Planting techniques of Myrica rubra
1. Soil preparation: When Myrica rubra is built, soil preparation should be carried out. Land preparation generally adopts the method of building contour terraces, contour ditches and fish scale pits.
① contour terrace: at 10? -25? This slope is suitable for building terraces. On the slope, according to the equal height difference or row spacing, the contour line is measured in advance with a slope of 0.2%-0.3%. Generally, contour alignment should be carried out from bottom to top, and foundation cleaning should be carried out along the lowest contour first. The depth of foundation cleaning should depend on the thickness of soil layer. Shibi terraces are generally 0.5- 1.0m deep. The width of foundation cleaning should be increased with the heightening of the ladder wall, generally 0.3-1.5m. When building the terrace wall, the soil should be turned over and cultivated at the same time, and the soil should be turned from the uphill to the downhill, so that the terrace inclines inward by 3? -5? Turn left and right, and then dig deep to loosen the soil of the whole terrace.
(2) Contour ditch: Contour ditch is a soil and water conservation measure to change long slope into short slope in sloping orchard, which is suitable for 6? - 10? A slope with deep soil. Trenches are dug on the hillside according to contour lines, and the excavated soil is piled up beside the hillside ditch to build ditches (ridges). Plant 1 row Myrica rubra along the contour line of the slope outside the ditch. Generally, the width of the ditch is 50-70cm and the depth of the ditch is 30cm. A dam is built every 5- 10m in the trench, forming a bamboo-like shape. The height and depth of the groove are almost the same, the outer slope of the groove is slightly longer than the inner slope of the groove, and the width of the groove is slightly larger than the width of the groove.
③ Repair fish scale pit: If the terrain is complex and it is not suitable for building horizontal terraces and ditches, fish scale pit can be built to maintain water and soil. The specific method is to determine the planting point on the contour line, dig up the soil from the upper part with the planting point as the center, repair it into a small half-moon terrace with high outside and low inside, and pile it up with stones or soil. The row spacing and plant spacing of Myrica rubra are generally 4m? 5m、6m？ 4m and 5m? 4m3 species. The fish scale pit is 2m in diameter, in which the planting hole diameter is 1m and the depth is 80cm.
Step 2 plant
① Digging the planting hole: the planting hole should be set at 1/3 from the outer edge of terrace or fish scale pit, and the location of the planting hole should be measured according to the requirements of plant spacing, and then the planting hole should be dug with the planting point as the center. The specification of planting hole is 1m long and 0.8m deep. Generally speaking, planting holes are dug in autumn and winter. When digging a planting hole, the surface soil should be put aside and the deep soil should be put aside. Topsoil should be mixed with decomposed farmyard manure and calcium superphosphate. When planting in spring, first put a certain amount of topsoil, then put a mixture of fertilizer and soil, and finally put deep soil, and then plant seedlings. There are four mixing methods of planting base fertilizer and calcium superphosphate: ① 50kg of garbage or compost, 0.5-1kg of calcium superphosphate; ② Poultry manure 25-30kg, calcium superphosphate 0.5-1kg; ③ 5 kg of rapeseed cake or bean cake and 0.5- 1 kg of calcium superphosphate; ④ 25-30kg mountain weeds or mud-burning turf.
② Planting density: It should be determined according to the climatic conditions, soil fertility, variety characteristics and crown management techniques of the orchard. Generally, if the climate is hot, the soil is fertile, the soil layer is deep, and there are many fertilizers, planting can be sparse; If the soil is barren, shallow and steep, it can be planted more densely. Generally, plant 15-40 bayberry plants every 667 square meters. Plant spacing of 5m? 7m、4m？ 6m、5m？ 4m and other specifications.
③ Planting time: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places with freezing injury in winter should be planted in spring, that is, from late February to mid-March. In warm areas without severe cold in winter, autumn sowing or spring sowing can be used, that is, from early October of 10/0 to early February of 12, or from mid-February to mid-March of the following year. Planting should be carried out on cloudy or rainy days. Pay special attention not to plant in the weather with northwest wind.
④ Planting method: Generally, we should choose strong seedlings with pure varieties, well-healed rootstocks and scions, developed roots, fresh and strong seedlings and no pests and diseases. Large seedlings must be transplanted or planted close to the soil. Long-distance transportation of seedlings must be carefully packed. After being transported to the orchard, soak the roots thoroughly before planting, and then plant them in loose bags.
Control of Myrica rubra pests and diseases
1, disease
① Myrica rubra cancer: also known as Myrica rubra sore and ulcer, it is a bacterial disease. It is mainly harmful to branches. At the beginning of the disease, small milky white protrusions appear, and the surface is smooth, and then it gradually grows into a tumor. The surface is rough or uneven, and the cork is hard. The tumor is spherical, and the maximum diameter can reach more than 10cm. There are as few as 1 ~ 2 tumors and as many as 5 tumors on a branch, which usually occur at the node of the branch, seriously affecting the growth of the branch. The pathogen overwinters in the diseased tumor or residual branches of trees, and overflows from the tumor in the middle and late April of next year. They can only invade from the wound through rain, air, scions and insects, and the incidence is the highest in June-August. Preventive measures can be taken to cut off diseased branches, avoid scratches on branches and cut off scions on diseased branches. Spray 1: 2: 200 bordeaux solution, 400-600 times solution of 80% fine wettable powder, 800 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl, 2000 1000 times solution of 77% kesaide or 600-80% agricultural streptomycin in time after harvesting. It is also necessary to scrape off the diseased spots, and then apply sulfur suspending agent and 100 ~ 200 times of 402 antibacterial agent (843 healing agent) to the wound, or apply stone sulfur mixture to the wound.
② Myrica rubra brown spot: also known as anthracnose, commonly known as Myrica rubra red spot. This is a fungus. It mainly harms leaves. In the early stage, purple spots about the size of needles appear on the leaves, and then expand into round or irregular lesions. In the later stage, black spots grow in the center of the lesions, that is, the cysts of the bacteria. The diseased leaves often dry up and fall off, and in severe cases, the whole plant falls off or the tree dies. Pathogens overwinter in leaves. From the end of April to the beginning of May of the following year, the bacteria spread with the rain and invaded from pores or wounds. The incubation period is long, and the lesions appear in the middle and late August. 1 year 1 time, no reinfection. Prevention and control methods: cut off diseased leaves and dead branches, apply more organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and do a good job of drainage. Spraying 80% Sheng Da M-45 or 70% mancozeb 600 times solution, 80% fine wettable powder 500 times solution, 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux solution, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600-800 times solution, 25% metalaxyl aqueous solution 500 times solution, 70% thiophanate methyl or 50 times solution.
③ Myrica rubra blight: it mainly harms branches, and the damaged parts lose water to form sunken banded spots. When the diseased part surrounds the branch for a week, the branch will die. Pathogens are a wide variety of weak parasitic bacteria, which generally invade from wounds, making trees prone to diseases. The main control measures are pruning dead branches, burning and pruning diseased spots. The wound should be protected with 402 antibacterial agent and 50 times liquid. The crown is sprayed with Bomei 0.5 ~ 2 degree stone sulfur mixture.
④ Myrica rubra branch rot: it harms the branch cortex. At the beginning, the diseased tissue is soft, with dense tiny black spots and slender bristles. After the onset, the branches rot and die, and the leaves and fruits also die. Pathogen is a kind of weak parasitic bacteria, which is easy to get sick on old trees. In order to control diseases, organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be applied, diseased branches should be cut off in time and burned. After scraping the focus, use 50 ~ 100 times of 402 antibacterial agent or 2000 grams of fresh cow dung, thiophanate-methyl 100 grams, and 50 grams of zineb, mix them evenly with appropriate amount of water, apply them to the wound, and wrap them firmly with plastic film. The crown is sprayed with Bomei 0.5 ~ 2 degree stone sulfur mixture.
⑤ Red bayberry disease: It belongs to fungus #. It mainly harms branches, and serious diseased trees die within a few years. Most diseases occur on branches and are covered with a thin layer of pink mold. In the first year, thin silvery white or pink pustules appeared on the bark of the backlit branches, which began to appear in the middle of March the next year, followed by acne-like blisters, and even grew into strip-shaped lesions, and soon the lesions were covered with pink mold. May-June and 10 are the peak periods every year. It is easy to get sick when it rains, and the old tree is seriously ill. In the prevention and control, organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are applied, diseased branches are cut off and burned. Scrape off the diseased branches and apply 843 healing agent or Bordeaux pulp. The canopy is sprayed with 65% zineb 600 times solution, 70% Antaisheng 600 times solution or 4% ~ 5% ferrous sulfate solution.
⑥ White rot of Myrica rubra: invading the fruit. If it encounters rainy weather at maturity, the disease will be more serious, the fruit will be soft and rotten, and a lot of white fog will breed on the surface of the fruit. To prevent the disease, it is best to cultivate it in a film shelter from rain, or spray 600 times of potassium sorbate and Cuikang calcium treasure nutrient solution to improve fruit hardness and enhance disease resistance.
⑦ Myrica rubra rot: it harms the root system, first invades the fine roots, and then creeps to the lateral roots, root necks and trunk, causing brown necrosis of vascular bundles. It shows that the branches and leaves on the ground wither rapidly and the underground roots are moldy. In order to prevent and treat the disease, sulfur suspending agent and 402 antibacterial agent were first applied to the big wound; Seriously sick plants were dug up and burned. Spraying by stages: spraying 80% mancozeb 600 times, 80% essence 400-600 times, 0.5: 1: 100 times or 80% Sheng Da M-45 600 times at the initial stage of germination; Spraying 75% chlorothalonil 500-800 times, 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl 600-800 times, or 25% Regent 500 times.
⑧ Myrica rubra lobular disease: It is a physiological disease, or an element deficiency disease, characterized by various branches stopping growing ahead of schedule, shortening the internodes of the top branches, or dying, with short tufted branches on the side, small and thick leaves, rough, hard and brittle leaves, cork veins or longitudinal cracks, leaves that cannot turn green and mature, die early, terminal buds shrink, and bear little or no fruit. To prevent this disease, no phosphate fertilizer should be applied, more organic fertilizer should be applied, and clustered branches should be cut off. Apply zinc sulfate and borax to the soil (apply 50 ~100 ~ 200 g+100 ~ 200 g of urea to the crown with a diameter of 3m, and then water it to dissolve). Spraying 0.2% borax +0.4% urea mixture and 0.2% zinc sulfate on the crown, or spraying 600 ~ 1000 times of liquid boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer for 2 ~ 3 times.
Pet-name ruby bud blight: This disease is a physiological injury caused by the lack of available boron in soil. Small leaves, withered tips, overgrowth of branches, no or little fruit. There are half a plant, several branches or the whole plant, and there are also diseases at the top of the crown and the surrounding areas are normal. Spraying 0.2% borax solution and adding 2 times of urea; Or 50-100-300g borax is applied to each soil, and urea100-300g is added to mix, and ditching is carried out near the crown periphery drip line.
2. Pests
① Scales: There are many kinds of scales, including oyster scales of cypress, oyster scales of elm and shield scales of camphor net. Female adults and nymphs cluster on branches or leaves to do harm. After being killed, the leaves fall off, and in the worst case, the branches die. /kloc-0 has 2 generations per year, and overwinters on the treetops and leaves with female adults. Laying eggs in April and hatching in May can harm branches and leaves. To control scale insects, we must first cut off insect branches and dead branches and burn them in time; Remove weeds inside and outside the garden; Strengthen fertilizer management. The second is to protect and utilize natural enemies. Finally, spray pesticides. The pesticide can be 1000 ~ 1500 times of 40% chlorpyrifos EC, 1500 times of 25% chlorpyrifos, 200 times of 99. 1% mirex, 120 times of oil emulsion or.
(2) Moths: moths, moths, inchworms, poisonous moths, leaf rollers and fruit-sucking moths. Most of them harm leaves and feed on young leaves. The prevention and control of moths should be based on comprehensive management. Clear the garden in winter, sweep the fallen leaves, uproot the weeds around the garden and burn them centrally; Picking insect bags, cutting insect leaves and killing eggs; Protect and utilize beneficial natural enemies such as mantis, ladybug, lacewing and spider; Trap adults and larvae with lights or sugar and wine vinegar; Spraying chemicals; Use 5% regent 1500 times solution or 10% imidacloprid 2000 ~ 3000 times solution to control moths, poisonous moths and inchworms; Use 50% marathon or 50% phoxim 800 ~ 1000 times solution or 20% metoclopramide 2000 times solution, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution, 5% nongmengte 1000 times solution or 25% diflubenzuron 3/kloc. Cordyceps sinensis, Beauveria bassiana or Bacillus thuringiensis can also control a variety of pests. The effect of spraying 5.7% Bai Shu 65,438+0,000 ~ 65,438+0,500 times solution on the crown is better.
③ Drosophila: During the ripening period of Myrica rubra fruit, many fruit flies eat Myrica rubra between meat columns, lay eggs or give birth to maggots between meat columns, which affects the fruit. It is not allowed to spray chemicals to control fruit flies in the mature period. Only 90% trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos are sprayed on the ground at 800 ~ 1000 times, or trichlorfon, banana, honey and vinegar are made into traps and insecticides according to the ratio of10: 6: 3, and placed in the garden.
④ Termites: There are three kinds of termites: domestic termites, yellow-winged termites and black-winged termites. In order to eat the trunk and roots of Myrica rubra, mud roads were built, which damaged phloem and xylem, causing leaves to turn yellow, branches to wither and trees to die. In terms of prevention and control, trapping and killing weeds refers to digging holes in termite-prone areas. Every 667 square meters 10 holes, ferns or young grass are put in the holes, and 48% Leben EC or 5% Regent EC which is 1000 times or 2,000 times are sprayed, preferably with 1% brown sugar, and covered with soil. Or harrow the topsoil under the canopy, spray 2.5% Uranus EC 1000 times with 1% brown sugar, and then cover the soil. Baiting and killing termites are poisoned by eating, or after termites return to China with poison, they kill other termites through mutual transmission.
Efficacy and function of Myrica rubra
1, detoxification and beauty: cellulose in bayberry pulp can stimulate intestinal peristalsis, which is conducive to the excretion of harmful substances in the body. The fruit acid contained in it can prevent the sugar in the body from being converted into fat, which is helpful to detoxify, beautify and lose weight.
2, anti-cancer and anti-cancer: Yangmei contains vitamin B and vitamin C, which has a positive effect on anti-cancer and anti-cancer. Melamine and fatty oil contained in nuts also have the effect of inhibiting cancer cells.
3, enhance appetite: Yangmei contains a variety of organic acids, vitamin C content is also very rich, fresh fruit tastes sour, eating it can increase the acidity in the stomach, help digestion, and promote appetite.
4, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory: Myrica rubra has astringent, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and has inhibitory effects on bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae, which can relieve dysentery abdominal pain and has a better effect on people with diarrhea.
5, summer heat and body fluid: Myrica rubra is a good fruit for summer heat, and the fruit acid contained in it can not only stimulate appetite and body fluid, but also help digestion and summer heat, which can prevent heatstroke, eliminate phlegm and relieve polydipsia.
6, enhance immunity: Anthocyanin and vitamin C contained in Myrica rubra have good antioxidant function, which can improve immunity, resist free radicals, prevent aging and inhibit cancer.
7. Prevention of stroke: Myrica rubra can directly participate in the metabolism and redox process of potassium in the body, enhance the permeability of capillaries, and have the functions of regulating qi and promoting blood circulation, regulating blood lipid, lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, and preventing stroke.
8. Nourishing kidney and diuresis: Myrica rubra contains high potassium content and a small amount of myricetin. Myrtle directly acts on the kidney to excite the heart, and indirectly plays a powerful diuretic role.
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