Yuncheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shanxi introduced two prescriptions as follows:

Formula 1

Each prescription contains 15g of Angelica sinensis, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae and Radix Rehmanniae, 1g of Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Rhizoma Curcumae, Rhizoma Cyperi, Squama Manis and Semen Vaccariae, 6g of Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Radix Cyathulae, 9g of Radix Platycodi, Radix Curcumae and Flos Carthami.

indications: breast cancer, breast fibroma and hyperplasia of mammary glands. Breast distension, hard lump, smooth movement, pressing pain, unsmooth menstruation, abdominal pain accompanied by blood stasis, mental fatigue, irritability, red tongue edge with blood stasis, white greasy or yellowish and thick fur, and slippery pulse, which is characterized by phlegm and blood stasis.

decoct with water and take it after meals, one dose per day.