Agaricus bisporus (commonly known as round mushrooms and foreign mushrooms) belongs to the phylum Basidiomycetes and the family Agaricomycetes. It belongs to the grass rot fungi and is a medium-low temperature mushroom. my country is rich in rice straw and wheat straw, and the climate is more suitable for the growth of Agaricus bisporus. Has great potential for development.
The varieties currently cultivated in our country include AS2796, As3303, Zhe Nong No. 1, etc.
Nutrient: Agaricus bisporus is a saprophytic fungus that cannot perform photosynthesis. Add an appropriate amount of farm manure (such as cow, sheep, horse, pig, chicken and human excrement and urine) to the straw (wheat straw, rice straw), and an appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and other inorganic nutrients. Reasonable formula is an important basic condition for obtaining high yield.
Temperature: Agaricus bisporus mycelium growth temperature range is 4℃-32℃, optimal temperature is 22℃-25℃; fruiting body growth temperature range is 5℃-25℃, optimal temperature is 14℃-18℃ .
Humidity: The moisture content of the culture material is preferably about 60%, and the moisture content of the covering soil is 16%-20%. The relative air temperature is 60%-70% during the mycelial growth stage and 85%-95% during the fruiting body growth stage. Too dry or too wet is detrimental to mycelial growth.
PH: Agaricus bisporus should be alkaline. Acidity is not good for the growth of mycelium and fruiting bodies, and it is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria. The pH value range for mycelial growth is 5-8, and the optimum value is 7-8. The pH value of the culture material before entering the shed should be adjusted to 7.5-8, and the pH value of the soil particles should be 8-8.5. Add a little lime when spraying water after each mushroom harvest to maintain the pH value and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.
Air: Agaricus bisporus is an aerobic fungus, so good ventilation is required.
Light: Neither the mycelium nor the fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus require light, but they can still grow under general scattered light conditions, but cannot be exposed to strong light. The fruiting bodies grow white and plump in a dark environment. If the light is too strong, the surface of the growing fruiting bodies will be hardened, with many deformed mushrooms and poor commercial value.
Agaricus bisporus is best eaten fresh and should not be stored for a long time. When grown on a large scale, it can be canned and exported for exchange. When developing Agaricus bisporus on a large scale, we must consider the issue of deep processing. Otherwise, the product will be backlogged and deteriorate, which will cause losses.
Value and Benefits
Agaricus bisporus has high nutritional value and medicinal effects. The protein content of fresh mushrooms is 35%-38%, and its nutritional value is 4-12 times that of vegetables and fruits. It enjoys the reputation of "health food" and "king of vegetables". It is deeply favored by the domestic market, especially the international market.
Linquan County, Anhui Province uses straw and cow dung as culture materials to develop Agaricus bisporus production on a large scale and has achieved significant benefits. Farmer-type mushroom sheds generally invest about 40 yuan per square meter in the first year, and in the second year The investment is about 15 yuan, and 10-15 kilograms of fresh mushrooms can be produced per square meter, with a purchase price of 6-8 yuan per kilogram.
Preparation of cow dung
The best cow dung for growing Agaricus bisporus is dry cow dung. When the cowshed is built, there is a dung outlet on the back wall and a place for stacking dung. The floor is made of cement, sloped outward, and ditched on the outside, so that when the cowshed is cleaned, the cow dung and cow urine are initially separated, the cow dung piles up, and the cow urine flows to the biogas tank. After the cow dung is piled and drained, it is promptly taken to the dung drying ground to dry. There are no special facility requirements for the manure drying field, as long as it is a ventilated and sunny open space. According to the size of the site, spread the wet cow dung to an appropriate thickness, let it dry naturally, and dry it into cow dung cakes. Remember: Do not turn it randomly when drying. The more you turn it, the harder it will be to dry it. Even if it is dried, it will become powdery and difficult to store.
After the cow dung is dried, it is packaged in woven bags and stored for later use. If possible, it can be stored indoors to prevent mildew.
Drying cow dung is not a profound knowledge. Various places can use drying methods flexibly according to local conditions and seasons. In the final analysis, the cow dung is dried into cakes for storage.
General operation process
1. Build a mushroom shed.
1. Simple shed type:
Instructions: Experimental planting, 100-200 square meters, investment of about 3,000 yuan.
Step one: Use the simple sheds used to grow vegetables, instead of setting up three-dimensional scaffolding, and cultivate them directly on the ground.
Step 2: Prepare cow dung and straw. Prepare the materials in August. Compost at high temperature. The material preparation is successful in one time. No secondary fermentation is required.
The third step: Purchase the cultivated strains directly and sow them at the right time according to the appropriate temperature in early September.
2. Plastic greenhouse type:
Description: Experimental planting, about 500 square meters, investment of about 20,000 yuan.
The first step: Use the plastic greenhouses used to grow vegetables to build a three-dimensional scaffolding with each layer 60 cm high.
The second step: Prepare cow dung and straw, prepare materials in August, high-temperature composting, and use secondary fermentation technology.
The third step: Purchase the cultivated strains directly and sow them at the right time according to the appropriate temperature in early September.
3. Renovation of old houses:
Explanation: For experimental planting, a three-dimensional scaffolding is set up according to the height of the house, and the investment amount is calculated according to the planting area, which is generally about 30 yuan per square meter.
The first step: Use old factory buildings, old farmhouses, old sweet potato cellars, old air-raid shelters, etc. to set up scaffolds according to actual conditions, with each floor 60 cm high.
The second step: Prepare cow dung and straw, prepare materials in August, high-temperature composting, and use secondary fermentation technology.
The third step: Purchase the cultivated strains directly and sow them at the right time according to the appropriate temperature in September.
4. Standard mushroom shed type:
Explanation: The construction of frame-type greenhouses or house-style mushroom sheds is a standardized and large-scale model.
The first step: Hire technicians and design production plans and management plans.
The second step: Prepare cow dung and straw, prepare materials in August, high-temperature composting, and implement secondary fermentation technology.
The third step: Technicians produce the cultivated seeds themselves and sow them at the right time according to the appropriate temperature in September.
5. Enterprise production model:
Explanation: It is a project with strong funds or state investment, and can be planted all year round regardless of season.
The first step: Hire technicians and design production plans and management plans.
The second step: Prepare cow dung and straw, and mechanize the preparation and loading of materials.
The third step: Standardize the production of strains, adopt temperature control methods, and conduct factory cultivation throughout the year.
2. Formula and stacking of culture materials
1. Standard preparation formula for Agaricus bisporus for 100 square meters
Regarding the formula of culture materials for Agaricus bisporus, we have come into contact with Technical CDs, written materials, online media, etc. often have different standards. Many friends called and asked if there is a more standard material preparation mode? It should be said that all the various formulas that have been practiced are feasible formula solutions. In general, the formula mode should be reasonably selected according to the resource advantages of the location.
According to the common standards in Linquan County, cow dung and straw are used as the main raw material to formulate the formula. The materials that need to be prepared per 100 square meters are as follows for your reference:
Cow dung 3000 5,000 jin of straw; 200 jin of phosphate fertilizer; 150 jin of gypsum powder; 10 jin of urea; 150 jin of lime; 200 jin of cake fertilizer.
Some information mentions special fertilizer for Agaricus bisporus. We in Linquan County have never used or promoted any special fertilizer. We would like to make a statement here.
2. Stacking and fermentation. The stacking time is generally in early August. ① Pre-piling: First, fully soak the straw with clean water and pile it into a large pile with a width of 2-2.5 meters, a height of 1.3-1.5 meters and an unlimited length. Pre-pile it for 2-3 days. At the same time, the cow and horse dung is crushed, added with water to adjust the humidity, and then piled up. ②Building the pile: First lay a layer of straw 15-20 cm thick, 1.8-2 meters wide, and any length on the material yard. Then spread a layer of 3-4 cm thick cow and horse manure, then sprinkle in phosphate fertilizer and urea in proportion, and pile it up 1.3-1.5 meters high. Add an appropriate amount of water starting from the second layer, and make sure the straw is firm after each layer is laid. ③ Turning the pile: Turning the pile should generally be done 4 times. Carry out the first turning of the pile 6-7 days after the pile is built, and add gypsum powder and lime powder at the same time. After that, turn the pile once every 5-6 days, 4-5 days, and 3-4 days. Every time the pile is turned over, attention should be paid to changing the positions up and down, inside and outside. After the pile is piled, it should be covered with straw curtains or plastic films to prevent the pile from direct sunlight and rain.
3. Fermentation standards. The whole stacking process takes about 25 days. The following standards should be met: the moisture content of the culture material should be controlled at 65%-70% (hold the straw tightly and water droplets will leach out without falling), the appearance should be dark brown, there is no manure smell or ammonia smell, the grass manure should be evenly mixed, loose and finely crushed. No clumps.
3. Sowing in the shed
First spread a layer of 3 cm thick fresh wheat straw on the mushroom bed in the shed, and then spread the fermented culture material evenly on the mushroom bed. The thickness is 15-20 cm. Then fumigate and disinfect with 10 grams of potassium permanganate and 20 ml of formaldehyde per cubic meter of space. After 24 hours, it is difficult to ventilate the space by opening the doors and windows. Sowing can be done when the material temperature drops below 28°C, and one bottle of 500 ml bottle of bacteria per square meter is used. Sprinkle the bacteria evenly on the surface of the material, and gently press and flatten it until the bacteria sink about 2 cm into the material.
4. Cover with soil after sowing
Close doors and windows appropriately within 3 days after sowing and keep the air humidity at about 80% to promote germination of bacteria. Note that the temperature inside the shed cannot exceed 30°C, otherwise proper ventilation and cooling should be done at night. About 15 days after sowing, when the mycelium has basically covered the material layer, cover it with soil. Soil covering method: It is better to choose soil that has good water absorption, a granular structure, many pores, is not sticky when wet, and does not fall apart when dry. About 2.5 cubic meters of soil is needed for every 100 square meters of mushroom bed. First stir in 1.5%-2% lime powder, and then infiltrate the soil with 5% formaldehyde aqueous solution. Cover the soil with a thickness of 2.5-3.5 cm when it is no longer sticky, forms a ball when picked up, and falls apart when sprinkled.
5. Management after covering with soil
Adjust the moisture after covering with soil to keep the soil moisture content at about 20%. The humidity of the space after covering with soil should be maintained at 80%-90%, and the temperature is 13-20°C (the optimal temperature is 15-18°C). Water should be sprayed in a timely manner according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil. Strict control of temperature and humidity is the key to high quality and high yield of Agaricus bisporus.
6. Harvest at the right time
When the mushrooms grow to 2-4 cm in diameter, they should be harvested in time. If harvested too late, the quality will deteriorate and the next batch of small mushrooms will be inhibited. growth. When picking, hold the mushroom cap with your fingers, turn it gently to pluck, and use a knife to cut off the muddy roots, making sure the cuts are smooth.
After harvesting, fill the holes with soil in a timely manner, and spray 1% glucose, 200 times Sunflower Yield King or Green Wind 95 once to promote the growth of small mushrooms and increase yield and quality.