Light a cigarette: several people light a cigarette at the same time, the young should give it to the older, the man should give it to the woman, and the host should give it to the guest. When a match lights two cigarettes, it has to be put out. Use a lighter, put it out after lighting two, and never light it three times in a row.

Borrow fire: the elderly can borrow fire from the young. The elderly can light a cigarette with a match first, and then the young will take the burning match and light their own cigarettes. If it is a lighter, the elderly can light their cigarettes first and then hand them to the young, but the young can't. When a man borrows a light from a woman, she doesn't have to light it for him, just hand him a match or lighter. When a woman borrows a light from a man, no matter whether the man is older than herself or not, she can't take the burning match from him. The man should strike the match or light a lighter, and the woman will bend over and get on the fire. When you borrow a light, you should take the cigarette off your mouth, and when you take the lighter from the other side, put the cigarette in your mouth again. When someone lights a cigarette for himself, he should generally express his gratitude in a low voice.

Non-smoking occasions: churches, wedding ceremonies or baptisms, religious and ceremonial activities, consultation rooms or rooms for patients recovering from non-smoking, dancing, crowded elevators, rooms for newborns, courts, theaters, concert venues, conference halls, museums, libraries, most city buses, trams, all subway ranges and carriages, ordinary buses of ordinary trains, airports and subways.

A complete smoking method with good manners:

A, at home, pay attention to put cigarette butts in the ashtray, and put the lighted cigarettes on the table or mantelpiece for no more than one minute. In other people's homes, when you want to smoke, you must first ask someone for an ashtray. As for the public corridor, although some people throw cigarette butts on the ground and trample them out with their shoes, they can't do so if they are afraid of boxes.

B, smokers can't throw cigarette butts in places where there are many and dense houses. They should throw them into the waste bin after putting them out.

C, can't throw the burning cigarette butts out from the car, which is likely to cause a forest fire.

D, can't lie down and smoke.

Caring about other people's smoking methods:

A. People who care about others should not talk with a cigarette in their mouth.

B, people who care about others, whether the other person smokes or not, whether intentionally or not, can't spray smoke on other people's faces.

C. If you care about others when you are in a taxi or in a small place with non-smokers, you should first ask for advice when you want to smoke, and ask, "Can I smoke?" It is a courtesy to ask before smoking.

D, people who care about others, put ash and cigarette butts into the ashtray at any time and place.

E, people who care about others should not let matches damage the mantelpiece or heater or furniture, but can put them out with their own soles.

F, if there is no ashtray on the dining table, smoking may get the ashtray on the dining table, which is impolite. If you don't prepare an ashtray, it is a courtesy to take out your cigarette after the meal is completely over (of course, ask the hostess if you can smoke first? ）。 If it is in a restaurant and the ashtray is not on the table, just ask the waiter to bring it.

G. Never smoke at the table before the meal is really over.

H, can't use food instead of ashtray.

Ride etiquette

Car:

1, car seats, if there is a driver driving, the right side of the back row is the first, followed by the left side, the middle seat is again, the front seat is on the right side, and the middle of the front row is the last seat.

2. If the owner drives personally, the right side of the driver's seat should be the first place, followed by the right side of the back row, followed by the left side, while the middle seat in the back row is the last seat, so it is not appropriate to arrange guests in the middle seat in the front row.

3. When the host and his wife are driving, the host and his wife sit in the front seat, and the guest and his wife sit in the back seat. A man should serve his wife. It is advisable to open the door and let her get on the bus first, and then get on the bus by herself.

4. If the host and his wife take the car of a friend and his wife, invite the friend to sit in the front seat, the friend's wife to sit in the back seat, or let the friend and his wife sit in the front seat.

5. The host drives the car himself, and there is only one passenger, so he should sit next to the host. If there are many people sitting together, after the guests sitting in the front seat get off the bus, the guests sitting in the back should sit in the front seat instead, which is the most negligent etiquette.

6. When a lady gets on the bus, don't step into the car with one foot and don't climb into the car. You need to stand on the edge of the seat first, lower your body, let your hips sit on the seat, then put your legs together in the car, and keep your knees together.

Jeep:

Whether the jeep is driven by the owner or the driver, the right seat in the front row should be respected, followed by the right seat in the back row, and the left seat in the back row is the last seat. When getting on the bus, the person with the lowest rank in the back gets on the bus first, and the person in the front row gets on the bus later. When getting off the bus, the front row guests get off first, and the back row guests get off again.

Station wagon:

When we receive group guests, we often use station wagons to pick up and drop off guests. The station wagon is the first row behind the driver's seat, that is, the front row, and the rear row is smaller in turn. The ranking of the seats decreases from the right to the left in each row.

table manners

The implication of table seating times:

It is very important to sit there in China's food etiquette. The main seat must be the person who pays the bill. The main seat refers to the right central position farthest from the door. Sitting opposite the main seat is the inviter's assistant, the guest of honor and the deputy guest of honor sit on the inviter's right and left respectively, ranking third, and the fourth guest sits on the assistant's right and left respectively. It is impolite to let the inviter sit face to face with the guest, or to let the guest sit at the main table. It is China's culture not to make the guest feel nervous. The inviter can designate the guest's seat, and his subordinates or juniors can also be ranked in a more important position than himself. By allocating seats, China people hint who is the most important to them.

Table manners:

1, the etiquette of seating. Please ask the guests to sit down first. Please sit down next to the elderly guests in turn, and enter from the left side of the chair when you sit down. Don't move chopsticks after you sit down. Don't make any noise. Don't get up and walk around. If you have anything to say hello to the host.

2. When eating, invite guests first. Keep moving chopsticks. Eat less food each time. Eat less food that is far away from you. Don't make any noise when eating. Don't make any noise when drinking soup. Drink it with a spoon in small bites. It is not advisable to drink the bowl to your mouth. Don't drink it when it is too hot. Some people like to chew food while eating, especially when chewing crisp food hard.

3. Don't burp when eating, and don't make other noises. If there are involuntary noises such as sneezing and bowel sounds, you should say \ "I'm sorry \". Sorry; . \ "Please let the original cool \". To apologize.

4. If you want to serve food to guests or elders, you'd better use public chopsticks. You can also send dishes far away from guests or elders to them. According to the custom of our Chinese nation, the dishes are served one by one. If there are leaders, old people and guests at the same table, please ask them to move chopsticks first whenever a new dish is served, or try to ask them to move chopsticks first in turn to show their attention.

5. When eating fish heads, fishbones, bones, etc., don't spit out or throw it on the ground. Slowly take it to your plate by hand, or put it next to your dining table or on paper prepared in advance.

6. Take time to chat with people around you in a timely manner to reconcile the atmosphere. Don't eat bareheaded, regardless of others, don't wolf down a big meal, and don't drink too much.

7. You'd better not pick your teeth at the dining table. If you want to pick your teeth, cover your mouth with a napkin or hand.

8. Make it clear that the main task of this meal is to talk about business, contact feelings or eat. If you are ahead, you should pay attention when arranging seats. Put the seats of the main negotiators close to each other to facilitate conversation or dredge emotions. If you are behind, you just need to pay attention to common sense etiquette and focus on appreciating dishes.

9. When you leave at last, you must express your gratitude to the host, or invite the host to your home later to show your gratitude.

Handshake etiquette

Where you should shake hands:

Meet acquaintances who haven't seen each other for a long time;

Say goodbye to people you know on more formal occasions;

When welcoming or seeing off visitors in social occasions where I am the host;

After visiting others, when saying goodbye;

When introduced to someone you don't know;

In social occasions, when I accidentally meet my relatives and friends or my boss;

When others give you some support, encouragement or help;

When expressing gratitude, congratulations and congratulations;

When expressing understanding, support and affirmation to others;

When learning that others are sick, lovelorn, unemployed, demoted or suffer other setbacks;

When giving gifts or prizes to others.

Usually, all the situations listed above are suitable for shaking hands.

A handshake request

Usually, it is also the most common to shake hands when meeting people for the first time, meeting acquaintances after a long separation, leaving or seeing them off. Some special occasions, such as congratulations, thanks or condolences; When there is a satisfactory * * * similarity in the conversation between the two sides; Or when the original contradiction between the two sides has a good turn for the better or a complete reconciliation, it is customary to shake hands as a gift. When shaking hands, take a step away from the other person, lean forward slightly, stand at attention with your feet, hold out your right hand, put your four fingers together, cross the jaws of the tiger, open your thumb and slide down, and shake hands with the recipient.

Holding the other person's hand with the palm down shows a person's strong desire to dominate and silently tells others that he is in a superior position at this time. Try to avoid this insolent handshake. On the contrary, shaking hands with palms inward shows a person's humility and respect. The equal and natural handshake gesture is that the palms of both hands are vertical. This is the most common and safest way to shake hands.

It is impolite to shake hands with gloves on. Men take off their gloves and hats before shaking hands. Ladies can make an exception. Of course, you can take it off outdoors in the cold. For example, when both parties are wearing gloves and hats, they should generally say "I'm sorry" first. When shaking hands, the two sides look at each other, smile, greet and greet each other. Don't look at the third person or appear absent-minded. Except that people who are close to each other can hold hands together for a long time, it is usually enough to hold them two or three times. Don't use too much force, but it is also rude to casually click with your fingertips. Generally, the time should be controlled within three to five seconds. If you want to show your sincerity and enthusiasm, you can also shake hands for a long time and shake them up and down a few times. When shaking hands, the hands are separated at the touch, and the time is too short. It seems to be going through the motions, and it seems to be wary of each other. And time is too long, especially if you hold the hand of the opposite sex or meet someone for the first time for a long time, it seems a little hypocritical, and even suspected of "trying to take advantage."

Between the elders and the younger generation, after the elders reach out, the younger generation can reach out and shake hands, and between the upper and lower levels, after the upper reaches out, the lower level can hold hands; Between men and women, after the woman reaches out, the man can reach out and shake hands; Of course, if the man is an elder, follow the method mentioned above. If you need to shake hands with many people, you should pay attention to the order of shaking hands, from respect to inferiority, that is, older people first, younger generations first, teachers first, students first, ladies first, unmarried people first, and superiors first. If there are a large number of people in communication, you can just shake hands with a few close people, nod to others, or bow slightly. In order to avoid embarrassing scenes, before taking the initiative to shake hands with someone, you should think about whether you are welcomed by the other party. If you have noticed that the other party has no intention to shake hands, just nod or bow slightly.

In official occasions, the order of reaching out when shaking hands mainly depends on position and identity. In social and leisure occasions, it mainly depends on age, gender and marriage. When receiving visitors, this problem becomes special: when the guests arrive, the host should first reach out and shake hands with them. When the guest leaves, the guest should first reach out and shake hands with the host. The former means "welcome" and the latter means "goodbye". This order is reversed, which is easy to be misunderstood. It should be emphasized that the order of the above handshakes need not be demanding everywhere. If you are a venerable person or an elder or a superior. When a lowly person, a young person or a subordinate reaches out first, the most appropriate thing is to reach out his hand immediately and cooperate. And don't ignore it and make the other person make a fool of himself on the spot. When you shake hands, you might as well say some greetings. You can hold the other person's hand in a direct and positive tone, and hold the other person's hand when strengthening important words to enhance the other person's impression of you.

Eight taboos of shaking hands

We should try our best to conform to the norms when shaking hands and avoid violating the following rude taboos.

1) Don't shake hands with your left hand, especially when dealing with Arabs and Indians, because their left hand is unclean.

2) When communicating with Christians, it is very unlucky for them to avoid the cross between the two people's hands when shaking hands, which is similar to a cross.

3) Don't wear gloves or sunglasses when shaking hands. Only ladies are allowed to shake hands with tulle gloves in social situations.

4) Don't put your other hand in your pocket or hold something when shaking hands.

5) Don't shake hands with a straight face, say nothing or make a long speech, bow and scrape, and be too polite.

6) Don't just hold each other's fingertips when shaking hands, as if to keep your distance from each other. The correct way is to hold the whole palm. Do this even for the opposite sex.

7) Don't pull the other person's hand over, push it over, or shake it up, down, left and right.

8) Don't refuse to shake hands with others. Even if you have a hand disease or are sweaty and dirty, you should say "Sorry, my hand is not convenient now". So as not to cause unnecessary misunderstanding.

Introduce etiquette

In social etiquette, introduction is a very important issue. We can say that interpersonal communication begins with introduction. In other words, if you deal with any outsiders, it will be very troublesome to remove the introduction procedure. Communication is intended to explain the situation. Since it is to explain the situation, introduce yourself, introduce others or introduce business, introduction is indispensable. From the point of etiquette, introductions can be divided into four categories. The first category is self-introduction, that is to say, explaining one's personal situation and one's own situation. The second category is to introduce others, that is, when you meet other guests in your home, you don't know each other, you know them, you are a third party, and the third party comes forward to introduce the strangers and explain the situation. This is called introducing others. In the third case, in large-scale activities and social occasions, it is necessary to explain the situation of a certain unit and a certain group to others, so this is called group introduction, and the third introduction. In addition, we sometimes encounter the fourth kind of introduction, business introduction,

From the point of etiquette: the first point is the timing of introduction. Second, introduce the protagonist. Third, the expression of introduction. Therefore, these three points, the opportunity of introduction, the protagonist of introduction and the expression of introduction are the basic points emphasized by social etiquette. You should control the length of self-introduction. Generally speaking, in the following four cases, self-introduction is easier to succeed. That is to say, people will remember you easily. Generally speaking, the time for self-introduction should be limited to about one minute or half a minute. There is no time for you. Don't say anything long. This is a question about time and opportunity that I want to talk about. The organization of self-introduction content is particular. In general, self-introduction can be divided into three modes.

1, greeting, this greeting is also called entertainment.

2. The second content is the most frequently introduced content in our daily communication and work. We call it official introduction, which is the introduction made on formal occasions in our work. Generally speaking, official self-introduction needs to include the following four basic elements. We call it official introduction four elements, which is indispensable. What are the four elements? First, unit, second, department, third, position, fourth, name.

3. We call it social self-introduction. It is in personal communication that you want to make friends with others and know about each other's situation, but sometimes you have to be modest. So what is the general content of this social self-introduction? Generally speaking, we say that there are several contents. First, our name. Second, your career. Third, one's native place, hometown. Fourth, their own preferences, hobbies. Fifth, people who are known to each other.

Leading etiquette

1, guiding gesture: move closer below the index finger, and gently bend the thumb inward to indicate the direction.

2. When leading the way in the corridor

A, should walk in front of the guest left 2, 3 steps.

B. The guide walks on the left side of the corridor and lets the guests walk in the middle of the road.

C, to keep pace with the guests.

D, pay attention to the guests when leading the way, and make some introductions appropriately.

3. When leading the way in the stairwell

Let the guests walk in the positive direction (right side) and the guide walk on the left side.

4. Pay attention to guide and remind guests on the way.

Use gestures when turning a corner or where there are stairs, and remind guests "This way, please" or "Watch the stairs".

Ordering etiquette

Basic principles of ordering food

When ordering food, you should not only be full and eat well, but also do what you can. If you order something bigger, more distinctive, or even casually for the sake of ostentation and extravagance, it will not only do you no good, but also make people laugh. At this time, we must know fairly well and strive not to overspend, squander or waste. You can order a set meal or reserve a table. In this way, the cost is fixed, and the grade and quantity of dishes are relatively fixed, which saves trouble. You can also order food temporarily on the spot according to your "personal budget". This will not only give greater freedom, but also give consideration to personal financial resources and tastes.

If you are an invited guest, when ordering, you can tell the other party that you have no special requirements, and ask the other party to order casually. You can't report the mentality of "don't eat for nothing, eat for nothing, and whoever eats for nothing". In fact, this kind of "requirement" is not only considerate of the host, but also very popular. Don't criticize other people's dishes, such as "not used to eating" and "a little sweet". Even if it is unintentional, such comments are enough to make the host feel unhappy.

Chinese cuisine style

A standard Chinese dish, no matter what flavor, is served in the same order. Usually, cold dishes are served first, then stir-fried, then main course, then dim sum and soup, and finally fruit plate. If you serve salty snacks, pay attention to salty soup; If dessert is served, sweet soup will be served. Whether you eat big dishes or not, knowing the standard serving order of Chinese food will not only help you make a clever match when ordering, but also avoid making a fool of yourself and making jokes because you don't understand. Dishes pay attention to a certain style and positioning. The collocation of dishes, like the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine, also pays attention to monarch, minister, assistant and envoy. The most upscale dish is called "the first dish". Bird's nest and shark's fin are called "swallow wing seats". There are also "Yan Bao Xi", "Yan Cai Xi", "Bao Wing Xi", "Shen Wing Xi" and "Duck Wing Xi" in this order, which are called "Xi", and the lowest one should be headed by sea cucumber. Swallows, wings, abalone, ginseng, lobster, etc. are also called "big pieces".

Jun: that is, the main course, the most upscale dish in a seat, usually one or two large pieces.

Minister: that is, a side dish. Generally, it consists of whole, whole and whole pieces of chicken, duck, fish and shrimp. When there is no such big dish, this kind of dish is also called big dish.

Zuo: that is, drink and eat. Such as chicken, duck, fish and other small fry, the taste is mainly salty and fresh, with sour, spicy and sweet tastes.

Make: Clear-mouthed dishes are vegetables and light dishes, followed by "big" or strong-flavored dishes.

How to choose dishes

A good table should start with ordering. The so-called good dishes are not necessarily delicacies, but the key is two points: first, they should be palatable, and second, they should be properly matched. This is just as the saying goes, "food has no definite taste, but it is delicious." Before the banquet, the host needs to think twice about the menu in advance.

There are five priority dishes:

The first category, dishes with Chinese characteristics. When entertaining foreign guests, we should pay more attention to this one. Such as fried spring rolls, boiled dumplings, steamed dumplings, lion's head, diced chicken with peanuts, etc., are not delicious, but they are highly praised by many foreigners because of their distinctive China characteristics.

The second category, dishes with local characteristics. For example, Wuchang fish in Wuhan, mutton bread in soup in Xi 'an, braised pork in Maojia in Hunan, stewed lion's head in Shanghai, and instant-boiled mutton in Beijing, when entertaining foreign guests there, these special dishes are probably more praised than the same raw seafood.

The third category is the specialty of this restaurant. Many restaurants have their own specialties. The last special dish of this restaurant can show the host's care and respect for the invited guests.

The fourth category, the master's specialty. When holding a family dinner, the host must show his hand in public and cook more special dishes. In fact, the so-called specialty is not necessarily perfect. As long as the host does it himself, this alone is enough to make the other party feel your respect and friendliness.

The fifth category, dishes with China cultural characteristics. In the past, I only paid attention to eating well and eating well; Later, I paid attention to eating nutritionally and eating scientifically; Now it is proposed to eat with culture and make a name for yourself. Chinese food has a long history, and there are many anecdotes and legends, such as Dongpo meat, beggar chicken, Buddha jumping over the wall, crossing the bridge rice noodles, kung pao chicken, Song Saoyu soup, Wensi tofu, etc., which can often add to the conversation. This is only a shallow culture, and there is more to be explored in depth.

Taboo of ordering food

When arranging the menu, we must also consider the dietary taboos of the guests, especially the dietary taboos of the guests. There are four main dietary taboos:

1, religious taboos. For religious dietary taboos, we must take them seriously and not neglect them at all. If you don't understand this, or break the ban rashly, it will bring great trouble.

2. Local taboos. People's dietary preferences are often different in different regions. This point should also be taken into account when arranging the menu. For example, British and American people usually don't eat pets, rare animals, animal internal organs, animal heads and claws. Just provide it, that's beyond one's power.

3. Occupational taboos. Some professions, for some reason, often have different taboos in catering. For example, national civil servants are not allowed to eat and be invited when performing official duties; Eating and drinking are not allowed at official banquets. Generally speaking, it is not allowed to eat more than the standards set by the state, and it is not allowed to drink alcoholic beverages. For another example, drivers are not allowed to drink alcohol during work. If we ignore this point, we will not only disrespect each other, but also make them make mistakes and get into trouble.

4. Personal taboos. Some people, due to various factors, often have some unique special requirements in their diet. For example, some people don't eat meat, some people don't eat fish, some people don't eat eggs and so on. For health reasons, some foods are also taboo. For example, people with heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, hypertension and sequelae of stroke are not suitable for eating dog meat. People with hepatitis should avoid eating mutton and soft-shelled turtle. People with digestive diseases such as gastroenteritis and stomach ulcer soup are also not suitable for eating soft-shelled turtle. Patients with high blood pressure and high cholesterol should drink less chicken soup. We should also take full care of these people's dietary taboos. Don't knowingly commit a crime or make irresponsible remarks about it.

Small details of ordering food

In addition to the above problems, we should also pay attention to the collocation of nutrition, dishes and colors, and the collocation of different eating habits and tastes among guests, all of which need to be considered in a formal banquet. At a grand and formal banquet, the menu selected by the host can also be given to each person after careful writing, so that diners can not only know before meals, but also keep it as a souvenir after meals. Mastering the details of ordering etiquette can highlight the sincerity of the mind, thus making the whole banquet more perfect from the details.

Toast etiquette

The etiquette of toasting is to address each other first and say a toast to each other. If the distance is beyond the distance of two arms, you should stand up first. Raise your glasses with both hands to show your respect. Toast speech revolves around the other party, which is generally the purpose of the banquet. There is also waiting for what he likes to hear around his characteristics. If you can't talk about it, it's very simple. The businessman wishes him a prosperous business, the old man wishes him a younger and younger life, the young man wishes him a bright future, and the girl wishes her a longer and more beautiful life. It is very important for people to be smart and learn. You should be able to watch, listen, watch what others say and learn.

Humorous toasts will achieve unexpected results. When someone tries to persuade you to drink, you can say, "How can I make you propose a toast to me? I should propose a toast to you." Then stand up and raise a glass and say a toast to all of them, so that they will be embarrassed to persuade you one by one when they come down, and they can drink a lot less. Going to the toilet and answering the phone is also a very useful trick. I was afraid of drinking too much before. Seeing that the situation was wrong, I secretly set an alarm on my mobile phone. After a few minutes, the alarm rang. I said I would answer the phone and go out for a long time. I apologized recently and said something casually. It's simple.

Actually, flexibility is the most important thing. Master flexibly and skillfully. Even if a girl can drink, she can't drink too much. Half a catty should make everyone believe that you can only drink more than three ounces. Can't drink, but under the persuasion of everyone, sip the glass, this kind of girl is what people appreciate and like. Protect yourself without losing your charm, take care of each other's face, and let the boss appreciate it. This is what you should learn.

China people's hospitality was fully displayed at the banquet. Emotional communication between people is often sublimated when toasting. When people in China propose a toast, they often want each other to drink more wine to show that they have fulfilled the friendship of the host. The more guests drink, the happier the host will be, which shows that the guests respect themselves. If the guests don't drink, the host will feel ashamed. Some people have concluded that there are several ways to persuade people to drink alcohol: "Wen Jing", "Wu Jing" and "Punishment Jing". These practices have their simple folk customs, but also have some negative effects. "Wen Jing" is a manifestation of traditional wine morality, that is, to persuade guests to drink politely and prudently. At the beginning of the banquet, the host often makes the first toast after speaking a few words. At this time, both the host and the guest should stand up, and the host will drink the wine in the cup first, and put the empty glass mouth down, indicating that he has finished drinking it to show his respect for the guests. Guests usually drink it, too. During the dinner, the host often goes to each table to propose a toast.

Telephone etiquette

Three elements of telephone image:

1, the choice of time and space (when and where to play)

2, call attitude (language, expression, action)

3. Call content (what to say)

Three words of telephone etiquette are indispensable: hello, sign up, goodbye.

Choice of time:

1, don't call during the break (at night10: 00 ~ 7: 00 am)

2. Do not call during the meal (afternoon12: 00-13: 00)

3. Don't call on holidays (if the situation is urgent: "Sorry, it's urgent". )

4, can be replaced by other ways, such as sending messages.

Choice of space

1, don't take up national and company resources.

2. It is impolite to call in public spaces (theaters, restaurants, shopping malls, conference centers, etc.).

Etiquette for calling:

Control of call length: how long to talk about how many things, from the perspective of mutual respect, the time should be short rather than long.

Principle: "Three-minute telephone principle"

Call time should be effectively controlled within three minutes: make a long story short, don't talk nonsense, don't say anything!

Who hangs up first when making a phone call?

Social etiquette standards:

1, hang up first with high status.

2, the elders hang up first

3, the same status, the person being asked to hang up first.

Etiquette for answering the phone:

1, principle: "The bell does not ring for three times"

Answer the phone in time, especially the call made in advance, and avoid two extremes: I would rather die than answer it, and answer it as soon as it rings.

Standardized practice: the phone rings first, then rings twice before answering.

If the phone rings six times and answers: "Sorry to keep you waiting"

2. Self-introduction is indispensable

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