(Pang Atu)

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) is also known as Yu Jutsu, Zhe Jutsu, Dong Jutsu, and Seed Jutsu. It is a perennial herb of Asteraceae family. It is mainly produced in Pan'an, Dongyang, Xinchang, Tiantai, Shengxian and other areas in Zhejiang Province. It has a long history of cultivation, high yield and good quality, so it is called Zhejiao. Jiangsu Province, Yixing, Haimen, Nantong and other counties also have large areas of cultivation. In addition, it is also cultivated in more than twenty provinces (districts) such as Jiangxi, Henan, Sichuan, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian and Anhui. The rhizome is used as medicine. Atractylodes macrocephala is mainly composed of volatile oil, the oil contains atractylodinol, atractylodinone, atractylodinolide A, B, 3-beta-acetoxy atractylodinone, 3-beta-hydroxy atractylodinone, hinoki cerebrum and vitamin A. Clinical pharmacological experiments by diuretic, lowering the role of glucose, and other effects, chemotherapy and physical therapy caused by the decline in white blood cells, there is a role in making it higher, sedative, and has a role in slowing down the gastrointestinal peristalsis. Sweet and bitter taste, slightly warm nature. It has the functions of tonifying the spleen and stomach, drying dampness and inducing diuresis, stopping sweating and tranquilizing the fetus. It is mainly used for treating spleen deficiency with little food, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, spontaneous sweating and fetal restlessness.

I. Morphological Characteristics

The plant is 30-80cm tall, with a plump and thick rhizome, slightly palmate, and a gray-yellow outer skin. The stem is erect and woody at the base. Leaves are alternate, the lower leaves of the stem are long-petiolate, the leaf blade is 3-parted or pinnately 5-parted with spiny teeth on the margins; the upper leaves of the stem have tapering petioles, and the leaf blade is undivided, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. Heads solitary at branch ends, large; involucral bracts 7-3-layered, the base of the involucre surrounded by a whorl of pinnatipartite, leafy involucres; flowers mostly inserted on flat receptacles, all tubular, corolla purple, 5 stamens, cymose, anthers linear; pistil 1, ovary inferior. Achenes oblong-ellipsoid, slightly compressed, surface densely tomentose, crown hairs plumose (Figs. 14-65).

Figure 14-65 Morphological diagram of Atractylodes macrocephala

1. Plant 2. tuberous root 3. inflorescence 4. flower dissected to show the stamens

II. Biological characteristics

Atractylodes macrocephala prefers cool climate, afraid of high temperature and humidity. Seeds at 15 ℃ above the beginning of germination, 25-30 ℃ for the germination of the more suitable temperature, 35 ℃ above the germination of slow, and mold, 40 ℃ above the seeds of all the loss of vitality, and mold. Temperature between 18-20 ℃ has enough moisture, 10-15 days after sowing to start seedlings. Seedlings can withstand a short period of frost after emergence.

March-October growing period effective cumulative temperature of about 4757 ℃, precipitation of 1109 mm. average air temperature in the range of 24-29%, plant growth rate is accelerated with the temperature, the average daily temperature of more than 30 ℃, the plant above ground growth is inhibited. Root growth suitable temperature 26-28 ℃. mid-August to late September for the fastest period of root expansion, in this period, such as day and night temperature difference, and a certain amount of water, root growth will be the most dislike, yield is also significantly higher.

White atractylodes seed germination needs more water, general water absorption for the seed weight 3-4 times, in order to promote seed germination. Therefore, the seeds after sowing in case of drought weather must be timely watering, to ensure that the seedlings are strong.

Three, cultivation techniques

(a) cultivation of planting

1. Selection of land preparation

Mountainous or hilly areas of the art of planting is generally preferred ventilation, cool, well-drained plots. Conditional areas can be reclaimed wasteland to reduce disease. Plain areas to choose loose soil, medium fertility, well-drained sandy loam. Soil over-fertilized, art seedlings grow vigorously, prompting the current year art seedlings prematurely into reproductive growth, affecting the quality of art planting. Winter plowing should be carried out after the harvest of the previous crop, and then plowing in mid-March. In the plowing every mu must be applied into the circle fertilizer 1500kg, evenly turned into the soil. After fine plowing and harrowing, make a border, border width 100-120cm. mountain slopes should be horizontal border to avoid soil erosion. After the seedling fertilizer, 500kg per mu of dilute manure, July and then fertilizer, 1000kg per mu of dilute manure.

2. Reproduction methods V atractylodes macrocephala is propagated by seed. In recent years, some areas use cut rhizome side buds or main buds for reproduction, because of low yield, poor quality, in the production of rarely used.

Atractylodes macrocephala seed sowing period varies depending on the climatic conditions, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other areas generally in late March to early May sowing, but in late March to early April sowing is good. Too early, seedlings are susceptible to late frost damage, affecting the growth of seedlings; too late, poor seedling growth. Before sowing, you must choose the seeds that are full of particles, fresh in color, complete cotyledons, and free of pests and diseases. The next year's seeds are weak, low germination rate, should not be used as seed. In order to advance the emergence of seedlings, improve the germination rate, in the sowing of seeds before soaking germination. Put the seeds into 25-30 ℃ warm water immersed in 24 hours, moisturizing, when the radicle white can be sown.

There are two ways of sowing: strip sowing and scattering. Strip sowing according to the row spacing of 15-16cm, open furrow sowing, about 4-6cm deep, sowing width of 7-9cm, the bottom of the ditch should be flat, so that the emergence of seedlings consistent. Then spread the seeds evenly into the ditch, covered with burnt mud ash, to the extent of covering no seeds, and then apply cake fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, mulch to the bed flat, and then cover the straw to moisturize. The amount of seed sown per acre is 4-5kg. sow the seeds evenly on the bed, covered with burnt mud ash, cake fertilizer, etc. Then mulch and cover with rice straw. Then mulch and cover with straw. Sowing amount of 5-7kg per mu. sowing can make full use of the land, but the management is less convenient. In addition, Jiangsu Nantong area is also useful point sowing.

3. Art of planting ground management

White atractylodes macrocephala began to emerge 15-20 days after sowing. Seedlings should be pulled out of the ground in a timely manner, between seedlings. The spacing between plants is 4-6cm. If the weather is dry during the growth period of the seedlings, the grass should be laid between the plants to prevent drought and reduce water evaporation, and watering can be done in the morning and evening in the conditional areas to combat drought. Late in the growth period, such as the discovery of shoots, should be removed as soon as possible, so that the nutrients are concentrated, to promote the growth of rhizome.

4. art planting harvest and storage

Generally in October, late harvest, the latest but early November, so as not to suffer from late frost damage and loss. Harvesting should choose a sunny day to pull up the art seedlings, shake off the soil, cut off the stems and leaves and roots. When cutting leaves, pay attention not to damage the main buds, if the main buds are injured, a large number of side buds sprouting, side branches increase, not only the shape of the plant is poor, the yield is also low. Cut the roots do not cut the epidermis of the rhizome, epidermal damage is susceptible to disease. Some areas in Jiangsu will be pulled out all the fibrous roots, the new root is strong and powerful. In pruning at the same time, should be graded according to the size of the art plant, easy to plant, and eliminate the disease plant and broken plant, in order to reduce the loss during storage. Subsequently, the art of planting spread on the ground in a cool, ventilated house for 3-5 days, to be white skin, moisture dry storage, so as to avoid storage after the heat mold and rot and loss. Generally a mu of planting can be harvested fresh planting 300-500kg, high in 500kg or more.

Storage methods vary from place to place, a large number of southern regions of the art of planting the storage of sand layer method. In the cool, dry, ventilated indoor mud, surrounded by bricks or stones surrounded by a rectangle, length is not limited, the width of the operation is convenient. First lay 3-4cm thick sand or fine mud on the mud, put on the art of planting 14-15cm thick, and then put a layer of sand, sand and then put a layer of art of planting, so that the interval stacked into a height of 30-35cm is good, and finally covered with 6-7cm thick sand can be. And in the heap every interval 50-100cm inserted a bunch of grass, in order to facilitate heat and moisture, reduce rot. In the north, generally choose the back of the shade to dig a pit 100cm deep and wide, depending on the length of the plant. The art of planting into the pit about 50-60cm, mulch 3-5cm, and later with the temperature drop, gradually thickening, let its natural winter, to the next spring while digging and planting. Art plant storage period to be responsible for the management, every 15-30 days to check once, found that the disease plant should be removed as soon as possible, so as not to cause rotting plant. If the art of planting buds sprouting, to turn the pile in a timely manner, in order to prevent the art of buds continue to grow, affecting the quality of art of planting. In addition, Sichuan Province has experimented with the art of planting the year without soil, overwintering in the open ground, but a little before the winter soil, the next spring planting side of the harvest side of the planting, and achieved good results.

(B) field planting

1. Selection of land preparation

It is advisable to choose fertile soil, loose, deep soil, well-drained sandy loam. The soil is sticky, low-lying places should not be planted. To avoid in the previous year planted at the downslope or adjacent to the two sides of the atractylodes again, so as to avoid soil with bacteria infection. After the harvest of the previous crop, it is necessary to plow in a timely manner, after fine plowing and fine harrowing for the border, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and the border width of 100-160cm.

White atractylodes macrocephala from the emergence of the seedling to the harvest of about 230-240 days, in order to promote the growth of the plant, promote the root hypertrophy, the need for sufficient organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Producing area farmers in the long-term production practice according to the growth and development of atractylodes macrocephala summed up the "full base fertilizer, early application of seedling fertilizer, heavy application of bud fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer" experience. In the turnover of the ground per mu of fertilizer 2500kg, planting per mu of charcoal mud ash 1500kg, cake fertilizer 50kg, calcium superphosphate 50kg. in the base fertilizer in some areas of the additional application of "five four hundred and six" mushroom fertilizer 100-150kg, also has the effect of increasing yield. Seedlings out of the ground, in order to promote early plant development, so that its aboveground growth is lush, to timely early seedling fertilizer, flush with the seedling per mu of manure 1000kg; late May and then fertilizer, per mu of manure 1500kg or ammonium sulphate 10kg or so; buds before and after the plant is the best period of aboveground growth, but also underground rhizomes began to fertilize the period of this period of fertilizer absorption is strong, so it is necessary to "Heavy application of bud removal fertilizer". In 5-7 days after picking buds per mu of rotting cake fertilizer 75-100kg, 2000kg of manure, and then sprayed 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 2% calcium superphosphate leaching solution for extra-root fertilizer, beneficial rhizome hypertrophy, is the key to white artichoke yield fertilizer.

2. Selection of planting

Generally after harvesting and planting before planting. Harvesting one side of the organization of the art plant, one side of the art plant good and bad, size, respectively, storage. Each mu need to plant 40-60kg.

The planting season, due to different climatic and soil conditions in different parts of the country and there are early and late. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other places, generally planted in early December to late February of the following year. Zhejiang from late December to early January planting is good. North due to the cold climate, generally planted in early and mid-April. The plant spacing is 21×26cm, or 18×21cm; Jiangsu 14×26cm, or 14×18cm, 18×26cm, but the number of basic seedlings per mu should be controlled at 12,000-15,000. The northern part of the country is planted with high ridges, with a spacing of 50-85cm between ridges and 7-10cm between plants in single or double rows. Depth of about 5-7cm, with a flat rake to flatten the surface of the ridge after watering.

3. Field management

Seedlings out of the ground in May-June field weeds are numerous, plowing and weeding should be diligent, the first few times plowing can be deeper to promote root growth, and later shallow hoeing, so as not to injure the roots. mid-May, plant growth into full bloom, generally no longer plowing, weeds between the plants pulled out by hand. mid-June plants began to buds, in order to focus on nutrients, according to the test, bud removal and not to be able to use the plant, but also the plant's growth is not the only thing that can help. According to experiments, the impact of bud removal and not bud removal on yield is quite large, bud removal than not bud removal can increase production by 60-100%, and better quality of goods. Unpicked buds of the rhizome lignification degree is high, poor medicinal quality. Picking buds in July, mid buds before flowering in batches, one by one picking net. Picking buds with one hand pinching the stem, one hand picking buds, do not pick injuries to the leaves, do not shake the roots of the plant, so as not to cause the death of the plant. Remove the buds should be centralized to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Atractylodes macrocephala growth period to have sufficient water, especially the rhizome expansion more water, if the weather is dry to timely watering or irrigation, in order to facilitate plant growth. Poor drainage or long-term waterlogging in the field, easy to cause disease, must be timely ditch drainage, reduce field humidity.

(C) pests and diseases and their control

1. Rhizoctonia solani (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn.)

The victimized plant rhizome yellowish-brown spots, and then the lesions expand, black-brown drying depression, serious, the plant collapsed and died. Prevention and control methods: timely loosening of the soil after the rain, to prevent soil crusting and do a good job of dredging and drainage, reduce field humidity, and enhance disease resistance; the early stage of the onset of the disease, the available 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid watering.

2. Iron leaf disease

(Septoria atractylodis Yu et Chen)

Also known as leaf blight. It begins to occur in late April and is most severe from June to August. At the beginning of the disease, small yellowish-green spots appear on the leaves, which develop continuously, expand and connect with each other to become polygonal or irregular, covering the whole leaf in iron black, and finally spreading all over the plant, resulting in the blighting of the plant in pieces. Prevention and control methods: atractylodes macrocephala, after harvest, remove and burn the remnants of fallen leaves to reduce the source of bacteria; the early stage of the disease, spray 1:1:100 Bordeaux solution, and later sprayed with 50% Tobutzin or carbendazim 1000 times to prevent and control.

3. White silk disease

(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

Also known as rhizome rot. Zhejiang region began in late April, early June to mid-August gradually become more serious, until September. The onset of the plant, no obvious symptoms on the ground, with the temperature and humidity increase, mycelium in the rhizome through the soil layer, stretching to the surface of the soil, the formation of creamy white or beige, and finally a tea-brown like rapeseed-like nuclei. The top of the damaged plant withered and drooped, and the rhizome was fibrous and dry. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, it spreads very quickly, causing the rootstock to ulcerate and die. Prevention and control methods: (1) crop rotation with grass crops, select disease-free art planting, and disinfect the planting with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution; (2) the field found that the diseased plant timely plucked, with the soil moved out of the art of centralized burning, and in the hole sprinkled with powdered lime disinfection; (3) planting can be used to treat the soil with Harts wood mold before planting, to reduce the onset of the disease.

4. Root rot

(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.)

Also known as root rot. The aboveground branches and leaves of the affected plants withered, and the basal leaves gradually yellowed and finally died. Above ground at the onset of the disease, root hairs and fine roots become brown and dry, later shedding, spreading to the rhizome, easy to pull up the plant, cross-cutting the rhizome can be seen in the vascular bundles in the dotted brown spots, resulting in the upper and lower plant transportation obstruction, weakened growth and wilting phenomenon. After all the fibrous roots in the rhizome dried up and fell off, the rhizome became soft, and the outer skin was wrinkled and dry-rotted, and in serious cases, the epidermis of the rhizome was in the shape of a shell, and the plant died. Prevention and control methods: (1) crop rotation with grass crops (such as corn, wheat, etc.) for 3-5 years; (2) selection of disease-free planting, storage period should pay attention to planting freshness to prevent heat loss and drying; planting before the strict selection of planting and by 50% polymyxin 1000 times the solution of soaking seeds for 5-10 minutes, drying before planting; planting can be used when the next five four 0.06 fungal fertilizer as a base fertilizer, mu applied 200-300kg; preferably planted when the soil has a certain degree of humidity, to avoid planting in the case of soil drought; March-April, combined with the mid-tillage weeding, grubs, tigresses, and other soil pests, spraying and pouring 40% Rogaine 2500-3000 times solution every 10-15 days, continuously 2-3000 times solution for 2-3 years, and then sprayed with 40% Rogaine. -3000 times liquid, 2-3 times in a row, to achieve the purpose of insect control and disease prevention; the early stage of the disease can be used 50% carbendazim or tolbutamide 500 times liquid watering.

5. Rust

(Puccinia airactylidis Syd.)

Hangzhou area in early May, the infested leaves produce yellowish-green slightly elevated spots, expanding brown spots, late spot rupture. Prevention and control methods: do a good job of field drainage, to prevent water in the ditch, reduce humidity, reduce the onset of disease; clean the field, sweep away residual leaves, reduce the source of disease; the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of the onset of 25% powder rust 1000 times liquid spray.

6. Saffron finger tube aphid

[Uroleucon gobonis (Matsumura)]

Also known as the cow dream long tube aphid. began to occur in March, April-June damage is the most intense, the temperature rises after June, more showers, the insect population is reduced, and then slightly higher in August. Subsequently, due to adverse weather conditions, produced winged aphids, migration overwintering. Severe damage to the art plant, yellow leaves, plant shrinkage, poor growth. Prevention and control methods: clearing the weeds at the edge of the ground, destroying the overwintering place; growth period spraying 40% of the oxidized lecithin 1500 times liquid prevention and control.

7. The white atractylodes seed bug (Homocosoma sp.)

Harms the white atractylodes seeds and eats the fleshy receptacle at the bottom of the flower buds, causing the buds to shrivel up and dry out, and the seeds to be moth-eaten, so that they can't be kept in the seed. Prevention and control methods: deep turning of the soil to eliminate the overwintering insect population; drought and water crop rotation; 80% dichlorvos 800 times sprayed during the egg-laying period of the adult pests to prevent and control.

Other still have botrytis (Sclerotinia sp.), root-knot nematode disease, foliar disease, southern dodder (Cuscuta australis R.etBr.), small tigress [Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg)] and other damage.

Four, harvesting and processing

(a) seed saving

White atractylodes can be divided into plant selection or piece selection, plant selection can improve seed purity. The mother plant should be selected as a robust plant with few branches, large leaves, and flat and large flower buds. It is good to keep 5-6 flower buds per plant. Remove the late blooming or early blooming flower buds, so that the nutrients supplied to the seed growth and development, is conducive to improving seed quality. Atractylodes macrocephala seed harvesting season for the first half of November. Choose a sunny day to dig up the plant cut off the underground rhizome, the ground part of the bundle into a handful according to type (should not be too large), hanging upside down under the eaves to dry for 20-30 days, prompting the seeds to ripen. Then put it in the sun for 1-2 days. When threshing, knock the buds with a bamboo blade to dislodge the seeds and lift off the velvet and deflated seeds. After that, do not sunlight again, otherwise it will reduce the seed germination rate. Finally, the seeds into a cloth bag or sack, hanging in a ventilated cool place for storage, pay attention to prevent rodent damage.

(ii) harvest

Generally in late October to mid-November when the art plant stem and leaves turn withered brown harvest. Early harvest rhizome dry matter has not yet fully accumulated, tender, poor quality, low drying rate, affecting the quality of medicinal; too late the new shoots, consume nutrients, but also affect the yield and quality. Harvested on sunny days will be dug up the plant, knocked off the mud, cut off the stalks, leaving the rhizome processing. The general mu yield of dry goods 100-150kg, high 250-300kg.

(C) Atractylodes macrocephala processing

Can be divided into two kinds of raw sun and drying. Sun-dried Atractylodes macrocephala is called raw sun-dried Atractylodes macrocephala, sun-dried for 15-20 days, until dry. The drying of atractylodes macrocephala is called baking atractylodes macrocephala.

Drying art at the beginning of the fire can be fierce, the temperature is generally mastered at about 100 ℃, to be water vapor rise, the surface of the white atractylodis Macrocephalae began to heat, then the temperature dropped to 60-70 ℃ (to touch the bamboo curtain of the drying bucket is not hot until). After 2-3 hours, turn the white atractylodes up and down once, and continue to bake for 2-3 hours, the roots of atractylodes have been dried, and constantly turning, so that the roots fall off. Stack the atractylodes indoors for 5-6 days, so that the internal moisture seeps out to the surface, the roots turn soft, and the atractylodes are separated in size. Then dry 5-6 hours, turning up and down once, so that it is heated evenly, and then continue to dry 5-6 hours to eighty percent dry, stacked indoors for 7-10 days, and then dry until the turning of the crisp "kakak" sound stops that is said to be Atractylodes macrocephala has been dried. Do not use pine and cypress and other resinous fuel, so as not to blacken or inhale volatile oils and other substances, affecting the quality. In recent years, there are also coal or briquettes as fuel to dry atractylodes macrocephala.

Product specifications: dry, no mud, no need to root, no oil cooked, no insect moth.