A network is composed of nodes and connections, representing many objects and their interconnections. In mathematics, a network is a kind of graph, which is generally considered to refer specifically to weighted graphs. In addition to the mathematical definition, the network also has a specific physical meaning, that is, the network is a model abstracted from a certain type of practical problem. In the computer field, the network is a virtual platform for information transmission, reception, and sharing. It connects information from various points, surfaces, and bodies together, thereby realizing the sharing of these resources. The Internet is the most important invention in the history of human development, improving the development of science and technology and human society.
Initial purpose
The U.S. Department of Defense believes that if there is only one centralized military command center, in case this center is destroyed by the nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union. The country's military command will be paralyzed, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, it is necessary to design such a decentralized command system. It must be composed of decentralized command points. When some command points are destroyed, other points can still work normally. , and these scattered points can be connected through some form of communication network.
In 1969, the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency) began to build a network named ARPAnet to connect several military and research computer hosts in the United States. At the beginning, ARPAnet only connected four hosts. From a military requirement, it was under the protection of high-level secrets of the U.S. Department of Defense. Technically, it did not have the conditions for external promotion.
Internet.
In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) used the TCP/IP communication protocol developed by ARPAnet to establish the NSFnet wide area network based on five supercomputer centers for scientific research and education services. Due to the encouragement and funding from the National Science Foundation, many universities, government-funded research institutions and even private research institutions have integrated their local area networks into NSFnet. At that time, the military part of ARPAnet had separated from the main network and established its own network-Milnet. ARPAnet - the father of the Internet, was gradually replaced by NSFnet. By 1990, ARPAnet had withdrawn from the stage of history. Today, NSFnet has become one of the important backbone networks of the Internet.
In 1989, the WWW was successfully developed by CERN, laying the foundation for the Internet to realize wide-area hypermedia information interception/retrieval.
Before the 1990s, the use of the Internet had been limited to research and academic fields, and commercial institutions' entry into the Internet had been troubled by regulations or traditional problems of one kind or another. In fact, government agencies such as the National Science Foundation that have funded the construction of the Internet are not interested in commercial activities on the Internet.
Commercial use begins
In 1991, three companies in the United States operated their own CERFnet, PSInet and Alternet networks respectively, which could provide Internet networking services to customers to a certain extent. They formed the "Commercial Internet Association" (CIEA) and announced that users could use their Internet subnets for any commercial purpose. The emergence of Internet commercial service providers has enabled industrial and commercial enterprises to finally enter the Internet with dignity.
As soon as commercial organizations entered the unfamiliar world of the Internet, they discovered its huge potential in communication, data retrieval, customer service, etc. As a result, its momentum was out of control. Countless companies and individuals from all over the world have poured into the Internet, bringing a new leap in the history of Internet development.
The Internet has connected more than 160 countries and regions, more than 40,000 subnets, and more than 5 million computer hosts. With more than 40 million direct users, it has become the computer public network with the richest information resources in the world. The Internet is considered to be the prototype of the future global information highway. The word '''network''' has many meanings, which can be interpreted as: * [[Network flow]] is also referred to as network (network). Generally used for modeling pipeline systems, transportation systems, and communication systems.
Development Prospects
Switching technology has entered a substantial stage
The telephone network has continued the circuit switching method since its invention. The IP network that emerged at the end of the last century brought breakthroughs to people with connectionless communication methods. Voice services are the main source of revenue for operators and cannot be completely connectionless. Driven by two situations, a network with soft switching as the core emerged. It takes into account the existing telephone network and attempts to transform the traditional circuit-switched network into a packet-switched network.
The emergence of a network with softswitch as the core enables packet transmission of voice channels while keeping the original voice services unchanged, greatly reducing operation and maintenance costs, thereby making softswitch technology It has become an important direction for the development of switching networks.
Today, when business needs dominate the market, the advantage of softswitching in being able to launch new services has made people flock to it. In China, after more than three years of testing and large-scale commercial use, softswitching has The technology is basically mature, the ability to quickly provide services is reflected, and the network construction cost is equivalent to that of traditional switches. Under this circumstance, the continuous emergence of broadband services such as VoIP, IPTV, video conferencing, and VOD has caused problems such as rapid bandwidth consumption and network congestion. Therefore, in terms of access networks, broadband has become an irreversible trend.
People have put forward many solutions to the access problem. In order to solve the problem of broadband, they can be summarized as follows: increasing the interconnection bandwidth; changing the network traffic structure to reduce the bottleneck of the backbone network; applying QoS mechanism to ensure Service quality of some applications; using IPMulticast multicast technology, etc. In contrast, IP multicast technology has the characteristic that network backbone bandwidth does not need to be proportional to the increase in the number of users. It can effectively control backbone network costs and has become the preferred technology for operators. The combination of multicast technology and QoS mechanism will better meet the needs of new services.
Everyone is paying great attention to IPTV in broadband access networks. The high bandwidth called for by IPTV can be said to be an opportunity for the transformation of telecommunications networks. With the rapid development of network technology, broadband users have expanded rapidly. However, many areas have not achieved high broadband user access rates after investing huge sums of money to build broadband metropolitan area networks. IPTV has brought some relief to telecom operators in terms of exploring new ways of user growth and business volume growth. It is becoming a new force for telecom operators to leverage the broadband market.
Wireless aspects
Under the background of the evolution of mobile services from narrowband and voice services to third-generation networks, many broadband wireless access technologies, such as WiMAX, have sprung up. The representative wireless access technology is gaining global attention with its extremely high bandwidth and excellent IP service support capabilities.
In the context of broadband and other broad backgrounds, various new services have also become a topic of concern at the conference. Experts and scholars from all over the country had meaningful exchanges and discussions on rapid business proposing, quality assurance and business models.
Now that China is likely to issue 3G licenses, operators are paying close attention to the integration of fixed and mobile networks. They hope to provide users with high-quality comprehensive services on a unified core network and reduce network costs. Complexity and operation and maintenance costs. But this is a long process that requires continuous maturity in technology, standards, products, etc. This process will be full of opportunities and challenges.
Service model
With the expansion of the Internet on a global scale, China's Internet has developed rapidly, the number of Chinese ISPs has continued to increase, and the services provided have also continued to enrich. However, to realize the prosperity of China's Internet services, not only more and more Internet service providers are required to provide rich services, but also Internet service providers (ISPs) are required to continuously expand the service market, adopt flexible operating models, find their own ways to make profits, and continuously Improve its own independent innovation capabilities and enhance its core competitiveness. This article studies the operating model of China's ISPs and analyzes the different needs of different business types for ISP operating models.
Internet Service Provider (ISP: Internet Service Provider) is an Internet service provider, a telecommunications operator that comprehensively provides Internet access services, information services and value-added services to users. ISP is a formal operating enterprise approved by the national competent authorities and enjoys the protection of national laws. Internet Content Provider (ICP: Internet Content Provider) is an Internet content provider, that is, a telecommunications operator that comprehensively provides Internet information services and value-added services to users. ICP is also a formal operating enterprise approved by the national competent authorities and enjoys national legal protection. Well-known domestic ICPs include Sina, Sohu, 163.21CN, etc.
In the Internet application service industry chain "equipment suppliers - basic network operators - content collectors and producers - business providers - users", ISP/ICP is in the content collector, The location of producers and service providers. Since information services are the most active part of China's information industry, ISP/ICP is also the most innovative and active part of China's information industry. By the end of 2006, there were approximately 21,000 registered value-added service providers in China, most of which were ISPs/ICPs that conduct business based on the Internet. As the development characteristics of the Internet with content as king gradually become clear, most ICPs also play the role of ISPs. This article analyzes the ISP operating models that provide different services according to the classification of Internet services.
Transaction volume
In 2012, the scale of online retail transactions reached 1.32 trillion yuan, and by 2020, this scale may reach 4.2 trillion yuan. Both China E-Commerce Research Center and McKinsey Global Institute have released reports stating that China’s e-commerce market is showing rapid growth and it is expected that by 2020, online retail will account for 10%-16% of China’s consumer market.
Development Trends
The extent to which online retail has lowered China’s average retail price is gradually weakening.
Since 2010
Looking at the future development trend of the e-commerce market from the scale of the Internet economy
, the online prices of major online retail product categories
generally have increased by more than Offline, it reflects that online merchants may have adopted the unsustainable practice of exchanging price for volume in the early days.
With the development of the online retail market, consumers are becoming increasingly mature and no longer focus solely on price comparison
Development prospects Switching technology has entered a substantial stage Wireless aspects Service model Transaction volume Development trend Internet telephone network Hard disk network Financial network Education Internet TV Internet Insurance Internet Marketing Web Hosting