Cultivation method of wasabi
I. Requirements: It is required to comply with the provisions of DB5 1/336.
(1) Temperature Wasabi is a perennial herb which likes shade and humidity. It is mainly cultivated in Japan and Taiwan Province, China. The main varieties are: Taiwan Province Old Variety, Red Stem Variety, Tainong 1 No. The lowest fertility temperature is 8℃, the highest temperature is 20℃, and the optimum temperature is 15? 18℃, -5℃ was damaged by freezing, and the growth was inhibited above 20℃.
(2) Humidity: Horseradish likes cloudy and humid, and the field water capacity is required to be 75%, and the atmospheric relative humidity is 80? 90%, lower than 70% or higher than 95% are unfavorable to the growth and development of wasabi.
(3) Soil quality and field selection The best cultivation soil for wasabi is sandy loam with good drainage and saturation conditions. Optimum PH value of soil is 6.0? 7.0, choose rich organic matter and flat land 5? 15 degree inclined gentle slope is the best. In order to prevent the direct sunlight from increasing the temperature and humidity, which is unfavorable to the growth and development of wasabi, we should choose the north or northeast orientation.
(4) The ratio of N, P and K to the demand for nutrients is1:0.94: 0.52.
2. Cultivation of wasabi.
1. Breeding of seedlings The seedlings of wasabi can be cultivated by using their own roots, buds and seed tissues.
(1) when harvesting plants, the seedlings with roots and stems are picked for use, and it is best to harvest seeds according to large, medium and small grades.
(2) When harvesting plants, cut out roots or fibrous roots (about 0.20cm or more) and bury them in the shade forest in autumn, about 4? After 6 months, it can be transplanted in the field.
(3) Seed seedling transplanting seed harvest is about 5? During the six months, after the seeds are harvested, they must be cold treated for a period of time (about 100 days), and the cold storage temperature is 0? 5℃, in autumn 10? 1 1 month, next year 2? It can germinate in March, and when it grows to a certain height, it will be transplanted in the field in autumn.
④ Tissue culture uses modern biotechnology and uses the totipotency of cells to carry out tissue culture.
2. Planting density and method. The height of wasabi is about 25? Between 65cm, the forest itself is in a shaded state and a * * * state. To obtain high yield, it should be 6? 4 or 6? 3 inches, 205 per mu? 28,000 plants, with a root weight of 1400 kg per mu, a leaf weight of about 3,800 kg, and a biological yield of about 5,200 kg per mu. Planting method: ridging and ridging.
3. Fertilization technology. Fertilization should comply with the provisions of DB5 1/338.
To apply foot manure, organic manure is the main fertilizer, chicken manure treated at high temperature is the best, pigeon manure is the second, and the dosage per mu is 600? 700 kilograms. Compound fertilizer, such as calcium superphosphate, should be selected as topdressing, and the dosage is 15? 20 kg/mu, the topdressing time is in spring and autumn. When topdressing, care should be taken not to apply it directly to the root of the plant, and it should be around 3cm away from the root to prevent black rot or other pests and diseases.
4. Pest control. Because wasabi likes shade and humidity, and its breeding environment is special, it is prone to all kinds of pests and diseases, and the most harmful one is black heart disease. Here, we will focus on its control.
Black heart disease is also called inking disease, black spot disease, black shank disease, black rot disease and leaf mottle disease. In the field, the leaf disease rate is 25% ~ 70%, the diseased plant rate is 90% ~ 100%, the loss is 30% ~ 70%, the diseased field rate is100%, and the garden can be destroyed in severe cases. The disease is an important factor restricting the development of wasabi.
(2) Control methods
① Choosing a suitable plot When the growth and development of wasabi are poor, black heart disease tends to occur frequently, so the choice of cultivation site is very important. The land selection requires an altitude of 2,000 ~ 2,300 m, good surrounding vegetation, non-southerly slope, sufficient water, and a slope of 5 ~10? , fertile sandy loam with good air permeability.
② Selection of disease-resistant varieties At present, there is no obvious disease-resistant variety, but the green stem line of Shimane No.3 and Shizuoka County has strong disease tolerance, and it is hoped that a variety with stronger disease resistance can be bred in the future.
(3) Using the seedling of wasabi. If the mother plant is sick, the seedlings will also be infected, and there must be a wound when picking the seedlings, so the black heart disease is easy to be transmitted to each other in the operation. Seedlings only need to be disinfected and screened, and more attention will be paid when digging seedlings, so they will not bring too many wounds, and their growth and development are good, so there are fewer infections.
(4) Using disease-free strong seedlings, the ramets should be taken from the mother plants that are not infected with the disease, and carefully check whether the vascular bundles at the bottom of the ramets are black, and any vascular bundles with black spots must be removed. When buying ramets, it is necessary to pay attention to the incidence of the origin. In the case of using seedlings, because seeds can also be contagious, when collecting seeds, the black pods stained with seed shells should be removed.
⑤ Pay attention to the frequent pulling of weeds in the field. If the height of weeds exceeds the height of wasabi, it will seriously affect the growth of wasabi and aggravate the occurrence of pests and diseases. However, it is forbidden to weed in rainy days and when the humidity is too high in the morning. After weeding, a large number of micro-wounds caused by wasabi should be protected by spraying.
⑥ The pathogen of scientific prevention and control of pest black heart disease invades from the wound, which is an important cause of the disease, so it is very important to do a good job in scientific prevention and control of pests such as Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, slug and so on.
⑦ Do a good job in water and fertilizer management. When the surface temperature exceeds 20℃ in summer, it is easy to get sick. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a good transplanting time and close the stems and leaves as much as possible before the high temperature and dry season, which can effectively control weeds, keep moisture and reduce the surface temperature. Plant trees in places with strong sunshine for shade, or use shading nets for artificial shade. Do a good job of fertilization and watering in the spring and autumn growth seasons, pay attention to balanced fertilization, and apply less seedlings and more seedlings.
⑧ Shortening the growth period The nature of this disease is easy to invade the aging part of the rhizome. The rhizome should be expanded as soon as possible and harvested as early as possible, which can reduce the harm of this disease.
⑨ Reasonable rotation should avoid continuous cropping as much as possible, and should be rotated with leguminous or gramineous crops, preferably covered with green manure.
Attending pesticide control with 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 500 times solution spray protection and prevention. At the beginning of the disease, 50% chlorphenamine suspension 1 000 ~1500 times was sprayed, every 7 ~10 day1time, three times in a row.
Main points of wasabi planting
First, land selection
1, wasabi is planted under the forest, and its vegetation is arbor forest or tall shrub, and broad-leaved forest belt is suitable. The height of the tree is more than 3 meters, and the shading degree is 65-80%.
2. The altitude of the wasabi land is located in the southwest of China, between1500m and 2,600m.
3. The direction of wasabi land is south facing north, or southwest facing northeast, followed by east or northwest, south facing west, southwest facing southeast.
4. The wasabi land is sandy soil, with a sediment concentration of 30-70%, a soil layer thickness of more than 0.5m and an inclination angle of 5-40? , the PH value is 5.9-7. 1.
5. Foliaceous rocks, sandstone and limestone are the top sedimentary rocks, followed by igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. Mudstone is not selected in principle.
6. The surface water is abundant, the rainfall is more than 1000 ml, and the annual sunshine is less than 1200 hours. The wasabi land should be far away from agricultural land.
Second, soil preparation
1, the digging depth should be greater than 35cm, and the weed roots should be strictly removed.
2. Row with a width of 1 m, with a ditch width of 40cm, a ridge width of 60cm, and a ridge height of 45cm, with a semicircle at the ridge top, and the particle size of clods less than 3cm.
3. The slope should be inclined to avoid water according to the terrain, and it can't be blocked horizontally, let alone discharged downstream, so as to reduce soil erosion. The intersection angle between Gansu direction and wind direction shall be subject to the main wind direction in summer, and the intersection angle shall be less than 30 degrees.
4, the slope is greater than 25? In order to avoid mountain torrents scouring the planting area, a split ditch should be opened above the planting area for drainage.
Third, cutting species
1, planting season: spring and autumn, mainly in autumn, from September 10 to 10/day on Gregorian calendar in autumn, the seeds are planted at different altitudes, from high to low, and from March 10 to April 20 on Gregorian calendar in spring, from low to high.
2. Seedlings should be planted on both sides of the soil, one third away from the top, and staggered on both sides. The planting depth is10cm, and the planting depth is 33cm, that is, it is appropriate to plant 4000 seedlings per mu. For extra-rich soil, the planting distance can be reduced to 40cm, and for thinner soil, the planting distance is reserved to 30cm, that is, 3500-4500 plants are actually planted.
Fourth, management
1, after planting seedlings, if there is no rain within five days, Miao Di should be sprayed with fixed root water, which can be sprayed directly with a sprayer, and it is advisable to soak the nest.
2. 20 days after planting seedlings in spring, if seedlings are planted, weeding should be done once. In principle, the seedlings should not be covered.
3. 40 days after planting seedlings in spring, a small amount of fertilizer can be applied for the first time. Take compound fertilizer with 45% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as an example, and the dosage is 25 kg per mu.
4. Five months after planting the seedlings in spring, that is, in September of that year, make a second full fertilization, and the amount of compound fertilizer can be increased to 50 kg per mu. The leaves will be harvested in 10, and no fertilization will be applied after the leaf stalks.
5. After planting seedlings in the Spring Festival in March of the following year, apply 30 kilograms of supplementary fertilizer per mu. The leaf stalks are sold in May, and 50 kilograms per mu of fertilizer is applied after the leaves. The whole plant can be collected in September After harvesting, the products will be prepared for planting in autumn.
6. Planting seedlings in autumn should be carried out in September and October, and weeding and fertilization are not needed in the same year after planting seedlings.
7. Planted seedlings in autumn should be fertilized in March of the following year, and a small amount of germinated flower moss should be removed. The amount of fertilization is 50 kg/mu at a time with 45% NPK compound fertilizer as an example.
In August and May, after collecting the leaf stalks, 50 kg/mu can still be fully fertilized.
There is no need to apply fertilizer after harvesting the leaves and stems in September.
10. In March of the following year, it can be fully applied with 50 kg/mu per month, and the whole plant can be harvested in May or postponed to late August and then harvested in September.
1 1, the land that has completed two cycles should be abandoned for one year before being used.
Five, pest control
1, the disease of wasabi. Resolutely implement the policy of giving priority to prevention, first of all, do a good job in provenance control, that is, do not enter the seedlings from the areas with ink-entry disease and soft rot disease, use as little or no separate seedlings as possible, and eliminate the found diseased seedlings as soon as possible from field management. Eliminate the diseased strain from the root.
2. Prevent the spread of diseases from the choice of environment, that is, try to eliminate the environment where high temperature and high humidity coexist at the same time, so that the pathogen can not grow rapidly, thus avoiding the rapid spread of diseases.
3, strengthen field inspection, early detection of diseases, and timely elimination of water and silt exposure and other focus areas, to prevent the spread of diseases.
Six, harvesting
1, the best harvest time of flower moss is March every year. When the moss is 8- 12 cm long and no white flowers are seen, pick it and tie it for sale. The tie is 2 cm away from the bottom, tight and continuous, and each one weighs half a catty.
2. Leaf harvesting is mainly conducted in May each year, supplemented by September. It is required that the length of the petiole should not exceed 0.5 cm, and it should be selected and packed in baskets, free from breakage and black spots, with 3 to 5 insect eyes, yellow leaves and rotten leaves.
3. The petiole shall be tied with relative thickness, and there is no old yellow petiole, no black shift and no obvious pockmarks in the two bundles. The petiole is 0.8 cm to 0.4 cm for large and small heads, less than 0.4 cm for large heads and more than 0.8 cm for small heads. During mining, folding and transportation, it is required to be undamaged, neatly placed and transported in time to minimize the number of moves.
4. The tuber harvesting is classified according to the weight of a single tuber, and the single tuber is more than 20g and less than 30g, and more than 30g and less than 50g. More than 50 grams, less than 70 grams, and more than 70 grams are priced separately. After cleaning, trimming and packing, it is classified as SS, 5 1-70 as S, 35-50 as meter, 25-34 as L, and less than 24 as LL.
5. Tubers are divided into fresh stems and small white strips. Fresh stems require complete epidermis, no black spots, black spots, black tendons and no knife edges. According to the size of a single branch, 3-7 petioles with a length of 2-4 cm can be brought. Tubers with black spots, black spots and black tendons must have their petioles cut off. Small white strips with black spots, black spots and black tendons removed are sold as processing raw materials. Small white strips are also packed in small boxes of 2 kg, and six small boxes are packed in a large box, or packaged according to customer requirements.
Wasabi planting cost
1, land rent: the annual rent for renting an acre of land is about 1500 yuan, and the rent for 3 acres of land is 4,500 yuan. If you plant in mountainous areas, the land cost will be cheaper.
2. Seedlings: In the first year of planting wasabi, seeds need to be purchased, and 3 mu of land is about * * * less than 100 yuan. In the future, you can keep the seeds yourself or buy them according to the situation.
3. Management cost: field management such as weeding, irrigation and pest control is required for each mu of land. The management cost of each mu of land per season is about 200 yuan, and it can be harvested 1 season in one and a half years, and the management cost of 3 mu of land per year is about 3,000 yuan.