Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 1 1 century and was popular in Europe from 13 to15th century. Mainly seen in Catholic churches, it also affects secular buildings. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.
The structural system of Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make a double-center skeleton tip coupon on the pillars at the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slate is supported on the coupon to form a vault. In this way, coupons with the same height can be made on different spans, and the vault is light in weight and clear in intersection, which reduces the thrust of the coupon foot and simplifies the construction.
The flying crib is issued by the pier outside the side hall to balance the lateral thrust of the arch foot in the middle hall. In order to increase stability, minarets are often built on column piers. Due to the use of pointed vouchers, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the interior space of Gothic churches is spacious, simple and unified. Ornamental details such as canopies and niches are also themed with sharp coupons, and the architectural style and structural techniques form an organic whole.
Classical Gothic Architecture in European Countries
165438+ Gothic architecture first rose in France in the second half of the 20th century. At that time, some churches in France had already appeared the rudiment of ribbed vault and flying crib. It is generally believed that the first truly Gothic church was Saint Denis's church in the suburbs of Paris. The four-corner coupon of this church skillfully solved the problem of rib arch structure between arches, and was matched with a large area of stained glass windows, which was imitated by many churches in the future.
Although the plane of the French Gothic church is a Latin cross, its flanks rarely stand out. The west is the main entrance, the East Ring Hall has a circular corridor, and many small worship rooms are arranged radially. Inside the church, especially in the central hall, towering into the sky, large pieces of stained glass. Its appearance is marked by many large and small minarets and minarets, and some tall bell towers in the west also have minarets. There is a very high steeple on the roof where the two planes meet, and there are exquisite spires on the buttresses and battlements. The windows are thin and high, and the whole church has a strong sense of upward movement, and the sculptures are extremely rich.
The west facade is the focus of the building. The typical composition is: a pair of tall bell towers on both sides, horizontally connected by a horizontal coupon gallery below, and the three gates are perspective doors composed of sharp coupons retreating step by step, and the coupons are covered with statues. There is a big circle above the main entrance, called Rose Window, which is beautifully carved. Notre Dame de Paris is a masterpiece of early Gothic churches in France.
Amiens Cathedral is a masterpiece of French Gothic architecture in its heyday. It is 1.37 meters long and 46 meters wide, with few side wings protruding. At the eastern end, seven small worship rooms are arranged radially in the rotunda. The central hall is15m wide and the vault is 43m high. The arch surface of the middle hall is rectangular, and each room adopts a cross vault, which corresponds to the vault of the side hall. The column is no longer round, and four thin columns are connected to one column to form a bundle column. The thin column is connected with the momentum of the upper coupon rib to enhance the upward momentum. The interior of the church is covered with a stained glass universe, and the walls are almost invisible. The exterior of the church is beautifully carved and magnificent. This church is a symbol of the maturity of Gothic architecture.
The famous churches in the heyday of France are Lance Cathedral and chartres Cathedral, which, together with Amiens Cathedral and Beauvais Cathedral, are called the four Gothic churches in France. Strasbourg Cathedral is also famous, with its minaret as high as 142 meters.
After the Hundred Years' War, few churches were built in France in the14th century. By the time Gothic architecture was revived, it had reached the period of flame pattern, and this style was named after the shape of the flame in Zhou State. Architectural decoration tends to be "fluid" and complicated. Beams and columns often have no stigma, and many thin columns reach the vault from the ground and become ribs. Decorative ribs appeared on the vault, and the rib frame became star-shaped or other complicated forms. Large churches were rarely built at that time. This style often appears in the expansion or reconstruction of cathedrals and in relatively small new churches.
France has a large number of secular buildings in the Gothic period, which is very different from the structure and form of Gothic churches. Due to years of war, the city is very defensive. Castles are mostly built on high ground, with thick stone walls, many bunkers and rigorous appearance. However, the city wall restricts the development of the city, and the city is noisy and crowded, with poor living conditions. Multi-storey residential buildings are close to both sides of narrow streets, gables street. The second floor begins to rise to expand space, and the first floor is usually a workshop or shop. Most of the structures are wooden frames, which are often exposed to form exquisite patterns, which is quite interesting. A rich man's mansion, town hall, trade association, etc. Most of them are built with bricks and stones, and many decorative techniques of Gothic churches are used.
Gothic architecture in Britain appeared a little later than that in France and was popular in12 ~16th century. Unlike the French church, the English church does not stand in the crowded city center, but strives to be tall and control the city. On the contrary, it is often located in an open rural environment. As a part of the complex monastery complex, it is relatively low and extends along the direction of water flow with the monastery. They don't pay attention to structural technology like French churches, but their decorations are more free and diverse. The construction period of English churches is generally very long, during which it is difficult to find a unified overall style.
Salisbury Cathedral in England and Amiens Cathedral in France were built at the same time. The central hall is short and deep, with a side hall on each side, and the transverse wing is prominent, and the rear transverse wing is short, which can accommodate more priests. This is a common layout technique in Britain. The facade of the church is also in the west. The eastern end mostly ends with a square hall, and the ring hall is rarely used. Although Salisbury Church has flying buttresses, it is not remarkable.
The steeple of the English church at the plane intersection is often very high and becomes the center of composition, while the bell tower in the west is in a secondary position. The central minaret of Salisbury Church is about 1.23 meters high, which is the tallest in the English church. The appearance of this church has British characteristics, but the interior is still French style and the decoration is simple. Later, there was a strong English style inside the church. The west window of York Church has complex flowers, and the window lattice is composed of many curves and vivid patterns. During this period, the arch ribs were rich, and the arch ribs of Exeter Church were as strong as the branches of a big tree, and were also composed of many columns.
There are huge windows at the eastern end of Gloucester Church and the western part of Canterbury Church, which are separated by many straight windows. Windows are flat four-heart coupons at most. The slender ribs are stretched and coiled, which is extremely gorgeous. The vault of King's Chapel in Cambridge is like many open fans, called fan arches. The vault of henry vii Chapel in Westminster Abbey is decorated with many drooping funnel-shaped flowers, which is very ingenious. At this time, the rib frame has lost its structural function and has become the object of superb skills of British craftsmen. A large number of small rural churches in Britain are very simple and friendly, often with one tower and various exquisite wooden frames, which are very distinctive.
The achievements of secular architecture in Gothic England are very high. In the early days when Gothic architecture prevailed, the castles of feudal lords were very defensive, with thick walls, many towers and bunkers, and high nuclear castles in the walls. /kloc-after the 0/5th century, the royal power was further consolidated, and the outer wall of the castle was opened with windows, giving more consideration to the comfort of living. The semi-wooden houses of British residents are framed by wooden columns and wooden crossbars, decorated with decorative patterns, and the dark wooden beams, columns and white walls alternate with each other, which is very lively.
Cologne Cathedral is one of the earliest Gothic churches in Germany, which was built in 1248. It was designed by the French who built Amiens Cathedral and has the style of Gothic Church in the heyday of France. Music scenes and temples are similar to Amiens Cathedral. Its central hall is 46 meters high, second only to the main church in Beauvais, France. The twin towers in the west are 152 meters high, which is very spectacular.
The German church formed its own form and characteristics very early. Its middle hall is as high as the side hall, without high side windows and flying arches, and it relies entirely on the thin windows on the outer wall of the side hall for lighting. Above the vault is an integral steep slope roof with a multi-column hall inside. There are two towers in the west of St. Elizabeth's church in Marburg, which are the representatives of this kind of church.
There is also a Gothic church in Germany, but there is a tall bell tower in front of it. A famous example is Ulm Cathedral. Its bell tower is as high as 16 1 m, which controls the composition of the whole building and can be described as a spectacle in medieval church architecture. Brick churches are very popular in northern Europe, and there are also many brick Gothic churches in northern Germany.
/kloc-After 0/5th century, the stone-making technology in Germany reached a peak. The stone carving window lattice is exquisite and exquisite. Sometimes two layers of stone carvings with different patterns overlap and are beautifully carved. There are also many exquisite masterpieces in the decorative sketches of the interior of the building.
During the German Gothic period, secular buildings were mostly masonry structures. The double-slope roof is steep, and there are attics or even multi-storey attics. There are layers of windows on the roof and gables, and light wooden windows, balconies or niches are often picked out on the walls, which have distinctive appearances.
Gothic architecture in Italy was introduced from abroad in the12nd century, mainly affecting the northern region. Italy does not really accept the structural system and modeling principles of Gothic architecture, but regards it as a decorative style, so it is extremely difficult to find a "pure" Gothic church here.
The Italian church does not emphasize the sense of height and verticality, and there is no bell tower in the front, but the composition is made of screen gables. The roof is relatively flat, the windows are not big, and tip coupons and semi-circular coupons are often used together. Flying buttresses are extremely rare, and the carving and decoration have obvious Roman classical style.
Siena Cathedral uses rib coupons, but the vault is a little sharp, and the others are semicircular. Viateau Cathedral is still the roof of the wooden house. The facades of the two churches are similar, and the overall composition is the development of screen gables, with three peaks in the middle and two sides. Although the exterior is decorated with many Gothic spires and piers, the large round windows on the flat wall and the continuous coupon gallery are still the inherent style of the Italian church.
The most famous Gothic church in Italy is Milan Cathedral, which is one of the largest churches in medieval Europe. Construction of 14 began in 1980s, and it was not completed until the beginning of 19. The interior of the church is separated by four rows of huge columns with a width of 49 meters. The middle hall is about 45 meters high, and the intersection of the horizontal wing and the middle hall is more than 65 meters high, with an octagonal lighting pavilion above it. The middle hall is rarely higher than the side hall, and the side high window is very small. The interior is dark, and the exterior of the building is dazzling white marble. The tall flower windows, the upright buttresses and the minaret of 135 all show upward momentum, and the statue at the top of the tower seems to be about to soar. The front of the west is an Italian gable, which is decorated with many Gothic spires. But its doors and windows have the style of the late Renaissance.
Byzantium was originally a castle in ancient Greece. In 395 AD, the once famous Roman Empire was split into two countries, East and West. The capital of West Rome was still in Rome, while the capital of East Rome was moved to Byzantium, and the country was called Byzantine Empire. Byzantine architecture is the architectural culture of Byzantine Empire born in this period.
Historically, Byzantine architecture developed on the basis of inheriting the architectural culture of ancient Rome. At the same time, due to the geographical relationship, it absorbed the eastern culture of Persia, the two river basins and Syria, and formed its own architectural style, which had a positive impact on the later Russian church architecture and Islamic mosque architecture.
The characteristics of Byzantine architecture mainly include four aspects: the first aspect is the roof modeling, and the "dome" is widely used. The second feature is that the overall modeling center is prominent. In general Byzantine architecture, the center of architectural composition is often very prominent. The tall and large dome often becomes the center of the whole building. Around this central part, some small parts are often arranged in an orderly manner. The third feature is that it creates the structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and the corresponding centralized architectural modeling. Its typical practice is to distribute coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with diagonal diameter between four coupons, as if a complete dome was cut by distributing coupons on four sides, and its weight was completely borne by four coupons, thus making the internal space extremely free. The fourth feature is that in the use of color, it pays attention to both change and unity, making the internal space and external facade of the building look dazzling.
Hagia Sophia
The whole plane of the church is a huge rectangle. From the external shape, it is a typical centralized building centered on the dome hall. Structurally, it has a complex and organized structural stress system. From the internal space, the church not only introduces natural light into the church through a circle of 40 small windows arranged at the lower part of the big dome, making the whole space erratic, light and magical, increasing the religious atmosphere, but also further creating an artistic atmosphere with the help of the color language of the building. The doors and windows of the hall are colored. Columns and interior walls are made of colored marble such as white, green, black and red. The pillars are green, the capitals are white, and some places are inlaid with gold. The dome is covered with blue and gold glass mosaics. These colorful colors complement each other, are rich and diverse, live in harmony, and are unified in an overall artistic conception: sacred, noble and rich. Therefore, making full use of the color language of architecture to create artistic conception effectively shows the charm of Byzantine architecture. Of course, this building has also become a dazzling masterpiece in the history of medieval and even human architecture.
In addition, during this period, Italian cities made great achievements in secular architecture, especially in many rich cities and countries, where many famous municipal buildings and luxury houses were built. The city hall is generally located in the central square of the city, with heavy stone walls and seriousness; Many of them are equipped with tall and thin bell towers, which are rich in architectural composition and become the symbol of the square. There are many tall towers in the city, and the overall outline is beautiful.
There are many masterpieces in Venice's secular architecture. The Governor's Mansion in St. Kyle Square is recognized as one of the most beautiful works in medieval secular architecture. The facade adopts a continuous Gothic pointed coupon and a coupon gallery with flame patterns, with unique composition and bright colors. Venice also has many palaces with Gothic colonnades, which face the water and are very elegant.
The important features of this baroque architecture are as follows
The narrow nave of the church was replaced by a wider and occasionally circular building.
Strong use of light, or strong contrast between light and shade, monochrome painting (i.e. the Wildenberg Abbey of the church), or consistent lighting through several windows (i.e. the Weingarten Abbey of the church).
Used for decoration (putty is made of wood (usually gold-plated), gypsum or plaster, marble or fake marble)
Large ceiling mural
The external facade is usually depicted as a sharp central prediction.
The inner shell is usually not used for painting and sculpture (especially in the late baroque style)
Illusion effects are like wrong-looking painting and mixed painting and architecture.
In the baroque style of Bavaria and Swabia, onion-shaped domes are common.
The sacred buildings in Baroque style are mainly influenced by Italian examples, especially the intersection of Rome and cathedral, dome and nave. The center of baroque secular architecture is France, and the three-wing layout of palaces was established as a standard method as early as16th century. But this is Salomon de Brosse's Palais du Luxembourg (built in 16 15- 1620), which established the baroque architectural paradigm.
Rococo is a transliteration of French Rococo, and the word comes from French ro- caille (shell craft). This style is characterized by rocks and mussels. It is a gorgeous, exquisite and complicated artistic style, which combines Baroque style and China's decorative interest, and uses many S lines.
Baroque art is a period of masculinity, although it has strict etiquette, formal pride and exaggeration. The subsequent period, that is, Rococo art, began with the death of Louis XIV in 17 15, and became more refined, pretentious, rigid and therefore more powerless. It can be considered that a sign of this period is the popularity of European porcelain at the beginning of18th century. At first, people ate with heavy silver tableware and made huge sculptures with big stones, but now they use fragile porcelain as tableware and also make small and exquisite porcelain statues, thus reflecting the spirit of this romantic period.
The monarchy and the absolute authority of the church promoted the development of those dynamic expressions in the17th century, which were exactly what the representatives of absolutism needed for self-expression and specific explanation of their arbitrary power requirements. In the18th century, these authoritative figures lost their prestige, not only because some secular and church nobles were completely discredited ideologically and morally because of their dissolute conduct, but also because natural science and philosophy developed rational thinking and made people realize the disadvantages of the old social system. This optimism and self-confidence based on critical thinking, coupled with the infinite self-confidence in one's own ability, finally leads to the elegance of personal emotional value. People like idyllic and relaxed lyricism, like Anacreon's poems, and don't want the heroic epic that conforms to moral obligation, honor and will in the17th century tragedy, but prefer the truthfulness, typicality close to reality and wonderful dialogue style of comedy.
In this period, plastic arts are loyal servants of this society with ideological and moral liberation. Nevertheless, Rococo art is not a unique, creative or completely different artistic style from Baroque art, because it is oval, and there are two smaller oval halls between the Central Hall and the West Factory. In short, inside the church, the oval hall and the circular hall repeatedly cross and infiltrate, and this "multi-voice" can be comparable to a fugue composed by Bach.
Madame de Pompadour (172 1 ~ 1764) is the founder of rococo art style. She not only participated in military diplomatic affairs, but also influenced the artistic style at that time as a cultural "protector". Madame de Pompadour, whose original name was Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, was born in a family of financial speculators in Paris, and later became the mistress of Louis XV, and was named Marquise. Under the advocacy of Madame de Pompadour, the rococo artistic style came into being, which made the sculpture style with prosperous weather in the17th century shine under the sun king, and was touched by this lady with a delicate hand in the18th century, which was particularly charming.
The characteristic of Rococo secular architecture art is the garden-style mansion with light structure, which increasingly crowds out the baroque grand palace architecture. Here, individuals can develop freely without interference from the boastful court society. For example, the names of Xiaoyao Palace or Guan Jing Mansion indicate the private characteristics of these mansions. Prince Eugene's garden palace is a vibrant whole, consisting of seven symmetrically arranged pavilion-style buildings, and its folding compound sloping roof spreads gracefully and symmetrically from the middle to the domes of four turrets (Figure 202). The single-story main hall with gables on it has almost the comfort of the middle class, while the two spread-out double-story wings show the luxury of the master, but not the pride of the princes and nobles. Two single-storey buildings with moderate width are located between the pagodas, and the magnificence of the pavilions makes the whole building have the characteristics of a solid castle-in short, completely different architectural concepts are unified in an elegant internal connection. It is this careless configuration of architectural groups whose forms and styles are almost contradictory that clearly embodies the spirit of rococo art.
The staircase hall of the archbishop's office in Wü rzburg left a good impression of the elegance of the late Baroque architecture. Neumann wasted a lot of space here and designed two symmetrical staircase halls, but only one was built. However, this alone is enough to give this magnificent indoor space a spectacular atmosphere, which is transmitted to a series of buildings such as the front hall, garden hall and pilgrimage hall (Figure 207). The zenith paintings painted by Venetian Tiepolo in the staircase hall and pilgrimage hall have brought the charm of architectural art to an unparalleled level. The ceiling was transformed into colorful light by the huge zenith painting of 600 square meters, as if it were shot into the room from the empty sky. The sky is full of grotesque images, which cleverly conceal the boundary between architecture and painting (for example, dogs stand on prominent horizontal decorations). Gypsum floral decorations are also squeezed into the painting, and the characters in the painting use the sculptures in their hands to occupy the architectural space. With this illusion, painting, sculpture and architectural art are completely unified.
① Curves are interesting, and C-shaped, S-shaped and whirlpool-shaped curves are often used as decorative effects.
② The composition is asymmetrical, but it has a light and elegant sense of movement.
(3) Soft and gorgeous colors.
4 advocating nature.
⑤ The banter and elegance of the characters show different kinds of love, such as romantic love, sexual love and maternal love.