As for "Hakkas", historians generally believe that Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains. Due to the invasion of frontier tribes, Hakka ancestors moved from the Central Plains to the south. Later, they moved to the south and scattered all over the country, forming a situation in which Hakka people were scattered in many areas.

The first great population migration in the Central Plains was caused by the invasion of Wu Luanhua's separatist forces. In order to take refuge, from Yongjia in the Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains began to move south, which was called "exile" at that time. Three tributaries gradually formed, and finally reached south-central Jiangxi, Fujian and other places as far as possible, while the nearest tributaries still lingered in Shui Ying, Huaishui, Rushui and Hanshui.

The second southward migration was caused by the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. After more than ten years of turmoil, people all over China have separated. In this migration, a few people arrived in Hui, Jia, Shao and other places, while most people stayed in Minting House and eastern Ganzhou.

During the Song Dynasty, due to the invasion of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, some Hakkas migrated again. This time, because Wen Tianxiang and others organized troops in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi to resist foreign invasion, the junction of the three provinces became an important place for both sides to attack and defend. Therefore, the clans of the Central Plains who came to Fujian and Jiangxi first migrated to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. At the same time, the number of people flowing into Tingzhou increased by several days.

At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, on the one hand, the internal population of Hakkas kept expanding, on the other hand, Manchu tribes entered China. After resisting the inability of the Qing dynasty to settle in, the people migrated alone again and were forced to scatter around. A considerable number of people moved to Sichuan and other places destroyed by war and fire to reclaim land for farming. Yes, it is the fourth migration, "moving lakes and filling Sichuan".

The fifth migration was in the late Qing Dynasty. This can be said to be a worldwide migration. With the population growth and poor mountain conditions, there is not enough support for the population. As a result, Hakkas went south to Leizhou, Qinzhou, Guangzhou, Chaoshan and other places, and crossed the ocean to Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and America.

After many migrations, Hakkas began to settle in various places and multiply from generation to generation, eventually becoming an important and special ethnic group of the Chinese nation today.

Up to now, it is estimated that there are about10.2 billion Hakkas at home and abroad, among which one third of the Chinese in Hong Kong are Hakkas. One fifth to one quarter of the population in Taiwan Province Province are Hakkas. On the mainland, in addition to Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces, there are also a considerable number of Hakkas in Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan provinces. There are many Hakkas overseas, in Southeast Asian countries, Australia, the United States and Canada. From countless precious historical materials and genealogical data, it can be seen that every surname in almost every place respects the ancestors who moved to western Fujian as the southern ancestors, and takes western Fujian as the end point for Hakka ancestors to bid farewell to the Central Plains and the starting point for becoming Hakka.

From the establishment of Tingzhou in the Kaiyuan period of Tang and Ming Dynasties to 1000 in the late Qing Dynasty, Changting was ruled by the state and county governments. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (AD 733), Tang Xunzhong, the long history of Fuzhou, sued more than 3,000 families who fled their homes in Chaozhou North, Qianzhoudong, Fuzhou West and Guanglongdong, blessed the Erzhou Cave, and called for the establishment of Tingzhou and Changting counties in Changting County, a water source in Kowloon. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan (736), Tingzhou was established, which belonged to Silla, and initially governed Changting, Silla and Huang Lian counties. When the county was established, it was adjacent to Shaxian County in the east, Du Yu in Jiangxi Province in the west, Longyan County in the southeast, Hua Qian in Jiangxi Province in the northwest, Ninghua County in the northeast and Chengyang Township in Haiyang, Guangdong Province in the southwest, including Changting, Wuping, Shanghang, Liancheng and parts of southwest Liu Qing. In the first year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (742), Tingzhou was renamed Lin Ting County, and the county moved to Changting Village. In the 14th year of Dali (769), Governor Li of Fujian asked him to move to Dongfang Kou, Baishi Township, Changting, in the upper reaches of Tingjiang River. In the 24th year of Dali (779), he moved to Yang Shan, Wolong, and the governor moved with him. At that time, Tingzhou had become one of the five major states in Fujian (Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jianzhou and Tingzhou). In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people who moved south entered the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. The Central Plains people who moved south poured in in batches, along Wuyi Mountain or from southern Jiangxi, to Shibizhai Village in Ninghua, Tingzhou (now Shibi Village), and then continued to migrate to Tingzhou County. The stone wall of Ninghua in Tingzhou is the place where ancestors lived, multiplied and migrated, and it is also the main settlement and migration place for Han people to move south. The Central Plains people who entered Ting gradually merged with the local Baiyue people and She people. As a result, the aborigines were assimilated, forming a branch of the Han nationality and becoming a Hakka in western Fujian. "Lin Tingzhi" in the Song Dynasty said: "Song Chengping lived a long time, and his life gathered in Japan." Yuan Jiu Feng already included the main customers of 66 157 and the customers of 15299, depending on the Tang Dynasty. The old records of Qingyuan include 2 18570 as the main customer and 45323 1 as the main customer, depending on Yuanfeng. It can be seen that more and more people moved to Ting in Song Dynasty. After the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the jurisdiction and appellation of Tingzhou changed many times. In the 14th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1478), Tingzhou Prefecture had jurisdiction over eight counties: Changting, Ninghua, Liu Qing, Guihua, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. In the third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1646), the Qing soldiers entered Fujian in June, and the prefectures and counties were still in the Ming Dynasty, with the same territory. Therefore, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tingzhou Prefecture administered eight counties. In the early years of the Republic of China, the abandoned government was built, and Changting County belonged to Zhang Ting Road. In 24 years of the Republic of China, the eighth administrative supervision area was established and later changed to the seventh administrative supervision area. The Office of the Commissioner is located in Changting, which governs eight counties: Changting, Liancheng, Liu Qing, Mingxi, Ninghua, Jianning, Taining and Wuping. In the long years of Changting, the humanities are said to be prosperous, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Zhongzhou are not reduced. Tingzhou has superior geographical environment, convenient waterway transportation in Tingjiang River basin and superior political, economic and cultural conditions where the state government is located, and has become the center of Hakka's political, economic and cultural development. Many places have established clubs in Tingzhou, such as Guangdong Club, Hunan Club, Hangzhou-Ningbo Club, Jiangxi Club and Longyan Club. Students from eight counties in Tingzhou have come to Tingzhou to try their skills, and Tingzhou has gathered people with lofty ideals and merchants and craftsmen. Due to these historical reasons, Tingzhou naturally became the capital of Hakka.

Tingjiang River is the largest river in western Fujian, and it is also the only river connecting Ninghua in western Fujian and Meizhou, Guangdong, two Hakka transit points for southward migration. After the Hakkas entered Fujian, they settled on both sides of Tingjiang River, and Tingjiang River Valley became the base camp of Hakkas. Tingjiang gave birth to Hakkas and gradually developed and expanded them. Tingjiang Valley has become the "Mecca Holy Land" in the hearts of Hakkas at home and abroad!

First, the origin of Hakka

The so-called Hakka refers to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, originally from Henan, who moved south during the Eastern Jin War and began to become a resident group with a "special identity". In the subsequent migration, they gradually formed today's unique Hakka family. Hakka clan is a branch of Han nationality in China. The most obvious feature of Hakka people is that they can speak Hakka dialect, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han nationality.

In history, the Hakkas have moved south five times, with time delay 1500 years.

The first great migration was in AD 3 17-879, when Emperor Huaidi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to power. Because the northwest minorities invaded the Central Plains, the situation of "Five Wild China" which had a far-reaching influence on the Han nationality was formed, and many officials and people in the Central Plains also crossed the Yellow River to the south. In order to avoid confusion with the original household registration, these new household registration are called "guests". This is the first time that the word "guest" has appeared in China Citizen Travel Service.

The second great migration was from 880 to 1 126. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao sent troops for an uprising, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms caused chaos in the world. Hakka ancestors moved from Anhui and Jiangxi to southern Jiangnan, northwestern Fujian and northern Guangdong.

The third great migration was in the period of 1 127- 1644. Jin and Yuan invaded one after another and crossed the river to the south. During this process, many Hakkas were lucky enough to participate in the Wang Qin War to defend the Song Dynasty and resist the Yuan soldiers. After the death of the Song Dynasty, they had to retreat to more remote eastern and northern Guangdong.

The fourth great migration was from 1645- 1843. In order to win the hearts and minds of the south, Emperor Kangxi gave 8 taels of silver to every man and 4 taels to women and children, and encouraged Hakkas to move to Sichuan, Guangxi and Taiwan Province provinces. Comrade Zhu De's ancestors, who have always been proud of Hakkas, moved from Shaoguan to Sichuan in this migration.

The fifth great migration took place after 1866, at the end of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, is a Hakka. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, many Hakkas moved to the south with remote intelligence and even overseas areas such as Southeast Asia under the pressure of the Qing government.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakkas in the world. There are 40 million people in China and about 5 million people abroad. Overseas Hakkas are widely distributed, especially in Southeast Asia. Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han are both Hakkas. There are Hakka people living in 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China. Among them, there are 50 Chunke counties where Hakka people account for more than 95%, and the most concentrated places of Hakka people are Gannan, Minnan and northern Guangdong. There are more than 20 million Hakkas in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the province's total population, including Chunke County 15.

Heyuan, as a pure Hakka area in Dongjiang River Basin, the earliest Hakka ancestors can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty. In 2 14 BC, after Qin Shihuang pacified South Vietnam, in order to further develop Lingnan, Tusui, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were sent to station 500,000 troops, and hundreds of thousands of "sinners" were also ordered to be sent to Lingnan. Zhao Tuo was the county magistrate of Longchuan and then the king of South Vietnam. The residents of Longchuan, whose surnames are Zhao, Wei, Guan and Ren, are the first people from the Central Plains to enter Longchuan and live together with local aborigines. However, as the time when the Hakkas migrated to Heyuan on a large scale, it should be pushed back to the third migration period of Hakkas, that is, 1 127- 1644.

In the long historical process, Heyuan people have been inheriting the excellent traditional virtues and humanistic spirit of Hakka people. The folk song culture in Meixian County, Guangdong Province is unique. Dongjiang Hakka dishes in Heyuan are more distinctive.

Second, Hakka customs.

Hakka customs generally include national traditional festivals, local sacrifices and rituals.

(1) major festivals:

☆ Spring Festival: It is the most solemn festival with New Year greetings and entertainment activities.

Beginning of spring: It's spring.

Lantern Festival: The 15th day of the first month is the traditional Lantern Festival in China. Eat, play and enjoy the Lantern Festival in solving riddles.

☆ February 2: Festival.

☆ Qingming: Hakka grave-sweeping customs mostly start from the vernal equinox, and Qingming reaches its climax.

☆ Dragon Boat Festival: Hakka people generally call it May Festival. The main contents of the festival are eating zongzi, realgar wine and dragon boat racing.

☆ July Festival: Ghost Festival.

☆ Mid-Autumn Festival: commonly known as August Festival. Eating moon cakes and enjoying the moon are generally the same.

☆ Double Ninth Festival: Hakka people call it "September Festival".

☆ Solstice of winter: Hakkas have a saying that "winter is a big festival".

(2) Marriage customs:

Hakka's marriage customs are deeply influenced by ancient fashion, the main purpose of which is to carry on the family line, but Yu Wen and Zhang Li are free to fall in love. The marriage between men and women in Hakka pays attention to "being suitable for each other", and the formal marriage relationship in Hakka society is a kind of "marrying into a rich family", and the wind of uxorilocal is not prevalent.

Most of the procedures and ceremonies still follow the old habits, such as blind date, dating, date announcement, bride price, dowry, bride reception, wedding ceremony and so on.

(3) Folk entertainment:

Hakka folk entertainment is very rich in content. The main festivals are Yangko, Dragon Boat Race, Lantern Ride, Dragon Lantern Dance, Lion Dance, Teacher on stilts, Lantern Greeting, Lantern Ride, Drumming, Musical Instrument Concert, Performance and Fireworks. Usually there are folk songs, ditty singing, piano playing, guzheng playing, erhu playing, flute playing, chess playing and gobang playing.