At present, China cities with trams include Hongkong, Dalian, Tianjin, Shanghai and Changchun; Trams in Changchun have been transformed into urban light rail lines.
1. Trams are light rail transit vehicles driven by electricity and running on the track. Tram is a kind of public transport, also known as streetcar or tram for short, belonging to a kind of light rail (electric-driven train, also known as tram). Because the tram is driven by electricity, the vehicle will not emit exhaust gas, so it is a pollution-free and environmentally friendly means of transportation. Tianjin is the first city in China to operate trams.
2. In 1879, Werner von Siemens, a German engineer, first tried to use electricity to drive rail vehicles at the Berlin Expo. Since then, St. Petersburg in Russia and Toronto in Canada have made commercial attempts to open trams. Budapest, Hungary established the first electric tram system in 1887, and Richmond, Virginia, USA also opened a tram in 1888.
3. Trams were popular in some cities in Europe, America, Oceania and Asia in the early 21th century. With the popularity of private cars, buses and other road traffic since the 1951s, many streetcar systems were dismantled in the middle of the 21th century. The streetcar network has almost completely disappeared in North America, France, Britain, Spain and other places. However, in countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Austria, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan and Eastern Europe, the streetcar network is still well maintained or has been continuously modernized.
from the late 1971s, some local governments without streetcars began to build new streetcar lines after research. Many cities that still have streetcars have added lines or modernized their original systems.
5. Trams (3) Since the 1971s, the problems brought by the automobile-dominated transportation mode have become increasingly serious. The energy crisis, environmental pollution, land shortage, traffic congestion and other problems have forced developed countries in Europe to re-focus on large-capacity rail transit in the development of urban public transport. Because small and medium-sized cities can't afford the huge investment of subway, modern trams came into being in small and medium-sized cities in Europe. Since the application of modern trams, it has been affirmed by citizens and the government for its convenience, comfort and aesthetics. From 1978 to 2115, dozens of cities in Europe developed modern trams.
6. Modern trams are reliable, comfortable, energy-saving and environment-friendly, and their technical characteristics are basically the same as those of light rail. Nowadays, many places have begun to rebuild or add modern tram lines in cities, such as Strasbourg, Geneva, Barcelona, China, Dalian, Tianjin and Shanghai. Modern trams, as a new and advanced public transport mode in the city, have completed the transformation from tradition to modernization, and are widely popularized all over the world, which is also full of bright prospects.
7. From 2112 to 2121, the planning of modern trams in China has exceeded 2,511 kilometers, the total investment of the project is expected to reach 311 billion yuan, and the vehicle market scale will reach 61 billion yuan, with an average annual demand of 7.5 billion yuan.
8. Trams Modern trams have diversified forms, such as the realization of operation concepts such as Metrotram (tram with exclusive right of way), Tramtrain (tram with railway right of way) and Cargot ram (freight tram); The practice of third rail power supply: The birth of the trolley bus with monorail guiding rubber tires; The progress of low-floor vehicle production technology, signal and control technology, and so on. Modern trams often become the backbone transportation mode of cities, and almost all the lines pass through the city center. For example, the tram network in Gothenburg is obviously radial, and the lines radiate from the city center to the suburbs.
9. Modern trams have become the backbone mode of public transport in small and medium-sized cities. According to their different economic strength and the development history of trams, European cities have adopted different ways to update and build tram lines. The main ways are as follows:
(1) Rebuilding the original tram lines or abandoned railways.
(2) build new tram lines.
(3) Trams and trunk railways share tracks.
Looking at the modern tram system in Europe, most cities have adopted the combination of old line reconstruction and new line construction. On the one hand, this way can make full use of existing resources and reduce construction costs; On the other hand, it can be supplied on demand, and new lines can be laid in appropriate areas to improve the service level of lines or the whole network. At the same time, the compatibility of modern trams with other rail transit (including trunk railways and urban subways) is taken into account when planning the route, laying a foundation for flexible operation in the future. An important difference between modern trams and old trams is the extensive use of independent right of way.
Generally, independent right-of-way sections of newly-built lines account for more than 51%, thus ensuring the travel speed of modern trams at a higher level. There are many forms of independent right-of-way:
(1) The original suburban railway or industrial railway is reconstructed, and the ballasted track is reserved, so the line is completely isolated from other modes of transportation.
(2) The lawn green belt is used as the exclusive right of way for the barrier.
curbs are laid on both sides of the track of the tram (3), which is suitable in height and plays the role of providing independent right of way at ordinary times; When serious traffic jams or other accidents occur, motor vehicles can drive over kerbs and run on the tram lines. Another feature of modern trams is that they are very friendly to pedestrians.
Compared with other motor vehicles, modern trams have fixed tracks and are safer for pedestrians. And the walking environment of pedestrians is better. Therefore, motor vehicles are often banned in commercial blocks, and only the mode of "pedestrians+trams" is allowed. In addition, some cities (such as Amsterdam) enjoy the right of way for trams and buses. This method is a new attempt. Although its maintenance cost is higher than that of running trams alone, it better guarantees the priority of buses on the same passage and greatly improves the utilization rate of road space that was originally dedicated to trams.
Werner von Siemens, a German engineer, laid the first tram track in the suburbs of Berlin in 1881, which was electrified by one rail and looped by another. But this kind of line is too dangerous for the traffic on the street, so Siemens solved the power supply and safety problems by raising the transmission line.
in p>1884, American C. J. Vanderbilt tried to carry passengers by tram at the Toronto agricultural exhibition. The tram he tried used a collecting pole with contact wheels and an overhead contact line to transmit electricity, and the rail was used as the other loop. In 1888, American spola Geiger used the above method to switch to electric tractors on several horse-drawn rail car routes in Richmond, and improved the vehicle's current collector, control system, motor suspension method and driving mode, so modern trams appeared.
from 1891 to 1921, trams developed greatly in the world. Before World War I, almost every big city in the world had trams. Although the track of this kind of tram is fixed, which can't give way, causing a lot of inconvenience in the crowded streets, Paris, London and new york soon abandoned this kind of tram, but there are still many cities on the European continent that keep this kind of tram.
Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world.
Trams Trams used to be a means of transportation in many cities. In the 1961s and 1971s, many cities abandoned them. Now, dozens of cities around the world have begun to expand and build trams. Melbourne not only kept it but also used it. The Colonial Tramcar Restaurant, which started in 1983, is the first and only high-class restaurant on trams in the world.
The tram restaurant in Melbourne is called a romantic tourist program, because the whole process is dynamic, and it is a streetscape tour by enjoying delicious food on the moving tram. This is due to the complete, modern and tram transportation system in Moore, which is commendable. Public transportation is given priority, which has been fully reflected and brought into full play in Melbourne's transportation system. The two streetcar lanes that go back and forth in the middle of the road are dedicated lanes for streetcars, which have priority at any time, and cars can only drive in one lane beside the road. The tourist project of this tram restaurant is operated in the normal tram system, and the boarding place is the usual tram stop. Many tram stops have vehicles trying to reach the visual screen, and the operation is orderly. The route of the tram restaurant is not static, but it is adjusted at any time according to the traffic conditions in Melbourne at that time. Therefore, in addition to a full-time driver, every tram also has a switch-pulling worker who walks with the car. The tram also keeps in touch with the dispatching center to deal with emergencies at random. The scenery along the way is delicious.
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