Therefore, people with diabetes, including their family members, should have a basic understanding of diabetes, understand the normal standards of blood sugar, the symptoms of complications, and how to help patients maintain blood sugar stability. , so that signs of problems can be discovered in advance and risks can be avoided. So today I will introduce to you the standards of blood sugar, the symptoms of abnormal blood sugar, which habits are not conducive to blood sugar stability, and how to control blood sugar.

Blood sugar, as the name suggests, is glucose in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for the human body, and the human blood can transport glucose to every corner of the human body and into every cell, so that normal physiological activities can be maintained. However, it is not that the cells can use the glucose once it is delivered, but that it requires the action of insulin to utilize it. Therefore, once the body's insulin is insufficient or insulin resistance occurs, it will lead to excessive blood sugar, and if it continues, you will develop diabetes.

So if you want to know whether you have diabetes or whether your blood sugar is normal, you have to look at the hospital’s testing indicators. But which indicators are normal? Faced with many testing items, how to analyze them? How to read the blood sugar test report?

Generally speaking, when we look at blood sugar, we look at fasting and two hours after a meal. It should be noted that fasting refers to not eating for more than 8 hours. Fasting is generally 3.9-6.1mmol/L, while meals The blood sugar in the next two hours was less than 7.8mmol/L. Many people can do this kind of check at home with a blood glucose meter. This simple way of checking blood sugar is mainly used for screening for diabetes. If there are any abnormalities in the indicators, you should go to the hospital for professional examination and diagnosis, and make corresponding measures. Inspection reports, so how should these inspection reports be read?

Fasting blood glucose and two-hour postprandial blood glucose

The normal fasting value is 3.9-6.1mmol/L, and the two-hour postprandial blood glucose is 3.9-7.8mmol/L. If insulin secretion is abnormal or When insulin resistance occurs, blood sugar levels will increase, but they may also increase in other situations, such as pancreatitis.

In addition, if the blood sugar of normal people is lower than 2.8mmol/L, and if the blood sugar of diabetic patients is lower than 3.9mmol/L, it means hypoglycemia and should be dealt with in time.

Glycated hemoglobin (English abbreviation HbA1c)

Appears due to the combination of glucose and hemoglobin. This indicator is used to evaluate the average blood sugar situation in the past 2-3 months. This is the control of diabetes. gold indicator. However, there are also special situations. For example, fasting blood sugar is well controlled, but postprandial blood sugar indicators are high, resulting in average blood sugar that is not high. However, in fact, excessive blood sugar fluctuations can also easily lead to complications.

In addition, the same type of examination also includes glycated albumin, which reflects blood sugar control for 2-3 weeks and is mostly used to monitor short-term blood sugar changes. Its standard is 11-16 , however, this indicator is greatly affected by human body protein metabolism. If the patient has kidney disease or thyroid disease, it is prone to large errors, so it is not widely used clinically.

Glucose tolerance test (OGTT in English)

There are generally three types of glucose tolerance tests, namely 50g, 75g, and 100g glucose tolerance tests. The 75-gram glucose tolerance test is generally used. 50 grams and 100 grams are mostly used for pregnant women to check for gestational diabetes.

Although the amount of glucose taken is different, the testing process is the same. Generally, fasting for 10 hours, first draw fasting blood, and then after drinking sugar water (drink the sugar water within 5 minutes) 30 Blood tests are conducted in minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours. Some medical institutions do not check the 3-hour indicator.

The indicator of the 75g glucose tolerance test is that if the blood sugar value exceeds 11.1mmol/L 2 hours after drinking sugar water or at any time point, it can be considered as suspected diabetes, and then the test can be performed at other times. If it is still high , the diagnosis can be made; if it does not reach 11.1mmol/L but is higher than 7.8mmol/L after 2 hours, it is considered to be impaired glucose tolerance.

50g glucose tolerance test, 1 hour after pregnant women take sugar water, if the blood sugar exceeds 7.8mmol/L, it indicates the possibility of gestational diabetes.

The 100-gram glucose tolerance test, also used to diagnose gestational diabetes, is basically the same as the 75-gram glucose tolerance test.

Some medical institutions will also measure insulin secretion while measuring glucose tolerance, which is more conducive to understanding the patient's condition.

The main manifestation of diabetes is high blood sugar, but high blood sugar does not necessarily mean diabetes. It may also be prediabetes. This is a state between normal people and diabetes. According to statistics, if it is not Controlled, half of people with prediabetes will develop diabetes within the next two years. In the pre-diabetic stage, people can change their diet and lifestyle, and even take medications, to delay or reverse the onset of diabetes.

In addition, hyperglycemia may also be caused by other diseases or medication, such as liver disease, liver cirrhosis leading to abnormal glycogen storage, or acute infection, stroke, trauma, hyperthyroidism, etc. Or taking diuretics, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones, contraceptive pills, etc. may affect blood sugar metabolism and lead to hyperglycemia.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia are relatively common, such as frequent urination, easy thirst and hunger, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, etc. However, some people have no obvious symptoms at all and are easily ignored.

Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients is more dangerous than hyperglycemia, because if hypoglycemia is not treated immediately, it may be life-threatening.

There are many reasons for hypoglycemia in diabetic patients, such as controlling blood sugar too strictly, eating too few carbohydrates or eating too late; taking drugs or injecting large amounts of insulin, or using insulin too early; exercising too much , without eating; drinking on an empty stomach, etc.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia include palpitations, cold sweats, dizziness, trembling hands, extreme hunger, weakness and unsteadiness, anxiety and irritability, etc. Generally speaking, as the degree of blood sugar decrease increases, the symptoms of hypoglycemia become more serious. If it is lower than 28.mmol/L, drowsiness, slurred speech, or even coma may occur. This is very serious. If the patient is awake, he should replenish sugar as soon as possible. If he is unconscious, he should be sent to the hospital for treatment immediately.

In recent years, the number of people suffering from diabetes has become younger. Therefore, controlling blood sugar is not only a topic for diabetics, but also a problem that everyone needs to face. However, most people only understand that Controlling sugar by restricting diet often overlooks the fact that many habits in daily life can also cause blood sugar to rise. Therefore, it is recommended that people pay attention to the following 5 bad habits and try to avoid them as much as possible. This can help us lower blood sugar, stay away from diabetes or prevent diseases. worsens and complications occur.

1. Drink too many sugary drinks

If you drink sugary drinks or fruit juice without restraint, it may cause blood sugar to remain high for a long time. Some people may say that fruit juice is not Are nutrients good for the human body? But the problem is that too much is not enough. The sugar content in fruit juice is relatively high. If you drink it in excess, it may cause harm to the human body. A cup of about 300ml of juice and cola have similar sugar contents, both close to 30 grams of sugar. In addition, there are some hidden sugars in our diet, such as honey and salad dressing added to food, which contain more sugar, and some porridge may also have added sugar. So try to avoid eating out, or choose less processed foods. If you are thirsty, try boiled water. If you want to increase the flavor, you can choose sugar-free tea or sugar-free coffee.

2. Sitting for a long time and lacking exercise

Sitting for a long time and lacking exercise will make people gain weight, and obese people will develop insulin resistance. In addition, sitting for a long time has relatively poor circulation and poor metabolism. This It can also easily lead to increased blood sugar levels. It is understood that the WHO has proposed that as long as exercise is helpful to health, why? It’s because more and more people now sit for long periods of time and do little exercise.

3. Staying up late and not getting enough sleep

The human body is very sensitive. If you sleep less than 6 hours a day, your metabolism will be affected and blood sugar will not be easy to control. Moreover, poor sleep will cause the body to have a strong sense of hunger. The consequences can be imagined, so no matter whether you are young or not, don’t stay up late.

4. Skipping breakfast

Skipping breakfast seems to be very common, for study or work, there are many reasons for this. However, once the habit is formed for a long time, it will lead to unstable blood sugar. At lunch, because you are too hungry, you will involuntarily eat too much food, and your blood sugar will fluctuate greatly, creating a vicious cycle.

5. Eat late-night snacks frequently

It is generally not recommended that everyone eat late-night snacks at night, unless there may be hypoglycemia. Generally, eating late-night snacks too late will lead to night or Blood sugar is high in the morning, and late-night snacks often include greasy food, which is not good for health and blood sugar stability. If diabetic patients are worried about hypoglycemia at night, they can first observe their blood sugar and make adjustments according to the blood sugar situation. If they need to eat, they can choose foods that raise blood sugar slowly, such as soy milk and milk, which are also beneficial to sleep.

Diabetes is an extremely complex disease. Even if you have a family history of diabetes, you may not develop diabetes. Therefore, establishing a good lifestyle and avoiding the above bad habits are important for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Very beneficial!

1. First, monitor your own blood sugar. This will help keep the blood sugar level within the target range and provide guidance on diet, exercise, and medication. To monitor blood sugar, you need to prepare a blood glucose meter yourself, preferably one produced by a large manufacturer. You need to check your blood sugar multiple times a day. So what about frequency?

If blood sugar control is unstable, it is recommended to check three to four times a day, mainly at times when blood sugar fluctuates greatly, such as after meals; if blood sugar before meals has always been good, then you can check post-meal blood sugar more often ; If your blood sugar is well controlled, you can even check it three to four times a week. The control is good. It is recommended to use the interval measurement method. For example, if you measure after breakfast, you will not measure after lunch. You can measure dinner. On the next day, you will not measure after breakfast and dinner, but only after lunch. Test nighttime blood sugar once every two weeks to avoid possible complications. Hypoglycemia occurs at night.

2. Take medicine and inject insulin as directed by the doctor. Diabetic patients often cannot control blood sugar through diet and exercise, which requires medicine to work. However, when taking medicine safely, you must obey the doctor's instructions, including yourself. You need to consult your doctor if you have any questions when increasing or decreasing the dosage of medication to avoid medication risks.

3. Lose weight. According to research, if obese people can lose about 5-10% of their weight, they can improve their hyperglycemia, mainly by reducing insulin resistance and improving insulin sensitivity.

4. Choose high-fiber staple foods, such as whole grains, cereals, oats and other staple foods. These staple foods are rich in high fiber, which can delay absorption, enhance satiety, and avoid rapid rise in blood sugar.

5. Eat an appropriate amount of sugar. Many people with diabetes will not eat sugar or staple food. In fact, this is also very dangerous and can easily lead to ketoacidosis. To control blood sugar, you need to choose the right food. , control the total amount of sugar, this is healthy and nutritious.

6. Supplement minerals. Certain foods containing chromium, zinc, magnesium, and calcium help insulin regulate blood sugar. These minerals are mostly found in nuts, vegetables, and whole grain foods.

7. Exercise regularly. Everyone knows that exercise can increase insulin sensitivity and help muscles absorb glucose in the blood.