1. Chen Yuanyuan, a famous concubine in the country

Chen Yuanyuan was originally a singing girl from Kunshan and once lived in Qinhuai. Because of her outstanding sexual skills and her connection with major historical events, the Qing people She was included in the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai" and said that she was the "advocate of Jinling in the former dynasty".

Chen Yuanyuan's original surname is Xing, her given name is Yuan, her courtesy name is Yuanyuan, and her courtesy name is Wanfang. She adopted her adoptive mother Chen as a child, so she changed her surname to Chen. She is extremely beautiful, with bright flowers and snow, she is good at singing and dancing, and her beauty and art are among the best.

In the last years of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng's peasant uprising army shocked the court, and Emperor Chongzhen was restless day and night. Zhou Kui, the uncle of Jiading, wanted to find a stunning beauty for the emperor to relieve the emperor's worries, so he sent Concubine Tian's brother Tian Wan to the south of the Yangtze River to look for her. After Tian Wan found Chen Yuanyuan, he was so fascinated by her beauty that he secretly took it as his own.

Soon Li Zicheng's team approached the capital, and Emperor Chongzhen urgently summoned Wu Sangui to guard Shanhaiguan. Tian Wan was worried about the peasant uprising all day long, so he held a grand banquet for Wu Sangui, and Yuanyuan led the singing group to perform in the hall. After Wu Sangui saw Yuanyuan, he was so fascinated that he was so happy that he hugged Yuanyuan and drank with her. After drinking for three rounds, the alarm suddenly sounded. Tian Wan stepped forward in fear and said to Wu: "What will happen to the invaders?" Wu Sangui said: "If you can see Yuanyuan as a gift, I will protect your family first." Before Tian Wan could answer, Wu Sangui That is, with a round greeting.

Wu Sangui was persuaded by his father, who was in charge of the imperial camp, to leave Yuanyuan in the capital to prevent his colleagues from causing trouble and letting the emperor know about it.

After Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, Wu Sangui's father surrendered to the rebel army, and Chen Yuanyuan was plundered by Li's men. When Wu Sangui agreed to surrender to Li Zicheng, he heard that Yuanyuan had been captured by Li's generals. He was furious and shouted, "What can a man do if he can't protect himself?" Then he surrendered to the Qing army and started a war with the peasant army. This is what Wu Meicun said in "Yuanyuanqu": "The six armies who mourn are all in plain clothes, and the crown and anger become beauty."

After Li Zicheng was defeated, he killed Wu's father and all 38 members of his family, and then abandoned Beijing and fled. Wu Sangui pursued the peasant army to Shanxi day and night with the revenge of killing his father and seizing his wife. At this time, Wu's troops searched for Chen Yuanyuan in the capital, teleported on flying cavalry, and led Wu Sangui to take Chen Yuanyuan from Qin to Shu, and then monopolized Yunnan.

During the Shunzhi period, the Wu family was promoted to the King of Yunnan and wanted to make Yuanyuan his concubine. However, Yuanyuan resigned with excuses and Wu Sangui did not marry her. Not wanting the concubine she married to be jealous, she framed and unjustly killed Wu's concubine, so Yuanyuan lived alone in a separate courtyard. After Yuanyuan fell out of favor, she gradually became alienated from Wu. Wu once plotted to murder her. After Yuanyuan learned about it, she begged to become a nun, and from then on she embroidered Buddha images in Changzhai at Huaguo Temple in Mount Wuhua.

Later Wu Sangui declared independence in Yunnan, Emperor Kangxi sent troops to Yunnan, and the city of Kunming was destroyed in the winter of 1681. After Wu Sangui died, Chen Yuanyuan also sank in the lotus pond outside the temple and was buried beside the pond after his death. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were two small frames of Chen Yuanyuan hidden in the temple, and there were poems carved on stone by the pool.

2. Li Xiangjun, a chivalrous and courageous person

Li Xiangjun, a famous prostitute in the Qinhuai River, always carries a silk fan with her. The surface of the fan is pure white silk, with a richly colored peach blossom picture painted on it. Therefore, it is called "Peach Blossom Fan". This picture of the fan is not by a famous artist, but why does Li Xiangjun regard it as a treasure? It turns out that the peach blossoms on this fan were not painted with dye, but written with Li Xiangjun's blood. It embodies the lingering and tragic love story between her and her lover Hou Fangyu, and it is also where all her hopes for this life lie.

Li Xiangjun is the red girl in the Meixiang Building by the Qinhuai River. This Meixiang Building is exquisitely built and stands near the water. Standing on the building and leaning on the railing, you can see the Qinhuai River with clear blue smoke and colorful boats. All in sight. The owner of Meixiang Tower is Aunt Li. She was also a popular prostitute by the Qinhuai River when she was young. When she grew older, she used her own savings to build Meixiang Tower, adopted several goddaughters, and entertained guests with poetry, wine, singing and dancing. Nanjing is quite famous in the city. The person who gives Meixianglou the most face is Li Xiangjun. This girl grew up by Aunt Li's side. She was taught poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, singing and dancing. She was taught by Aunt Li to be proficient in everything. In terms of temperament, she also learned from Aunt Li's bold and chivalrous spirit. She was really cute. When it comes to Li Xiangjun's appearance, she has unique characteristics. She is petite and exquisite, with pretty eyebrows and bright lips. Her small lips are slightly upturned, showing a bit of playfulness. She has a lovely appearance. Because she is petite and fragrant, the name It also has the word "香" in it, so the guests jokingly call her "incense fan pendant", which really suits her charm.

Meixiang House is one of the higher-end prostitute houses on the banks of the Qinhuai River. Most of the girls in brothels are just entertainers and entertainers rather than prostitutes. Li Xiangjun is a typical example of this. Because Aunt Li is generous and elegant, most of the guests at Meixiang House are literati and upright and loyal ministers. Under the influence of her godmother, Li Xiangjun is good at distinguishing between good and bad, loyal and traitorous at a young age. She met Hou Fangyu for the first time. When they fell in love at first sight, Li Xiangjun was only sixteen years old.

Hou Fangyu, courtesy name Chaozong, was born in Shangqiu, Henan. His grandfather Hou Zhipu was Taichang Qing of the Ming Dynasty, and his father Hou Xun was the Minister of Household Affairs. They were both upright and loyal ministers. Hou Fangyu studied poetry and calligraphy with Ni Yuanlu, a famous scholar in his hometown, since he was a child. He was smart and versatile, and he grew up very quickly. One was a charming young man, and the other was a delicate and affectionate brothel girl. After dating several times in a row, they both fell in love. Among them, it is indistinguishable.

3. The strength of character is given to Jun Liu Rushi

Liu Rushi is a famous singing prostitute who was active in the Ming and Qing dynasties. She has a strong personality, integrity, intelligence, courage and greatness, and has a great reputation. inferior to Li Xiangjun, Bian Yujing and Gu Meisheng.

Liu Rushi’s name is Rushi, with the small Chinese character Miwu. His real name is Ailiu. He read Xin Qiji’s poem: “I see how charming the green hills are, and I expected that the green hills would look like this to me”, so he named himself Rushi; later he He is called "Hedong Jun" and "Miwu Jun". She is from Jiaxing, born in the 50th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. She was smart and studious when she was young. However, due to her poverty, she was robbed and sold to Wujiang as a maid at a young age. She fell into Zhangtai when she was young, changed her name to Liu Yin, and traveled around in troubled times. Between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jinling. Because of her unparalleled beauty and talent, she became a famous concubine of Qinhuai. She left behind many anecdotes worthy of telling as well as literary poems "Grass on the Lake", "Wu Yin Zhuo" and rulers.

Liu Rushi was once friendly with Zhang Fu and Chen Zilong, the leaders of the Nanming Restoration Society, and fell in love with Chen. However, Chen was unfortunately defeated and died in the anti-Qing uprising. Liu's requirements for choosing a son-in-law were very high. She looked down on many proposals from celebrities, and some of them only stayed at the friendship stage. Finally, in the 14th year of Chongzhen, when she was in her 20s, she married Qian Qianyi, a leader of Donglin who was over 50 years old and a famous bureaucrat. After Qian married Liu, he built the magnificent "Jiangyun Tower" and "Hongdou Pavilion" for her in Yushan. The golden house hides the beauty. Liu's descendants gave birth to a daughter. Some "red scholars" believe that the Jiangyun Pavilion designed by Cao Xueqin is derived from the Jiangyun Tower of the Liu family.

When Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself and the Qing army occupied Beijing, the Hongguang Small Court was established in Nanjing. Liu Rushi supported Qian Qian and became the Minister of Rites of Nanming. Soon the Qing army marched south. When the troops approached the city, Liu persuaded Qian to join him and die for his country. Qian was thoughtful and speechless. Finally, he stepped into the pool and tested the water and said, "The water is too cold to enter." Mrs. Liu "wanted to sink into the pool", but Ms. Qian held her back. So Qian was shy and welcomed the surrender. Qian Jiangqing went to Beijing, but Liu stayed in Nanjing. Qian became a minister of the Ministry of Rites and a bachelor of the Imperial Academy in the Qing Dynasty. Due to the influence of the Liu family, he resigned after half a year due to illness. Later, he was involved in two lawsuits. Liu Rushi bribed him to be released from prison while he was ill, and encouraged him to contact Zheng Chenggong, Zhang Huangyan, Qu Shichun, Wei Geng, etc. who were still resisting. Liu also tried her best to support and comfort the anti-Qing rebels, all of which showed her strong patriotism and national integrity. Qian Qianyi's surrender to the Qing Dynasty should have been criticized by later generations, but Liu Rushi's righteous deeds diluted people's antipathy towards him.

Yu Dafu recorded Liu Rushi's poem "I Listen to the Room in Spring" in "Yuxia Zazai". In terms of literary and artistic talents, she can be called one of the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai". After reading her poems, the famous scholar Chen Yinke felt "stunned" and admired Liu Rushi's "clear words and beautiful sentences". The people of the Qing Dynasty believed that her ruler slips were "more beautiful than those in the Six Dynasties, and they were deeply affectionate to Ban Cai". Liu is also proficient in music, good at dancing, and is also famous for her calligraphy and painting. Her paintings are skillful, simple, and beautiful; her calligraphy is highly praised by future generations, who call her "an iron fist with a silver hook, which can capture wonderful traces."

After Qian's death in 1666, the villagers gathered to seize his property. In order to protect the Qian family's property, Liu actually committed suicide with a silk tie. Although the villains were scared away, a generation of talented women ended their lives like this. After Liu's death, he was buried in Fushui Villa in Yushan. His daughter was 17 years old that year and was married to the son of Wuxi editor Zhao Yusen.

4. Gu Meisheng, the heroic heart

Gu Meisheng is Gu Mei, a native of Shangyuan, Nanjing. According to "Banqiao Miscellaneous Notes": "Gu Mei's courtesy name is Meisheng, also known as Mei, and her nickname is Meisheng." Hengbo, known as Shanzhujun in the evening, is handsome and elegant, with outstanding demeanor; his hair is like clouds, his beard is full of peach blossoms, his bow has become slender, his waist is light and graceful, he is good at painting orchids, and his appearance is outstanding. People recommend her as the number one singer in Southern Song Dynasty. "It can be seen that she not only has the graceful appearance of a lady, but also has literary talent and artistic skills.

The famous literati Yu Huai and Gu Mei had a close friendship; Hou Gu and Liu Fang were engaged to be a couple, and soon she broke the contract and married Gong Dingshan, one of the "Three Jiangzuo Families" who had long since surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, as a concubine, and Liu Fang became a concubine. Therefore, he died for his love. Gong was greatly favored by Gu Mei and named her "Shan Te". Later, she regarded Gu as his second wife and received the title of first-class canon. Gong Shi was the minister of the Ministry of Rites of the Qing Dynasty. All the famous people in the capital were respected as deities. Whenever guests asked for Gong's poems, calligraphy and paintings, Gu Mei would write them for him. Gu Mei's fame and talent became more and more popular. Zeng Duoyi of the Gu family took advantage of Gong's political status to resist the generosity of Qing patriots.

In 1657, Gong and Gu Mei revisited Jinling and settled in Hidden Garden in Dayoufang Lane beside the Qinhuai River. One day she told Gong, who was writing a poem, that she met Yan Ermei in monk's clothes at Wende Bridge. Gong An was surprised. It turned out that Jing Ben was a Juren of Peixian County. When the Qing army went south, he persuaded Shi Kefa to lead the army in Xuzhou. He went north to Shandong to stop the attack; in the past few years, he went everywhere advocating against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty, and was hunted by the Qing court. While talking, Yan Ermei fled into the village hall in the city's hidden garden. At this time, the surrounding area was darkened by the Qing army. Under the cover of Gu Mei's wit, Yan finally escaped. Therefore, the great talent Yuan Mei praised him and said: "Be courteous to the virtuous and love the wise, and the chivalrous person is noble."

In the late autumn of 1664, Gu Mei died of illness in the Gong Mansion in Tieshi Hutong, Beijing. Hundreds of mourning vehicles were carried out; even Yan Ermei, Liu Jingting, and Yu Bei, who were far away in Jiangnan, opened a funeral for her in Luzhou, Anhui. Hanging offering. Gong also built Miaoguang Pavilion for him in Changbang Temple in Beijing, and wrote "The Legend of Baimenliu" for it which has been passed down to the world.

5. Bian Yujing's Embroidery of Buddha in Changzhai

Bian Yujing's famous competition, also known as Saisai, was later nicknamed "Yujing Taoist" and was commonly known as Yujing.

She was born into a family of Qinhuai officials. Two sisters, because their father died early, they were reduced to singing prostitutes. Bian Sai was good at poetry, music, calligraphy and painting, and was especially good at regular script. He was also good at literature and history. She is skilled in painting skills, and her pen strokes are as smooth as moving clouds. She likes to paint graceful branches, and is especially good at painting orchids.

When she was 18 years old, she traveled to Wumen and lived in Huqiu. She traveled between Qinhuai and Suzhou. She was a famous singing girl in Qinhuai in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Bian Sai is generally not good at reciprocating guests, but if he meets a beautiful person and knows his friends, he will talk like a cloud and attract people. Bian Sai once had a marriage with Wu Meicun, a famous poet in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

In the spring of the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, Wu Meicun sent off his brother Wu Zhiyan to be appointed as the prefect of Chengdu at the Shengchu Tower outside Shuixi Gate of Nanjing. Here he met the Bian Sai sisters who came to see Wu Zhiyan off. Bian Sai's noble and refined yet somewhat melancholy temperament reminds me of two popular poems in the south of the Yangtze River: "Looking for Bian Sai in wine, and Chen Yuan emerges from the bottom of the flower." During the dinner, Wu tested Bian Sai's literary talent, which made Wu fall in love. From then on, the two had frequent contacts and their relationship gradually deepened.

Later, Wu got a letter from Bian at his residence in Changqianli. He knew that Bian wanted to marry him, and felt very conflicted. Because Wu heard the news that Tian Wan, the brother of Emperor Chongzhen's favorite concubine Tian, ??had recently come to Jinling to choose a concubine, and he had already chosen Chen Yuanyuan, Bian Sai and others. Wu was timid in front of his powerful uncle, and only played a few songs at Bian Sai's apartment before leaving sadly.

Two years later, Bian Sai married a prince. Unsatisfied, he gave his maid Rourou to him, begged for help, and became a female Taoist priest in Suzhou. He was attached to a 70-year-old girl. Zheng Baoyu, a famous doctor, funded Zheng to build a separate palace. Bian Sai Changzhai embroidered Buddha, held lessons and recited the precepts very strictly. In order to repay Zheng's kindness, he spent three years stabbing his tongue and writing the Lotus Sutra in blood for Zheng.

At this time, Wumeicun became an official in the Qing Dynasty and felt depressed. One day in the seventh year of Shunzhi, Bian Sai saw Wu's four poems "Qinhe Sense of the Past" at Qian Qian's house, and he knew that Wu missed her. A few months later, the two finally met in Taicang. Bian Sai played the piano for Wu. Wu couldn't remember it and wrote "Listening to the Female Taoist Bian Yujing Playing the Qin Song" as a gift. The poem tells the story of Bian in these ten years. It pointed out that when the Qing army went to Jiangnan and Yujing, "the strings were cold and silent", which was a desolate situation. Bian Sai later lived in seclusion in Huishan, Wuxi. He died of illness more than ten years later and was buried in Jinshulin at Zhetuo Temple in Huishan.

6. Ma Xianglan is full of talented paintings

Ma Xianglan (1548-1604) can be called a female poet and painter of the Ming Dynasty. According to "Qinhuai Guangji", her first name was Shouzhen, with the courtesy name Xianglan, the small name Xuan'er, and the second name Yuejiao. Because she was the fourth child in the family, she was known as "Siniang". She has a smart nature, is good at poetry and painting, and is especially good at painting orchid and bamboo, so she is known as "Xianglan". Although her appearance is not outstanding, "her posture and head are like ordinary people", but her "expression is clear, her voice is like the early orioles on spring willows, her words are hopeful, and she cleverly waits for people's wishes."

The Ma family is highly accomplished in painting. At that time, Cao Xueqin's grandfather Cao Yin wrote poems for "Ma Xianglan Painting Orchid Scroll" three times in a row, with a total of 72 lines, which are recorded in Cao Yin's "Dong Pavilion". "Collection". Her painting skills were evaluated in "History of Painting in the Past Dynasties" as "orchid imitates Zigu, bamboo imitates Zhongji, all of which can imitate her charm". Among the exquisite calligraphy and paintings in the Forbidden City in Beijing are Ma's orchid albums, which shine with unique brilliance. Her paintings have always been regarded as treasures abroad. Ma was also quite talented in literature, and had written two volumes of poems in "The Collection of Xianglanzi" and the script "The Story of Three Lives". Ma is versatile. He is also proficient in music, good at singing and dancing, and can write and direct his own plays. The theater troupe she taught in the workshop was able to perform "The Complete Story of the West Chamber", and those who followed her to learn the skills would be prepared for the true story.

Mrs. Ma grew up in Nanjing and unfortunately fell into prostitution at an early age. However, she was broad-minded and had a chivalrous nature, and she often spent money to help young people. She lived in a scenic spot in the Qinhuai River and received many admirers. She had a close friendship with Wang Zhideng, a talented man from the south of the Yangtze River. Her letters to Wang Zhideng were collected in "Slips from Ladies of the Past". When Wang Zhideng celebrated his 70th birthday, Ma raised funds to buy a boat to carry dozens of singers and went to Suzhou to buy wine and celebrate his birthday. They "banqueted for months and sang and danced till the end of the night." After returning home, he became ill and finally forced himself to take a bath and sit upright in worship of the Buddha before he passed away. , 57 years old. After his death, Ma was buried in his residence, near the Bifeng Temple in Bailuzhou Park today.

7. The romantic heroine Kou Baimen

Kou Baimen, whose name is Mei and whose courtesy name is Baimen, is one of the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.

"Banqiao Miscellaneous Notes" says: "The white gate Juanjuan is quiet and beautiful; it is ups and downs, can play music, is good at painting orchids, knows each other and plays rhyme, can recite poems, but it is slippery and easy and cannot be learned." Bai Men is simple and tactless, which determines her tragedy in marriage and love.

In the late spring of the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, Zhu Guobi, the prominent hero and protector of the country, came to Kou's house on Chaoku Street under the escort of a police officer. After several interactions, Baimen left a good impression on him. He is polite, gentle and kind, so when Zhu proposed marriage, he agreed immediately. On the autumn night of that year, 17-year-old Kou Baimen boarded the sedan chair with heavy makeup. In the Ming Dynasty, it was the custom at the time for women with Le Ji Ling in Jinling to leave their nationality and become good friends or get married at night. In order to show his grandeur and grandeur, Zhu Guobi sent 5,000 soldiers holding red lanterns starting from Wuding Bridge and standing solemnly along the way to Zhu Mansion on the inner bridge. The grand occasion was unprecedented and became the largest wedding scene in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Guobi was actually a slick and cunning bureaucrat. His marriage to Kou Baimen was a temporary necessity. After a few months, his ruthlessness was gradually exposed, so he left Kou aside and continued to follow the rules. Between Tailiu Lane.

In 1645, the Qing army went south. Zhu Guobi surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, soon moved to the capital, and was imprisoned by the Qing court. Zhu wanted to sell all the singers and maids, including Lian Kou Baimen, but Baimen said to Zhu Yun: "If the proceeds from selling my concubine are only a few hundred gold... If I send my concubine back to the south, I will be paid ten thousand gold in one month." Lord." Zhu thought and agreed, and Kou Baimen returned to Jinling with his maid Dou'er on horseback and short clothes.

With the help of sisters from the old courtyard, Kou raised 20,000 silver to redeem Zhu Guobi.

At this time, Mrs. Zhu wanted to realize her dream again, but was rejected by Mrs. Kou. She said: "Back then, you used money to redeem me from my citizenship, and now I also use money to redeem you." It should be settled.

The Kou family returned to Jinling, and she was known as the heroine. She "built garden pavilions, entertained guests, and interacted with literati and poets every day. Her ears were full of wine, singing or crying, and she also lamented the beauty's late death. "The red beans are falling away." Later, a certain Xiaolian from Yangzhou returned to Jinling unhappily, and finally died of illness in his home in Leji. At that time, Qian Qianyi, the leader of Donglin in the literary world, wrote a memorial poem "Kou Baimen" and said: "The sisters of the Kou family have always been beautiful. For eighteen years, they have been obsessed with flowers. Today, Qin Huai is afraid that he will be worth it, and he will not let his red tears stain his clothes." The red powder misses the king's kindness, but the heroine knows that the coffin is still alive, and the fragrant pill is the soul. Dong Xiaowan, whose given name is Bai, also known as Qinglian, is also nicknamed Qinglian Nvshi. Both her name and her nickname were derived from her admiration for Li Bai. He was born into a businessman in Suzhou who made a living from embroidery. Unfortunately, when he was thirteen years old, his father died of a sudden illness. Two more years later, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the world was in chaos and chaos was approaching Suzhou. His mother, Bai, planned to pack up her belongings and flee, but found that she had no money to take with her. She was so angry that she fell ill in bed, and the burden of life suddenly fell to her. The fifteen-year-old Dong Bai felt this way, as if she had developed an aloof and arrogant character and refused to bow her head to others for loans. In desperation, he made a living by performing on a boat on the banks of the Qinhuai River in Nanjing, and changed his name to Xiaowan to support his mother's medical expenses.

During his career, he quickly became famous along the Qinhuai River because of his arrogant character and extremely talented people. However, while being rewarded by literati and elegant guests, he was ignored by worldly villains. For a time, he left Nanjing in anger, but was eventually forced by life to return to his old business at the Bantang brothel, but he was always a performer rather than a prostitute. Later, he got acquainted with Mao Pijiang, who was once defeated by Sun Shan in the provincial examination and was known as one of the "Four Young Masters" at that time. After the two had known each other for a while, Dong Xiaowan admired his character and conversation, so they got to know each other personally. Since Mao Pijiang already had a wife, he only acted as Concubine. But Dong Xiaowan did not feel sad because of the deviation of his status, but served his elders more thoughtfully than the maid. While she was well-known in the countryside for being well-educated and proficient in music, chess, calligraphy and painting, Xiaowan also cared for her husband in every possible way. He is also very good at cooking, and his name is listed among the "Top Ten Famous Chefs of All Time". Today's famous Yangzhou snacks: Guanxiang Dongtang and Crispy Dongtang were all made by her.

However, after a few years of peaceful life, wars broke out again. Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Qing soldiers went south, and war broke out in various places. After the whole family fled, their property was lost as much as possible. . After the war, life in the whole body has been very difficult. As the saying goes, misfortunes never come singly, but at this time, Mao Bijiang fell ill. Xiaowan stayed with her at all times and took meticulous care of her seriously ill husband. After Mao Pijiang passed away, Xiaowan became as sick as a stick, as if she had also been seriously ill. It was in this living environment of hunger, poverty, and lack of food that Xiaowan's physique was extremely weak. Therefore, in the first month of the eighth year of Shunzhi, Dong Xiaowan, who had been a good concubine and a good wife in the Mao family for nine years, finally closed her eyes. With tired eyes closed, she walked so peacefully amidst Maojia's cries.