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Where is the patriotism of Donglin Party members? How many communists were there who died in the country?
Donglin Party was a political group dominated by Jiangnan literati in the late Ming Dynasty. In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), Gu Xiancheng, who was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown, restored Donglin Academy, where Yang Shi gave lectures in the Song Dynasty, with the support of Ouyang Dongfeng, a magistrate in Changzhou, and Lin Zai, a magistrate in Wuxi. He lectured with Gao Panlong, Qian Yiben, Xue Fujiao, Shi Menglin, Yu Kongjian and his brother Gu Yuncheng, among them, "After lectures, he often satirized the political affairs and decided on the characters". Those who admire the style of the courtiers are far away from each other. This kind of political lecture activity has formed a wide range of social influences. "Three Wu gentry", various political representatives in opposition to the DPRK, southeast urban forces, and some local power groups all gathered around Donglin School centered on Donglin Academy for a while. People at that time called it Donglin Party. In the later period of Ming Shenzong and Zhu Yijun's rule, eunuchs were arrogant and perverse, politics became increasingly corrupt and social contradictions intensified. In view of this phenomenon, Donglin Party members put forward some ideas, such as opposing the plundering caused by mining supervision tax, reducing the burden of taxes, and developing the economy in the southeast region. They also advocated opening their minds and carrying out reforms to criticize the current political situation, which was widely supported by the society at that time, but also met with fierce opposition from eunuchs and various dependent forces. In the party struggle in the late Ming Dynasty, the main opposition of Donglin Party was Qi, Chu and Zhejiang Party. In the late Wanli period, the two sides took the struggle for the country as the head, and three cases as the aftermath, attacking each other.

During the period of the Apocalypse Emperor, Wei Zhongxian, the eunuch, dictatorship, formed the most powerful eunuch clique in the Ming Dynasty, and all the parties in Qi, Chu and Zhejiang scrambled to attach themselves to it, and carried out bloody suppression on Donglin Party members. In the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Yang Lian, a member of Donglin Party, was arrested for the twenty-four major crimes of illegally dissolving Wei Zhongxian, and was killed together with Zuo Guangdou, Huang Zunsu and Zhou Shunchang. Wei Zhongxian also made people compile "Three Dynasties Essentials", using three cases, namely, the red pill case, the criticism case and the relocation case, as the topics, to destroy Donglin Academy and attack Donglin Party. Famous figures in Donglin, such as Wei Dazhong, Gu Dazhang, Gao Panlong, Zhou Qiyuan and Miao Changsi, were persecuted to death. The Party of Qi, Chu, and Zhejiang made a series of records, adding Donglin to the notoriety, and tied for the list of party members in the whole country. Each list ranged from 100 people to more than 500 people. Those who listed names, the living cut their books, the dead chased them away, and the good ones in the DPRK were empty. Wei Zhongxian also ordered his henchmen to make "Donglin Dianjianglu" and nicknamed the famous Donglin Party members "Water Margin" respectively, in an attempt to catch them all. In the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Zhu Youjian ascended the throne, Wei Zhongxian hanged himself, and the following year, the Canon of Three Dynasties was destroyed, so the persecution of Donglin Party members stopped. However, the struggle between Donglin and the eunuch party continued until the Nanming period.

Wind, rain, reading, sound in the ear;

Family affairs, state affairs, what's going on in the world, and everything.

This is a couplet written by Gu Xiancheng, the leader of Donglin Party, engraved at the gate of Donglin Academy.

In the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), Gu Xiancheng, a doctor in the literary works department of the official department, was stripped of his official status and returned to his hometown of Wuxi. Together with his younger brother Gu Yuncheng, he initiated the restoration of Donglin Academy in the east of Wuxi. This academy was originally founded by Song Ruyang, and Yang Shi was a disciple of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, two great scholars in the Song Dynasty, and was the authentic direct biography of the "two-way theory". Later, another great scholar in Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, was a disciple of Yang Shi. When Gu Xiancheng rebuilt Donglin Academy, he clearly announced that he was talking about Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, that is, he inherited Yang Shi's mantle.

To rebuild Donglin Academy, Changzhou magistrate Ouyang Dongfeng and Wuxi magistrate Lin Zai helped a lot. After the completion, Gu Xiancheng gave lectures with like-minded Gao Panlong, Qian Yiben, Xue Fujiao, Shi Menglin, Yu Konghe and others. Those who came to attend the lectures called Gu Xiancheng Mr. Jingyang, and later some people called him Mr. Donglin.

At that time, many scholar-officials who embraced morality and were not accepted by the politicians retired to the forest field. The reconstruction of Donglin Academy enabled them to find their bosom friends, so they all rushed to come, which made it impossible to accommodate the school. Gu Xiancheng often said: "When the Beijing official is not loyal to the victim, when the local official is not interested in people's livelihood, he secretly asks the village not to talk about justice and is not worthy of being called a gentleman." His views won the response of comrades. After giving lectures, they get together, talk about state affairs in euphemistic language, and praise and criticize the ruling ministers. Use "gentlemen" and "villains" to distinguish the political right and evil factions. As a result, some officials in the DPRK, such as Sun Piyang, Zou Yuanbiao, Zhao Nanxing and others, also exchanged views with Donglin Academy. With the consciousness of worrying about the country and the people, they intend to make a difference, and they have formed a political force that cannot be ignored. The faction that sings against them calls them "Donglin Party". Donglin Party members are called "clean stream", which affects the public opinion all over the world.

At that time, Shenzong did not attend the court for a long time, and lived in the deep palace for a long time. He lived a life of "drinking every night, getting drunk every time, and getting angry every time he got drunk", and the waiters around him didn't mean to do things. And extremely greedy, I can't wait to search all the goods in the world into the palace for its profligacy. Sending a large number of eunuchs as "mine emissaries" and "tax supervisors" to various places to levy exorbitant taxes and make people's grievances boil. He put aside the appointment and dismissal of court officials, making it impossible for serving officials to get promoted and it is difficult to fill vacant positions in time. At the worst time, there was only one Shangshu in the six books, and all of them were not supplemented in 10. In order to increase the number of cabinet ministers, the first and second ministers actually made more than 100 requests for memorials. In this way, the factional disputes between the ruling and opposition parties have intensified.

The cabinet ministers Wang Xijue, Shen Yiguan, Fang Congzhe and others who disagree with the Donglin Party are called "Zhejiang Party". In addition, there are "Qin Party", whose members are all Shaanxi bureaucrats, and "Qi Party", "Chu Party" and "Xuan Party" are all named after the leader's native place. The political views of the "Qin Party" are consistent with those of the "Donglin Party", and all other "parties" are connected with the "Zhejiang Party", and the wind of party struggle is rampant.

Donglin Party members are often not afraid of power, plead for the people, boldly impeach the powerful people in the DPRK, oppose "mining envoys" and "tax supervision", and even dare to offend "Long Yan". When Li Sancai, the governor of Fengyang, was punished by cabinet ministers, Gu Xiancheng, who gave lectures at Donglin College, wrote to Ye Xianggao and Sun Piyang to praise Li Sancai's achievements. Wu Liang copied Gu Xiancheng's letter in the mansion newspaper, which annoyed the people who attacked Li Sancai.

During his tenure as governor of Fengyang, Li Sancai once confiscated hundreds of thousands of stolen money and a large number of rare treasures from Cheng Shouxun, a minion of eunuch Chen Zeng, and punished Cheng Shouxun according to law, which made people happy. In the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth years of Wanli, he repeatedly reported the disadvantages of mining tax. In the thirty and thirty-one years of Wanli, he repeatedly opposed the mining tax, and proposed to build canals, build sluices and prevent floods and droughts. These ideas were not adopted, but were fined for five months. Li Sancai accused the Emperor Shenzong of saying: "Your Majesty loves pearls and jade, and the people also want to have enough food and clothing;" Your majesty loves your children and grandchildren, and the people also love their wives and children. Why does your majesty want to desperately collect treasures but not let the people meet the needs of the promotion? Why does your majesty want to prolong happiness for thousands of years, but he doesn't let the people enjoy the morning and evening? "

Donglin Party members have always opposed empresses' interference in politics and eunuch's autocratic power. Even if they are dismissed from office, they will persist in arresting and accusing. In the event of "fighting for the country's foundation" and the three cases of "beating", "red pill" and "moving the palace" that followed, Donglin Party members insisted on opposing Zheng Guifei and Li Xuan's official affairs from the standpoint of safeguarding imperial power, publicly criticized the acts that endangered the crown prince and the emperor, and advocated severely tracing the parties involved in the three cases and their behind-the-scenes ambassadors.

Donglin Party members are still trying to clean up the bureaucracy in the "Beijing Inspection Plan". "Beijing inspection" and "external inspection" are two systems for evaluating officials. "Beijing inspection" is to inspect officials serving in Beijing once every six years; "External inspection" is to assess local officials, once every three years. Generally speaking, foreign officials are inspected when they come to the capital to appear before the emperor. "Beijing inspection" is to decide the rewards and punishments such as promotion, demotion or dismissal according to the official's political achievements and conduct. If you are dismissed as an official in the "Beijing Inspection", you will no longer be used for life.

In the twenty-first year of Wanli, the hosts were Sun Kaogong, the official minister, Zhao Nanxing, a doctor, and Li Shida, an adviser to Zuodu. They were all honest and selfless. Yingchang Lv, the foreign minister of Selected Works, was Zhao Nanxing's nephew, and Wang Sanyu was a relative of Zhao Nanxing, who was deposed because of poor evaluation. Donglin Party also took this opportunity to dismiss some officials who had deep contacts with cabinet ministers. In the thirty-third year of Wanli, Donglin Party members Yu Shi Wen Chun and Yang Shiqiao, assistant minister of the official department, presided over the "Beijing Inspection Plan", and relegated Zhejiang Party officials Qian Menggao and Zhong Zhaodou. However, the hosts of Nanjing's "Beijing Inspection Plan" were hosted by the Qi, Chu and Zhejiang parties, who took the opportunity to expel the officials of Donglin Party. In the forty-fifth year of Wanli, the leader of Zhejiang Party became the cabinet record again, and this year's "Beijing inspection plan" dealt a great blow to Donglin Party members. In this way, a situation of factional strife is formed, and the political opinions of Donglin Party members are also entangled with their motives of excluding dissidents, which creates an excuse for their attackers.

Donglin Party is a political group that appeared in the late Ming Dynasty, mainly composed of middle and lower officials, middle and lower landlords and intellectuals, and opposed princes, nobles and eunuchs. They tried to save the country with Confucian orthodoxy, but they were severely hit by the powerful ruling group. It was not until Chongzhen acceded to the throne and executed Wei Zhongxian that he looked up. Later, the remnants of Donglin Party struggled with the powerful ministers until the demise of Nanming for more than 40 years.

Appendix: Donglin Highlights

Marshal Tota, King of Mountain Opening, Li Sancai, Minister of Nanjing Household Department.

Company commanders are all leaders:

Tiankuixing Jishiyu University Ye Xianggao

The highest day star Yu Qilin official department minister Zhao Nanxing.

In charge of confidential strategist 2:

The secret star Zhi Duo Xing Zhi Duo Xing Zuo Yu De Miao Chang Period

Sky idle stars enter Yunlong Zuodu suggestion Gao Panlong

Co-ordinator, a member of the military affairs chief:

Gu Dazhang, Yuanwailang of Li Department of Quirrell Star Divine Machine Strategist.

One of the pioneers:

The heavenly killing star, the black whirlwind, and the official department all gave things to Wei Dazhong.

Left and right pioneers:

The dark star, the blue-faced beast, Zhejiang Road, the Imperial Room can be strong.

Zhou Zongjian, the Imperial Advisor of Fujian Road, the Tiger Jumping from the Earth's Stars

Five members of Ma Jun's Iliad:

Tian yongxing broadsword hand left vice capital suggestion Yang Lian

Xiong xing Bao zi tou Zuo Yu du Yu Shi Zuo guang dou

Tianmengxing Thunderstorm Dali Temple Shao Qing Hui Shiyang

Tianweixing Shuang Bian Jiang Taibu Temple Shaoqing Zhou Chaorui

Tian Lixing's two guns will be Yuan Huazhong, the imperial advisor of Henan Road.

Ma jun, eight generals in ancient times, eight members:

Tian Yingxing Xiao Liguang Fujian Road Yushi Li Yingsheng

Tianjiexing didn't have an arrow. Jiang Yunyi, the suggestion of Shaanxi Road.

Sky Star Huang Zunsu, Imperial Advisor of Shandong Road, Depth Charge

The order of Zhejiang Tao's suggestion and summer

The heavenly research star didn't hide Liu Honghua from the official department.

Tian Man Xing Mei Beard Gong Criminal Division gave Xie Xuelong a lecture.

The criminal department of the earth cabin star Maotouxing gave Mao Shilong a hand.

Liu Mao, the engineering teacher in the town, gave a lecture to Liu Mao.

The chief agent quietly reported the secret leader:

Tian su xing Shen xing tai Bao Shang Bao si cheng Wu ercheng

Earthspeed Star Arrow Tiger Guanglu Temple Shao Qing Ding Yuanjian

A member of the leader of the command:

The earth prisoner's dry land is out of line with the law, and Guangxi Dao Yu Shi you Shi Ren.

Two leaders in charge of money and grain:

Tian Fu Xing Pu Tian Diao Li Department Chief He Xuan

Dog star, golden retriever, Shang Baosi, Shao Qing and Huang Zhengbin.

Reward and punish the two leaders of the military and political department for their achievements:

Geodetic star, iron-faced, hole-faced, left-handed, imperial adviser, Cheng Zhengji.

The slave star urged the judge Zuo Tongzheng to paint Yizhen.

In charge of execution executioner leader two members:

Sun Shenxing, Minister of Ritual Affairs, a branch of the Earth Damage Star.

The horizon star is armed with arms, and the punishments are made by Wang Zhicai, a minister.

Holding a handsome flag, a member of the distribution school:

Wang wenyan, the cabinet book of fleas on the thief's drum

Guarding twelve members of Zhongjun General:

Tian Shouxing mixed with Jiang Long, a university student, Liu Yile.

Tian Wei xing JIU Wen long university student Han Xie

The short star comes from Sun Chengzong, a university student in Lin Long.

Tian Jian Xing Li Di Tai Sui Official Department Shang Shu Zhou Jiamo

Zhang Wenda, the official minister of Dijiaoxing Unicorn Dragon.

Tian Shang Xing Wu Xing Zuo Du Yu Shi Zou Yuanbiao

Tian Gui Xing Xiao Xuan Feng You Du Yu Shi Cao Yu Bian

Axis star thunders, does not do it, Shang Shu Wang Tu.

Qiao Yunsheng, the minister of punishment department of Tianlong Xingguan Suo

Feng Congwu, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, is a strong star.

Chen Yuting, assistant minister of the official department of the smiling tiger of Tibetan star

Tianqiaoxing prodigal son Zuo Chunfang Zuo Yu De Qian Qianyi

The quartet inquired about the invitation to pick up twelve guests' leaders:

Zheng Sanjun, assistant minister of Tiedi Xianhu Department, a local star.

Zhang Nai, right assistant minister of Dizhuang Xing Muhag Ritual Department.

The demon star touched the historical records of Shaoqing in Tianguanglu Temple.

Earth star grimace Guanglu Temple Cheng Li Binggong

Wen Zhenmeng, Written by Wen Xing, a Saint Scholar, Hanlin Academy

A Brief Discussion on Yao Ximeng in the Imperial Academy of Dikuo Star Moyun Golden Wings

A brief discussion on Gu Xichou in the Imperial Academy of the Earth-Yin Star Mother Worm

Diyixing White-faced Langjun Hanlin Academy Jishi Shu Zhengzhi

Zhou Shunchang, Yuanwailang, official department of Dimanxing Yugan.

The earth animal star Zibeard Zhang Guangqian, a member of the official department.

A wise star, a young official, a foreign minister, Sun Bixian.

Jing Yangqiao, head of the dark star Jin Baozi's ritual department

Forty-six leaders of the three armed forces "ma bu" or horse stance just look:

Tianhuixing desperately saburo punishments Shang Shu Wang Ji

Tian Gu Xing Hua Shang Zuo Shi Lang Li Jin of the Ministry of War

Sun Juxiang, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, is a two-headed snake.

Li Banghua, the right assistant minister of Weichi Ministry of Military Affairs, suffered from the disease of the brave star.

Liu Ce, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, is the face of the evil star

He Shijin, right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, Xiao Wenhou, Sasaki

The strange star Shengshui will learn from the right assistant minister Chen.

The crying star, the scorpion with two tails, left the vice capital, suggestion and Sun Dingxiang.

Tian Youxing, the golden gunner, the right capital, and Xu Liangyan.

Zhou Qiyuan, the suggestion of the right capital of the vegetable garden of Dixingxing.

Zhang Fengxiang, the general of the ugly star stone, is the right capital of the empire

Earth mad star alone Mars right capital suggestion Zhu Shishou.

Ingenious Star Jade Arm Craftsman You Yidu Yushi Cheng Shao

Earth-shattering star Sang Men, the God of Right, the Imperial Advisor Wang Qia.

Li ruoxing, the earth-building star, the dangerous Taoist god, and the right capital.

Liu Zongzhou, the political envoy of Zuo Tong, a strange red-haired ghost.

Di Jun Xing Tie Fan Dali Temple Shao Qing Wei Fan

Earth-to-air star bully Taichang Temple Shao Qing Han Jisi

Zhao Shiyong, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, the operator of the Earth Star God.

Diyouxing Sai Rengui Taichang Temple Shaoqing Li Yingkui

Notes by Shao Qing Cheng of Tai Chang Temple in Helexing Fire Eye

Di Jixing Knife Ghost Taichang Temple Shao Qing Shen Yingkui

Xia Jiayu, a doctor in the official department of Difei Star.

Zou Weilian, a doctor in the official department of the Great Sage.

Chen Liangxun, the green-eyed and tiger-collector's department of Geological Survey, gave a message to him.

Zhen Shu was given a job by Sanshan Military Division in Dishaxing Town.

Xiong Xing Muan Jing Huke gave Hao Tugao to the event.

Shen Weibing, given by Ma Bingke of Jiexing Ugly County.

Xue Wenzhou, a member of the family Diptera.

Lone Star Money Leopard Military Division gives things to Xiao Ji.

The evil star is short-lived, and Liu Fang, the suggestion of Erlang Lake Guangdao.

Fang Zhenru, the Imperial Advisor of Jiangxi Road in Yamaraja.

Li Yuan, the recluse star who killed the tiger, the suggestion of Shandong Dao.

Wei Guangxu, the suggestion of Fujian Dao, the dwarf tiger of MSI.

Di Jie xing Hua Xiang Hu Sichuan Dao Yu Shi Lian Guo

Di Wei Xing Baisheng will be the Henan Road Imperial Advisor Xie Wenjin.

Geodesy Star Xiao Weichi Yunnan Dao Yushi Li Rixuan

Zhang Shenyan, the earth-fierce star and divine fire general of Guizhou Daoyu.

Di Le Xing Tie Jiao Zi Shandong Dao Yu Shi Liu Si teaches.

Fu Xing Jin Yanbiao Hunan Road Yushi Liu Qizhong

Yin xing Bai Hua she Henan Dao Yu Shi yang Xin period

Earth-consuming star daytime mouse Huguang Road suggestion Liu Dashou

Sui xing tong arm ape Shanxi Dao Yu Shi Hou Yao

Ling Xing Shen Yi Doctor Yunnan Dao Yushi Hu Liangji

Song Shixiang, the suggestion of Sichuan Daoism, is a demon star in the cloud.

Geologic Star Nine-tailed Turtle Henan Road Imperial History Xiong Zezhen

Guard Nanjing is a member:

The Earth-but-Star Devil Cao Jiangyou, the capital of the empire, met Xiong Ming.

A member of the flood prevention chief in Nanjing:

Tianpingxing Chuanhuoer Nanjing Guangdong Road Yushi Wang Yuncheng

The sky is damaged, the stars are in the waves, and the white stripes are in Nanjing.

Chen Biqian, the advisor of Nanjing Jiangxi Road.

The earth enters the star and goes out of the hole. Jiao Huang Gongfu, the suggestion of Shanxi Road in Nanjing.

The earth retreats and flies across the river. Nanjing Sichuan Road has a long history.

The evil star, the living flash woman, gave Xu Xianqing a lecture in Nanjing Engineering Department.

In the fourth year of the apocalypse, Jiazi returned to Ann in winter and Han Jingzao made it.