(1)CT examination showed that Haller index (transverse diameter of thoracic cavity at the lowest point of depression/distance from the lowest point of depression to the anterior edge of vertebral body) was greater than 3.25.

(2) Lung function suggests restrictive or obstructive airway diseases.

(3) Abnormal manifestations such as incomplete right bundle branch block and mitral valve prolapse were found by electrocardiogram and echocardiography.

(4) Malformation progresses with obvious symptoms.

(5) The deformity of appearance makes children unbearable.

2. Traditional surgery

The basic principle of Ravitch operation and modified Ravitch operation is to remove the deformed costal cartilage, wedge it into the sternum, and re-fix it in various ways to raise the sternum. The difference is that the number of ribs removed by the improved Ravitch operation is reduced.

3. Minimally invasive surgery

Under the guidance of thoracoscope, a special metal plate was implanted to push out the sternum depression for correction. The depressed costal cartilage was also pushed out with metal plates, but the ribs and pectoralis major were not removed. Nuss method is the minimally invasive surgery in recent years. The operation has the advantages of light trauma, quick postoperative recovery, getting out of bed early, less postoperative complications, high satisfaction rate of deformity correction and low recurrence rate, and has also achieved good results for adults. Postoperative rehabilitation of pectus excavatum is a problem worthy of attention. Patients should actively adhere to postoperative rehabilitation training, especially adults.