cultivation techniques

1. temperature okra

Okra likes warmth, is afraid of cold and has strong heat resistance. When the air temperature 13℃ and the ground temperature 15℃, the seeds can germinate. However, the optimum temperature of seed germination and growth period is 25 ~ 30℃. The average monthly temperature is lower than 17℃, which affects flowering and fruiting; When the night temperature is lower than 14℃, the growth will be slow, the plants will be short, the leaves will be narrow, the flowers will bloom less and the flowers will drop more. At 26 ~ 28℃, there are many flowers, high fruit setting rate, fast fruit development, high yield and good quality.

Step 2: Moisture

Okra is drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant, but not waterlogged. Excessive soil moisture during germination is easy to induce seedling blight. Drought in the fruiting period, poor plant growth and poor quality should always keep the soil moist.

Step 3 light

Abelmoschus esculentus is particularly sensitive to light conditions, requiring long light time and sufficient light. Xiangyang plot should be selected, ventilation should be strengthened, and reasonable close planting should be paid attention to so as to avoid shading each other and affecting ventilation and light transmission.

4. Soil

Nutritive okra has a wide adaptability to soil and does not choose soil fertility, but loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is more suitable. Nitrogen is the main fertilizer in the early stage of growth, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are needed in the middle and late stage. However, if there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, the plant will grow in vain, the flowering and fruiting will be delayed, and the fruit-setting node will increase. Insufficient nitrogen fertilizer and poor plant growth affect flowering and fruit setting.

breed

1. Germination period

It takes about10 ~15 days from sowing to flattening of two leaves. Sowing at 25 ~ 30℃ for 4 ~ 5 days can germinate and be unearthed. Usually, it takes about 7 days for direct seeding seedlings to be unearthed in the open field, and the seedlings can emerge 2 ~ 4 days in advance with plastic film mulching.

2. Seedling stage

It takes about 40 ~ 45 days from the flattening of two leaves to the opening of the first flower. Generally, after cotyledons are fully unfolded, the first true leaf unfolds after15 ~ 25 days. After that, a true leaf occurs every 2 ~ 4 days, and the first one or two true leaves are round. Growth is slow in seedling stage, especially when the ground temperature is too low.

Step 3 blossom and bear fruit

It takes about 85 ~120 days from the beginning of flowering to the end of harvesting. It takes 50 ~ 55 days after emergence, and the first flower will open. The first or second flower takes a little longer from flowering to harvest. Later, with the increase of temperature, the harvest time is shortened. Usually, the first harvest is about 70 days after sowing. It can be harvested 4 days after flowering at the daytime temperature of 28 ~ 32℃ and the night temperature18 ~ 20℃. After flowering and fruiting, okra grows faster and stronger, especially at high temperature. In July, a real leaf is unfolded every three days, and in September, it takes 4 to 5 days to unfold a real leaf.

culture in the open

1.Cultivation season

Okra likes warmth and is afraid of frost. The whole growth period should be arranged in a frost-free period, and the flowering and fruiting period should be in a warm and humid season everywhere. Open field cultivation, sowing in April to June in north and south, and harvesting in July to10. Sowing in North China is generally from mid-late April to May. Solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses are often used to raise seedlings in cold areas in the north, and then they are planted in the field after the early spring and late frost.

Step 2: Prepare the soil for the border.

Abelmoschus esculentus should not be planted continuously, nor should it be grafted with fruits and vegetables to avoid root-knot nematodes. It is best to choose root vegetables and leafy vegetables as the previous crop. The loam with deep soil layer, rich and loose soil layer and water and fertilizer conservation is more suitable. After harvesting in the winter and the previous crop, deep ploughing should be done in time, and 75,000 kilograms of decomposed manure and 300 kilograms of NPK compound fertilizer should be removed from each hectare, and they should be evenly mixed and raked to level the border. There are two ways to cultivate in the open field: first, planting in large and small rows, with large rows of 70 cm, small rows of 45 cm, border width of 200 cm, 4 rows per border, and plant spacing of 40 cm; Secondly, the narrow ridge is planted in two rows, the ridge width is 100 cm, two rows are planted in each ridge, the row spacing is 70 cm, the plant spacing is 40 cm, and the furrow width is 50 cm. If planted in a single row at the edge of the field, beside the road and by the river, the spacing between plants is 60 cm, and there are 3 plants in each hole, which is ventilated and transparent and easy to manage.

3. Sowing and raising seedlings

(1) live broadcast method Okra multi-line live broadcast. Soak the seeds for 12 hour before sowing, then put them at 25 ~ 30℃ to accelerate germination. After about 24 hours, the seeds begin to sprout, and sow when 60% ~ 70% of the seeds "break their mouths". It is advisable to sow in holes, with 3 plants per hole and a hole depth of 2 ~ 3 cm. All localities should sow in time after the final frost period, water first, then sow, and then cover the soil for about 2 cm. The seed used for direct seeding is 10 kg per hectare, and the seed used for seedling transplanting is about 3 kg per hectare.

(2) Seedling-raising and transplanting method Seeding and seedling-raising are carried out in sunny beds and solar greenhouses in northern areas more than in the first half of March. The bed soil is prepared by mixing 6 parts of garden soil, 3 parts of decomposed organic fertilizer and 1 part of fine sand. Soak seeds before sowing to accelerate germination, level the seedbed, and sow seeds according to the row spacing of plants 10 cm, and cover the soil with a thickness of about 2 cm. After sowing, the bed soil temperature should be kept at 25℃, and it will germinate and be unearthed in 4 ~ 5 days. Seedling age is 30 ~ 40 days, and the seedlings are planted when they have 2 ~ 3 true leaves. It is best to use plastic pots, nutrient clods and other measures to protect roots and raise seedlings to cultivate healthy seedlings of the right age.

field management

(1) When the seedling breaks the heart, it is the first thinning, and the weak seedlings are removed occasionally. When 2 ~ 3 leaves are true, the seedlings should be thinned for the second time, and the strong seedlings should be selected. Seedlings should be established when 3 ~ 4 leaves are true, and 1 plant should be reserved for each hole.

(2) intertillage weeding and soil-raising okra

After the seedlings are unearthed or planted, the temperature is low, so it should be cultivated twice continuously to raise the ground temperature and promote the slow seedling. Strengthen intertillage before the first flower opens, so as to squat seedlings moderately and facilitate root system development. After flowering and fruiting, the plant grows faster, and it should be intertilled after each watering and topdressing, and intertilled and cultivated before closing the ridge to prevent the plant from lodging. In the stormy and windy areas in summer, it is best to use bamboo poles or branches around 1 m to prevent lodging.

(3) watering and fertilizing

① Watering okra requires high air and soil humidity during its growth period. If there is water shortage within 20 days after sowing, artificial sprinkler irrigation should be done sooner or later. Mechanical sprinkler irrigation or furrow irrigation can be used after the seedlings are slightly larger. The hot summer season is in the peak harvest period of okra, with large water demand and high surface temperature. You should water it before 9 am and after sunset in the afternoon to avoid damaging the roots by watering at high temperature. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to prevent seedling death. The whole growth period is to keep the soil moist.

(2) Topdressing On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be appropriate, and nitrogen fertilizer should not be biased. The first time is full seedling fertilizer, which is carried out after emergence, and urea is applied at 90 ~120kg per hectare. The second time is to raise seedling fertilizer, furrow and withdraw application after seedling or planting, and apply 225 ~ 300 kg compound fertilizer per hectare. Re-apply fertilizer at the flowering and fruiting stage, with 30,000 ~ 45,000 kg of human excrement or 300 ~ 450 kg of NPK compound fertilizer. In the middle and late growth period, a small amount of topdressing should be applied several times as appropriate to prevent premature senescence of plants.

(4) Under normal conditions, the plants of plant regulation okra grow vigorously, the main lateral branches are stout, the leaves are hypertrophy, and the flowering and fruiting are often delayed. Twisting branches can be adopted, that is, the petiole is twisted into a curved shape to control the vegetative growth. In the middle and late growth period, timely removal of old leaves below the harvested tender fruits can not only improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce nutrient consumption, but also prevent the spread of diseases and pests. Picking the tender fruit at the right time can promote the fruiting of lateral branches and improve the early yield. Picking the seeds in time can promote the seeds to mature, so as to enrich the seeds and improve the quality of the seeds.

pick

It takes about 60 days for okra from sowing to the formation of the first tender fruit. In the future, the whole harvest period will be as long as 60 ~ 70 days, and the whole growth period can reach 120 days or even longer. The standard of picking commercial fresh fruit of okra is that the fruit length is 8 ~10 cm, the fruit surface is bright green and the seeds in the fruit are not aged. If the harvest is not timely, the meat quality will age and the fiber will increase, and the edible value of the commodity will be greatly reduced. Generally, after the first fruit is harvested, it is harvested every 2 ~ 4 days in the early stage, and the harvesting interval is shortened with the increase of temperature. Harvest once a day or every other day during the full fruit season in August. After September, the temperature drops, and it is harvested once every 3 ~ 4 days. Scissors should be used when harvesting, and gloves should be put on to prevent bristles or prickles on stems, leaves and fruits from stabbing the skin, and the itching is unbearable. At this time, washing with soap or lightly roasting on the fire can reduce the degree of itching. Usually, the tender fruit is harvested 4 days after the flower withers, and the quality is the best. The yield per mu is about1500 ~ 3000 kg.