Ethnicity: Dai
Traditional festival: Water Splashing Festival
Lifestyle and customs: Dai belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language branch of the Zhuang-Dai language family. There is a custom of recruiting brides. When a man and a woman get married, they splash water on each other to express their blessing. Do the "falling" dance. Men and women wear double-breasted or diagonally-breasted long-sleeved shorts, long trousers, and hair wraps. Mainly agriculture.
Food culture: The Dai people’s diet and diet structure are determined by the environment in which they live. Due to the heat, they like sour, spicy, and bitter (cool) tastes. All three can help appetite and digest food, relieve heat and detoxify. Sterilize. It has a wide variety of food. In addition to the products grown in gardens and raised at home, it seems that everything produced in the mountains and rivers can be eaten. It is said jokingly: "Everything green is vegetables, and everything that moves is meat." There are also some strange things such as ant eggs, cicada pupae, flower spiders, bamboo maggots, sand maggots, moss, etc., which have become the favorite foods of the Dai people, astonishing outsiders. The main cooking methods of food include roasting, steaming, frying, boiling, pickling, mincing, and pounding, with special emphasis on the preparation of seasonings.
Ethnicity: Jing Nationality
Traditional Festival: Singing Ha Festival
Lifestyle: Jing people live on the island. In the past, houses were all constructed of bamboo and wood, with thatch or bamboo strips as walls, painted with mud, or pressed with stones. Bamboo or wooden slats are laid inside the house, and a straw mat is laid out. When entering the house, the whole family takes off their shoes, and the whole family sits, lies, or eats on the straw mat. Nowadays, most of the houses of the Jing people are two- or three-story brick and wood structures. The indoor facilities are very neat and beautiful. Fruit trees, sisal, cacti, etc. are planted around the houses. Jing families practice monogamy, and intermarriage between cousins ??and within the clan is strictly prohibited. The Jing people attach great importance to engagement and marriage, and they are also very particular about etiquette and customs. They have to go through the process of measuring horoscopes, determining the lottery head, determining the betrothal gift, "sending the date", "crying in court", "opening the face", welcoming the bride, visiting the hall, returning to the court, etc. Many links.
Food culture: Rice is the staple food, and corn, sweet potato, and taro are the miscellaneous grains. I like to eat glutinous rice and glutinous rice sugar porridge during festivals. Meat is mostly fish and shrimp.
3.
Ethnicity: Achang
Traditional festival: Playing with white elephants
Life customs: Achang’s clothing is simple and simple , beautiful. Men usually wear blue, white or black cardigans and black trousers with short and wide legs. Young men like to wear white buns, but after marriage they change to black buns. Some middle-aged and elderly people also like to wear felt hats. When young adults pack their heads, they always leave about 40 centimeters of fringe hanging down the back of their heads. When men go out to go to the market or attend holiday parties, they like to carry a "tongpa" (shoulder bag) and an Achang knife on their backs, which makes them look more handsome and chic. Women's clothing differs according to their age and marital status. Unmarried girls usually wear various colored tops or double-breasted tops, black trousers, aprons, and black buns. Girls in Lianghe area also like to wear tube skirts. Married women generally wear blue-black button-up tops and tube skirts, with leggings wrapped around their calves. They like to use black cloth to wrap a high bun that looks like a pointed hat. There are four or five small colorful hydrangeas hanging from the top of the bun, which is quite distinctive. Whenever they go out to the market, visit guests or celebrate festivals, women have to dress up carefully. Wearing big earrings, flower bracelets, silver necklaces, and long silver chains on the buttons on the chest and around the waist... At this time, the Achang women's whole body is shining with silver, and they are full of charm. . When you walk into the Achang village, you will also find that Achang young men and women like to decorate their buns with flowers. These flowers are not only beautiful, but they also regard them as a sign of integrity and purity of heart.
Food culture: Achang people eat three meals a day and like to eat acidic foods. In the past, young men and women had the habit of chewing tobacco and betel nut, and their teeth were often dyed black, so there was an old custom of "black teeth are beautiful". The Achang people take rice as their staple food, and they also often grind rice into flour to make bait silk and rice noodles as their staple food. The Achang people like to eat taro. Legend has it that when celebrating harvests in ancient times, killing dogs and eating taro was indispensable. Meat mainly comes from raised pigs and cattle. Fish farming in rice fields is the main source of daily fish. When eating, fresh fish is usually fried or deep-fried, then cooked or steamed with water and sour chili before serving.
The hot and sour croaker fish (the fry are put into the field when planting rice seedlings, and the fish is taken after the rice is ripe, called croaker fish) is the most distinctive. Pickled pickles, braised tofu, and tempeh are a must-have all year round, and there is a lot of them with every meal. Wine is a year-round drink for the Bai people. Women often drink sweet wine made from glutinous rice, which has a strong aroma and sweetness. Adults and the elderly drink more white wine. Typical foods mainly include: cold celery grits, frozen, sour (fire + bar) vegetables, and cooked rice noodles.
4.
Nationality: Tujia
Traditional festival: catching up with the New Year
Life customs: Men and women often sing antiphonal songs to each other and get married. Tujia people have a custom of "crying for marriage" before getting married. In order to prepare for crying marriage, if a girl is sensible, she must learn to cry marriage. Observe and learn how to cry, and cry with her from a very young age. When we cry for marriage, we mutter something called "bridal meal". When the bride cries for marriage, the daughters of relatives and friends from the same village should come to cry with her. For those who cry with you, the sadder, more beautiful, and more touching the cry, the better. Before getting married, if a girl does not cry at marriage, she will be discriminated against and ridiculed. The man must send daddy to the girl’s house. There are many people and a wide range of people participating in the wedding ceremony, and there are special wedding songs. The period of crying before marriage ranges from five or six days to one or two months. Crying contents include "crying for parents", "crying for brothers and sisters", "crying for sisters", "crying for matchmakers", "crying in the house", "crying for cousins", "crying for cousins" and so on. Funerals are basically burials. In ancient times, the Ba people also had the customs of cremation, hanging coffin burial, and boat coffin burial.
Food culture: Tujia people usually eat three meals a day, and usually eat two meals in their free time; they eat four meals in spring and summer when farming is busy and the labor intensity is high. For example, during the rice-planting season, there is a "Zao Zao" meal in the morning. Most of the "Zao Zao" meals are snacks such as glutinous rice dumplings or mung bean flour. Tujia people also like to eat oil tea soup. In addition to rice, rice with rice is the most common daily staple food. Red sweet potato has always been a staple food in many areas. The main characteristics of Tujia cuisine are hot and sour, and sauerkraut is an indispensable part of every meal. Soy products are also very common, such as tofu, tempeh, bean leaf skin, fermented bean curd, etc. Drinking is essential for Tujia people. The most common ones are sweet wine and smoky wine brewed from glutinous rice and sorghum. Typical foods: Tujia people love to eat cakes (glutinous glutinous rice cakes), bacon, camellia and other foods, as well as vegetables, dumplings, mung bean noodles (rice noodles), and fried cakes. Complementary ethnic group: Xibe people
Traditional festival: Smear Festival
Life customs: Xibe people attach great importance to etiquette. There are many taboos in Xibe people's daily life. You are not allowed to lie down on the kang when sleeping at night, and you are not allowed to put your pants, shoes and socks on high places. You are not allowed to step over clothes, hats, quilts, pillows, etc. If something goes wrong, you must immediately shake the object a few times on a lamp or brazier before it is cleared. You are not allowed to sit on the threshold or stand and walk when eating. It is strictly forbidden to use chopsticks to knock the table and rice bowls. They only knock the bowls and chopsticks when they think they are asking for food. Marriage is prohibited when children are of an even age, and only if at least one of the children is of an odd age can the wedding be held. When the coffin is at home, cats and dogs are prohibited from walking around the body in front of the coffin, and funerals are forbidden on the same day. From the first to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, women do not do needlework. On the second day of February, it is forbidden to chop firewood on the ground. If there is a patient at home, a cloth or a bunch of grass should be hung outside the door to prohibit outsiders from entering. Women were prohibited from urinating (urinating) on ??the west side of the West House. Women are not allowed to ride the horse dedicated to Kharkhamma. A daughter-in-law cannot dine at the same table as her father-in-law, nor can she sit at the same table; when handing a knife to someone else, the tip of the knife should be pointed towards herself and the handle of the knife towards the other party. Dog meat is forbidden, and intermarriage within the same clan is prohibited. The Xibe people are good at singing and dancing. The favorite plucked instrument is called "Dongbul", and the mouth string is also a wind instrument that Xibe people love to use. Xianbei beast - resembles a horse or an ox, with horns on its snout and wings on its back. It is a favorite decoration of nomadic peoples such as Xianbei in the north. Legend has it that when the Xianbei people of the Eastern Han Dynasty moved south, they were guided out of the Greater Khingan Mountains and safely reached Daze in the south. Therefore, it became a totem worshiped by Xianbei people. The ancestors of the Xibo people used this as a guide to draw patterns.
Food culture: The Xibe people’s eating habits are unique. There are some differences depending on where you live. Xibe men generally have a habit of smoking and drinking. According to legend, every household used to make rice wine. Every household raises pigs, chickens, ducks, cattle, horses, and sheep, and is self-sufficient in meat. At the same time, he also likes game and goes out hunting and fishing every time the snow melts in winter.
On the 18th day of the fourth lunar month, the noodle sauce is boiled to make "Mi Shun" and put into a clay pot. It is used for cooking and seasoning, or eaten with green cucumbers, green peppers, etc. At the end of autumn, cut leeks, green peppers, cabbage, carrots, etc. into thin strips and pickle "Hat Mix Suji". In addition, Xibe leek zygotes, pumpkin dumplings, fish soup, etc. also have unique flavors. The Xibe people eat rice, noodles, etc. as their staple food. They also eat milk tea, butter, beef, mutton, etc.
Han music
Han music represents the Chinese wedding marchgt;gt; also known as the Chinese kiss songgt;gt;. It is a Chinese rural song An authentic wife-bringing song, the lyrics are mainly in northern dialects, including Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Heilong, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Henan and other places, and are sung with our traditional Chinese accent. It makes people feel intimate as soon as they hear it, especially the nursery rhyme at the front will evoke the beautiful childhood memories of many middle-aged and elderly people, making people full of emotions and endless aftertaste. Although the song is a bit rustic, it can be said It is the dregs of soil, but this soil is precisely the characteristics, advantages and dazzling features of the song, and it is also the most valuable and meaningful part of the song. Because we are native Chinese, we cannot do without soil. Earth is a kind of beauty. , soil is a kind of nature, soil is a kind of simplicity, which is the embodiment and symbol of the soul and essence of our Chinese people.
The characteristics of the Chinese wedding march made by Mr. Shen Baofeng It is relaxed and cheerful, humorous, joyful, and practical for life. It is a country song with Chinese characteristics and an authentic Chinese style song. Because China has one billion farmers, accounting for about 80% of the Chinese population, as long as it suits the taste of Chinese farmers The song is a Chinese song, a Chinese-style song, in which the word "tradition" must be noted. China's five thousand years of culture, the precious wealth left by our ancestors from generation to generation, we cannot forget. We also have our own authentic Chinese flavor. Songs and weddings. Let the world align with our Chinese culture. This song contains a lot of content and culture, including China’s unique happy culture. The Chinese people have liked liveliness and celebration since ancient times, and it is integrated into the song. The festive elements such as firecrackers and flutes used during weddings make people smile as soon as they hear it. There is also the culture of filial piety with Chinese characteristics. Chinese elderly are most particular about passing on the family line and continuing the incense, and the Chinese have also respected filial children the most since ancient times. Bai Dexiao Being first, there are three ways to be unfilial, and having no descendants is the greatest, etc. are classic sayings passed down by our ancestors to this day. They are also fully reflected in the songs. In the songs, there are also traditional Chinese cultural traditions such as husbands singing, women accompanying each other, and respecting each other as guests.
Other representative music songs include Jasmine, Shepherd's Song, Orchid Grass, Chinese Cabbage, Orchid Flower, Slicing Potatoes to Jiangzhou, Su Wu Shepherd, Beijing's Jinshan Mountain, Beijing Has a Golden Sun, Fengyang Song, Fengyang Flower drum, autumn harvest, big red dates are sweet and fragrant, etc.
Tibetan Music
The Tibetan people are a nation that is good at singing and dancing. Their songs have beautiful, vast melodies and are melodious. Tibetan music can generally be divided into Buddhist music and folk music. The most famous of Buddhist music are wordless hymns sung by lamas.
Tibetan folk songs are high-pitched and loud, and sound like the vast blue sky of the plateau. The tunes are melodious, but they are also dominated by five tones. Song and dance forms include "Guo Xie", "Guo Zhuo" (Guozhuang), etc. Some elements of Tibetan music were absorbed by Han and Western music. Some Han songwriters imitated the characteristics of Tibetan music and created songs such as "Wandering in the New City" and "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau". In recent years, Tibetan songs in Tibet have also incorporated elements of other music. Famous Tibetan singers include Tseden Dolma and Han Hong, who mainly sing Chinese songs, as well as Rong Zhongerjia, Yadong, Qiongxue Dolma and many other singers who are well-known in Tibetan areas.
In terms of formal drama, the traditional Tibetan opera "King Gesar" has been excavated and performed.
Manchu Music
Northeast China and Beijing are where Manchus live. The most famous Manchu folk instrument is the octagonal drum originated from the Qing Dynasty. Works such as the Manchu lullaby "You You Zha" are very famous and are often sung in modern Chinese.
Mongolian music
Mongolian folk songs are divided into "long-key folk songs" and "short-key folk songs". "Long tune" has many meaningless homophonic words that lengthen the singing tone, and has the style of an open grassland. The most distinctive musical instrument is the Morin Khuur, which is a stringed instrument. It is named after a horse head decoration carved on its pillars.
Zhuang music
Guangxi, an inhabited area of ??the Zhuang ethnic group, is the hometown of folk songs. Young men and women often sing in antiphonal dialogue. Some even say that Zhuang people spend more time singing than speaking. Zhuang folk songs are basically similar in style to Han music, with the pentatonic scale being the mainstay. The lyrics have an obvious confrontational format, and the content is expressed using symbols, metaphors and other techniques, focusing on communication in life. Sometimes the lyrics also quote Chinese classical stories and allusions. Zhuang music can be glimpsed in the movie musical "Liu Sanjie".
Dai Music
The Dai music is similar to the music style of Myanmar and Thailand in South Asia, with melodious and gentle tunes. The typical instruments are cucurbit flute and elephant foot drum. The cucurbit flute has a unique timbre. The performance is the music style of the Dai people.
Nakhi Ancient Music
Naxi Ancient Music is music played among the elderly of the Naxi people in Lijiang, Yunnan. It is said to have been introduced from the Central Plains area during the Ming Dynasty. Due to the inconvenient transportation in the area, It has little contact with the outside world and has always been passed down authentically. Now only a group of old people can play it and are training successors. It is a living fossil of Chinese music in the 14th century and has received widespread attention from the music industry.
Dong Music
The Dong "Big Song" is the only folk song system in China that uses harmony. It is basically an a cappella chorus of female voices. The harmony of each voice is very harmonious. It has caused an international sensation and won many awards.
Uyghur music
Uyghur music is basically an Arabic music style that pays great attention to rhythm. Dozens of different rhythms can be played with hand drums. The instrument is mainly suitable for playing on horseback. Dutar and Rewafu are played, and the biggest one is Dongbula. The Uyghur traditional music "Twelve Muqam" is all-encompassing and is the source of many folk musics.
Tajik music
There is a big difference between Tajik music and Han music. It is good at using semitones, and the melody is gentle and changeable, just like the soaring eagle. The most typical composer is Lei Zhenbang's song for the movie "Visitors from the Iceberg" completely uses the melody of Tajik folk songs.
Korean Music
Korean music is basically the same as the music of North and South Korea. The main instruments are janggu and gayageum. Gayageum is similar to the ancient Chinese zither, smaller than the modern zither, and played differently. It is played on the knees of a cross-legged person. Musical melody has its own unique style. [Edit this paragraph] Nation formation is also called "ethnic origin". It refers to the time when a nation emerged in human history and its development process before its emergence. It can also refer to the origin and formation process of a specific nation. Nation does not exist as soon as human beings exist, but only emerges when human society develops to a certain stage. The earliest human social group was the primitive group. With the development of productive forces and the needs of production, a stable collective - a clan was formed. At that time, the most realistic and convenient bond was blood relationship. Several related clans combined into tribes. The second social division of labor destroyed the kinship relationships within clans and tribes, and combined geographical relationships on a larger scale to form a larger homogeneous entity - the nation. Clan → phratry → tribe → tribal alliance → nation, this is the general law of nation formation. Regarding the formation time of the nation, due to the different understanding of the meaning of the word "nation" by domestic and foreign scholars, there are mainly four different opinions: ① The theory of the formation of primitive society. It is believed that nations were formed in primitive societies.
② Theory of the formation of slave society. It is believed that the nation was formed in slave society, or in the military democracy period slightly earlier than slave society.
③ Theory of the formation of feudal society. It is believed that the nation was formed in feudal society.
④ Theory of the formation of capitalist society. It is believed that the nation was formed during the rise of capitalism, and there was no nation before that. Supplementary answer: National characteristics ① refers to the four basic characteristics that a nation should have: the same language, the same region, the same economic life, and the same psychological quality.
In a complex social organism, various social relations (class relations, ethnic relations and various material, political, moral and legal relations between other social groups, etc.) are intertwined and mutually restrictive. Generally speaking, due to different social systems and implemented policies, ethnic relations also have different nature and content. From a historical perspective, the development of ethnic relations shows two different trends: ① Under the conditions of private ownership and class society, the reactionary ruling groups among the exploiting classes always provoke ethnic disputes and instigate various parties to maintain their reactionary rule. Nationalities kill each other to implement their policies of national oppression and exploitation, which results in unequal and disunity between nations; ② In a socialist society, due to the elimination of the exploiting class and the private system of the means of production, the eradication of The material basis for national oppression arises, and the relationship between nationalities basically becomes the relationship between the working people of various nationalities. In our country, under the leadership of the Party, all ethnic groups have formed socialist ethnic relations of unity, equality and mutual assistance based on the same fundamental interests. [Edit this paragraph] Ethnic Issues The issues of mutual relations between ethnic groups are mainly manifested in politics, economy, culture, language, customs, religious beliefs, etc. It is a social problem that is often encountered in a multi-ethnic country or in the relationship between different countries. It is a problem that occurs in the activities and contacts of ethnic groups. As long as nations exist, there will be interethnic societies and ethnic issues will inevitably arise. Because national characteristics themselves, while distinguishing people into different ethnic groups, also contain the internal mechanisms that form national problems. National characteristics lead to national differences, and the existence of national and ethnic differences creates different national problems. Moreover, nation will be a long-term historical existence, and the persistence of national differences will also make national issues exist for a long time. It's just that under different historical conditions and era backgrounds, the manifestations and contents of ethnic issues are different. For example, national discrimination, national oppression, national exploitation, national slavery, national disputes and national struggles are the main contents of national issues in class society. In a multi-ethnic socialist country, as the exploiting class and private ownership of the means of production have been eliminated, the root causes of national oppression have been eradicated, and national equality and unity have been achieved, fundamental changes have taken place in the relations among the various nationalities. However, the de facto inequalities among various ethnic groups in politics, economy, culture and other aspects left over from history still exist and have become the main cause of other ethnic problems. [Edit this paragraph] Ethnic inhabited areas refer to the mixed and dispersed ethnic groups, which refer to areas where the same ethnic group lives relatively concentratedly. It can be understood as an ethnically homogeneous area, which is one of the basic characteristics of a nation. Historically, every ethnic group has its own ecological environment - settlement areas - in which it relies for survival, reproduction and development. With the development of society and the continuous expansion of the scope of inter-ethnic exchanges, ethnic groups still live in mixed, scattered or concentrated communities in an inhabited area. with other ethnic groups, thus forming the distribution characteristics of various ethnic groups in my country, with Han as the main body, living together in large mixtures and small settlements. The current ethnic autonomous areas were established on the basis of ethnic inhabited areas. [Edit this paragraph] Ethnic autonomous areas are administrative areas that implement ethnic regional autonomy on the basis of ethnic minority areas. It is divided into three levels: autonomous region, autonomous prefecture and autonomous county (banner). According to statistics in 1990, my country has established 154 ethnic autonomous areas, including 5 autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures, and 119 autonomous counties (banners). There are three basic forms: ① Ethnic autonomous areas established based on an ethnic inhabited area. Such as Tibet Autonomous Region and Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan; ② Ethnic autonomous areas established based on two or more ethnic minority areas. For example, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province and Shuangjiang Lahu, Bulang, Wa and Dai Autonomous County in Yunnan Province; ③ Ethnic groups established based on a larger ethnic inhabited area, including several smaller-scale inhabited areas of other ethnic groups at different levels. autonomous locality. For example, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region also includes Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County. No matter what form of ethnic autonomous area it is, there are a certain number of Han people and other ethnic minorities. This is formed by historical development and is also an inevitable trend of historical development.
Ethnic autonomous areas are vast and rich in resources, accounting for approximately 64.3% of the country's total area. They are an inseparable and important part of the People's Republic of China. [Edit this paragraph] "Ethnic Pictorial" is a comprehensive publication sponsored by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China. First published in February 1955, it is published bimonthly, with 24 pages in each issue. In 1957, it was changed to a monthly publication, and its length gradually increased to the current 44 pages. It was suspended twice from July to December 1960 and from October 1966 to December 1973, and resumed publication in January 1974. In addition to being distributed domestically, it is also distributed to more than 30 countries and regions around the world. There are versions in six ethnic languages: Han, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazakh and Korean. Using photos as the main form and text as the supplement, it focuses on introducing the achievements of people of all ethnic groups in the fields of politics, economy, culture, education, science and health in various regions under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, as well as new people, new things, and new things. Fashion, introduces the excellent history, culture, customs and customs of each ethnic group, as well as the scenery, architecture, scenic spots and historic sites of each ethnic group. This promotes the unity and cultural exchanges of all ethnic groups across the country. [Edit this paragraph] Nationalities College is a higher education institution in China that specializes in training minority cadres and professional and technical talents. The first ethnic college, "Yan'an College for Nationalities", was established in Yan'an in 1941. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China, in accordance with the spirit of the "Communist Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" on cultivating ethnic minority cadres and the provisions of the "Trial Plan for Cultivating Ethnic Minority Cadres" of the 60th Government Affairs Conference of the State Council in 1950, It has successively established Northwest University for Nationalities, Central University for Nationalities (renamed "Minzu University of China" on November 30, 1993), South Central University for Nationalities, Southwest University for Nationalities, Yunnan University for Nationalities, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangdong University for Nationalities, and Guizhou University. College for Nationalities, Tibetan College for Nationalities, Northeastern College for Nationalities (now known as Dalian College for Nationalities), Northwest Second College for Nationalities, Central College for Ethnic Cadre Management, and Hubei College for Nationalities. The College for Nationalities adheres to the policy of cultivating ethnic minority cadres and professional and technical talents, and mainly recruits ethnic minority students. It mainly conducts teaching and research on ethnic issues, ethnic economy, ethnic history, ethnic art, ethnic languages, and ethnic literature. In addition to the undergraduate departments of ordinary colleges and universities, it also has a cadre training department, preparatory classes, etc. Over the past decades, it has trained a large number of outstanding talents for ethnic minority areas and made important contributions to the economic development and social progress of ethnic minority areas.