Pipa can't be grown.

Loquats can be planted.

Loquats need pesticides.

Loquat planting technology and management

Loquat has a delicious flavor, containing a variety of fructose, glucose, iron, calcium and vitamins A, B, C and other nutrients. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the effect of moisturizing the lungs, suppressing cough and quenching thirst, and can be eaten by the general public. Be sure to peel the skin when eating loquats. In addition to fresh loquat, you can also batch loquat meat made of sugar water canned, or brewing wine. The Compendium of Materia Medica records that "loquat can moisten the five organs and nourish the heart and lungs". Heart and lungs", loquat's whole body is a treasure, in addition to the fruit, loquat flowers, loquat core, etc. have their own efficacy.

Loquat is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree, hardy than citrus, where the average annual temperature of 12 ℃ -15 ℃, winter is not less than -6 ℃, the annual rainfall of more than 1,000 millimeters can be planted in loquat areas.

The following introduces you to the planting and management techniques of loquat.

One, the establishment of the orchard:

(a) the choice of the orchard: first of all, you should choose a convenient place to build the orchard, loquat is very adaptable to the soil, but still deep and fertile, H value of 6-6.5 or so slightly acidic soil is the best.

(2) orchard soil: due to the loquat root distribution is shallow, weak expansion force, poor wind resistance, so we must soil deep tilling soil or trench pressure green or large hole pressure green, will be planted in the ditch or large hole on the seedling (soil layer of less than 50 centimeters should be blasted to change the soil), and then every year outward expansion of deep tilling and pressure green in order to improve the soil permeability and fertility, lead root deep into the soil to enhance root growth The root mass distribution will be expanded so that the plant will grow robustly and increase the wind resistance. For flat or clay soil, every 2-4 rows should be opened 40 cm wide, 50-60 cm deep through the ditch drainage.

(C) seedling planting:?

Planting time. Loquat in areas with cold winters, in order to avoid frost damage, should be planted in the spring. Most areas in the south have warm winters, and can be planted from September to March, but October-November is the best.

2. Seedling treatment. Seedlings must be planted with fungicides such as carbendazim and other fungicides before soaking 15-30 minutes, soak the seedlings to the grafting mouth more than 10 centimeters, this is to improve the survival rate of one of the key measures. Playing mud planting. Loquat leaves large transpiration, planting should be cut off all the leaves 1/2-2/3, shoot tips all cut off. Leaf spray 3-4 times a day.

3. Planting density. The short dense early orchard can be planted in several ways according to the plant spacing of 13 meters or 1.52 meters (planted 222 plants) and 23 meters (mu planted 111 plants).

4. Planting method. Planting should be evenly distributed root system, pressed into the soil in layers to just cover the root neck is appropriate, and make the root neck part above the surrounding ground 10-20 centimeters. Then build a ridge around the plant, in the ridge watering rooting water, watering 20-25 kilograms of water per plant, must be watered thoroughly, which is the key to improve the survival rate of seedlings. To be water penetration into the soil, and then covered with a layer of fine soil, and finally cover the tree plate with film 1 square meter range to maintain soil moisture and improve ground temperature. After planting if long drought should continue to water.

Two, fertilization: loquat is an evergreen fruit tree, leafy and flowery, need more fertilizer than deciduous fruit trees. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be used in conjunction. Young trees to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, adult trees with potash. Fertilizer time must be combined with the branch tips and root growth and determine. The branch tips of loquat have four peaks a year, mainly: spring tips (February-April), summer tips (May-June), autumn tips (August-September), winter tips (November-December), with spring, summer and autumn tips. Loquat root activity and above ground branch tip growth has obvious alternation phenomenon, generally the root system than branch tip growth about 2 weeks earlier, there are 3-4 times a year growth peak, that is, from the end of January to the beginning of March for the first time, the growth of this time is the largest, from the middle of May to the middle of June for the second time, mid-August to September for the third time, October and the end of November for the fourth time. Combined with the root system and branch tip growth characteristics, adult orchards, generally three times a year fertilizer can be applied.

The first spring fertilizer, applied in mid-February, when the root system is in the first growth peak, to facilitate the absorption of nutrients, the main role of the promotion of spring and fruit. As the spring tips can become the year's fruiting branches and summer and autumn tips of the base branches, so this fertilization is more important, accounting for about 30% of the year, mainly fast-acting fertilizer, potash in this time and applied to promote the expansion of young fruits. Each mu can be applied urea 30 kg, calcium superphosphate (phosphate) 15 kg, potassium sulfate (potash) 30 kg, manure and livestock about 1000 kg.

The second application of summer fertilizer, in mid-May to early June after the fruit picking application (late varieties of fruit picking before applying). At this time is the second growth peak of the root system, mainly to promote the development of summer tips, and to promote the July-August flower bud differentiation. Because of the summer tip draw more and neat, and that year can form the result of the mother branch, to promote the summer tip is to ensure that the annual production of the main measures, therefore, the amount of fertilizer is very large, accounting for about 50% of the year, to fast-acting fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer all into (in order to facilitate the differentiation of flower buds). General mu of urea 100 kg, phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate) 30 kg, organic fertilizer 2000 kg -3000 kg.

The third autumn fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer, in September - early October, after the spikes before flowering, accounting for about 20% of the year, mainly to promote good flowering, improve fruit and increase the ability to prevent the cold over winter, to the late effect of fertilizer, mu of urea 10 kg, organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg.

Young tree fertilization using thin application of the principle of diligent application. From planting to sprouting the first fertilizer, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer accelerated phosphorus fertilizer and water manure-based. After every 1 month fertilization 1 time to October. The first mu of urea 2.5 kg, calcium superphosphate 5 kg, 250 kg of water manure, and then increased month by month. The second year in February, April, June, August, October fertilizer 1 time. Seedlings planted into the spring after germination, in April-May every 10 days or so, with potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus cloud large 120 or cloud tessellations, plus kill the fungicidal insecticide spray, spraying 4-5 times in a row, to take this technical measure for improving the survival rate of seedlings is extremely critical.

Three, orchard intercropping and deep turning, drainage and irrigation: young loquat garden rows can be intercropped legumes and vegetables, strawberries and so on. But to plant green manure is the best, in April-August will be cut down to cover the tree plate. Adult orchards in April-September available weeds or crop stalks and other cover tree pan, in the fall fertilizer or expansion of the hole into the garden when the soil, not only can fertilize the soil, but also in the summer to keep the soil moist, reduce the ground temperature, is conducive to the growth of the plant. Covering the tree plate in winter is conducive to loquat overwintering. In winter, the whole garden plowing once, to 10-20 cm deep is appropriate.

Deep turning. The orchard of the trench and the large hole planting should be expanded in the autumn hole deep tilling pressed into the weeds, manuscript poles, phosphorus fertilizer and so on. It should be turned over in the whole orchard in 3-5 years. Helpful to guide the root system downward growth, increase the ability to absorb fertilizer.

Drainage and irrigation. Loquat in the fruit ripening period if too much rainfall, easy to cause poor fruit coloring and fruit cracking, so in rainy areas, should pay attention to drainage. Spring drought during the period of young fruit development (March-April), should be appropriate irrigation. Summer drought on flower bud differentiation and flower spike growth and development has a serious impact, especially in August-September, such as dry weather should be irrigation drought.

Four, shaping and pruning: shaping and pruning is the key to the success or failure of loquat dense planting garden, is the most important part of the technology. (A) shaping: loquat branching has a clear regularity, the top bud growth potential is strong, axillary buds are small and inconspicuous, growth potential is weak, budding top buds and a few axillary buds near the end of the branch, and the lower axillary buds, are becoming hidden buds, top buds for the center of the branch extends upward, axillary buds for the lateral branches to the four sides of the extension. Therefore, loquat center trunk is very obvious, the tree shows obvious layer nature, in order to adapt to this characteristic, dense planting garden is often used in small crown trunk layered shape (32 m), fan shape (21.5 m). The shaping method is as follows:

1, small crown trunk layered shape: evolved from the main trunk layering, the shape of the high yield, load, suitable for row spacing of 32 meters (mu planting 111) loquat dense planting garden. The main stem is 30-40 cm high, the first layer of 4 main branches and the center of the trunk at an angle of 60 degrees -70 degrees, the second layer of 3 main branches and the center of the trunk at an angle of 45 degrees. The third layer of two main branches and the center of the trunk at an angle of 30 degrees. 3-4 years to complete shaping, shaping the tree height of about 2.5 meters, and later with the age of the tree should fall head happy, reduce the number of layers of main branches. The shaping method is: choose 30-40 cm seedlings planted, planted without any pruning, to be its draw top buds and side buds (axillary buds), the top buds let the natural upward growth, choose to stay 4 axillary buds branch for the first layer of the main branch, extending to 4 directions, so that it is with the center of the trunk into a 70-degree angle (can be fixed with bamboo poles), the rest of the branch tips in July, the middle of the branch tips stop growing twisting tips, ring cutting, pulling flat to promote the main branch layer. The rest of the branch tips will be twisted in early and mid-July when the branch tips stop growing, ring cut, and flattened to promote the formation of flowers. Center stem second sprouting of lateral branches, if the distance between the first layer in the 40 cm or less, then twisted at 30 cm, if the branch from the first layer in the 40 cm or more, it is selected as the second layer of the main branch, and the center of the stem at an angle of 50 degrees -60 degrees, according to the same method of selecting and retaining the third and fourth layer of the main branch (and the center of the angle of 30 degrees -45 degrees). When the fourth layer of the main branch to stay well, cut off the center stem, the rest of the branches in addition to the main branch of the top buds according to its growth, the other lateral branches on the back of the branch are in mid-July twisting, ring cut to promote flowering.

2, fan-shaped. Fan-shaped ventilation and light, high yield in the early stage, good productivity, good quality, quick results. Suitable for densely planted orchards. Suitable row spacing 2 meters, plant spacing 1.5 meters, mu planted 222 plants. The main shaping method steps are: the first year when planting seedlings according to the north-south rows, the first layer of branches diagonally to the rows in the southeast, northwest rows, and rows at an angle of 45 degrees, reaching out to the plants between the branches of all pruning to remove. The second layer of branches and the first layer of branches spacing 50-60 cm, the direction of the first layer of branches in the same direction, the height of the tree control in about 2 meters.

(2) pruning: young trees (1-3 years old, during the plastic surgery), generally do not cut, so that more branch tips, in addition to the main branch to maintain a predetermined angle of growth of the rest of the branch tips are in July when the new growth stops on the twisting tip, ring cut. From the center stem of the non-primary branches to flatten, to promote early flowering, too dense branches in the second and third years of appropriate thinning can be.

Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in the spring and summer, spring pruning in February-March combined with fruit thinning, mainly to remove weak branches, dense branches and long branches, to increase the occurrence of spring, reduce the size of the year. Summer pruning in the fruit picking, mainly to remove dense branches, weak, disease and insect branches to improve light, too high for the plant retraction center stem, drop head happy. And some of the branches of the outward movement of retraction, so that the distance between the rows to maintain 0.8-1 meters, the plant is not too much cross, sparing the fruit stakes or fruiting branches of the fruit axis, in order to promote the development of summer, to achieve the annual yield.

Fifth, the regulation of the amount of fruit and fruit management:

(a) the regulation of the amount of fruit: the regulation of the amount of fruit, mainly by taking measures such as fruit thinning or flower preservation, so that the orchard to achieve a reasonable yield, the production of high-quality fruits and fruit production year after year.

1, flower thinning and fruit thinning: loquat spring and summer tips are easy to become flowers, each flower spike generally have 60-100 flowers, and only 5% of the flowers to form a yield, so we must remove too many flowers, especially the five-star loquat in order to produce high-quality fruits, we must remove a considerable portion of the flowers and young fruits. Thinning in late October to November, on the flower spike too much tree, should be part of the flower spike from the base of the thinning; medium tree can be part of the flower spike thinning 1/2. In short, according to the amount of flowers to determine the amount of thinning. After proper thinning, the flower spike can get enough nutrients, increase the resistance to the adverse environment, and improve the fruit set rate. Fruit thinning is appropriate after the spring warmth in February-March. Thinning out some of the small and diseased fruits, each spike according to the situation to leave 1-3 fruits can be.

2, to protect flowers and fruits: for some of the varieties with low fruiting rate and low flower plants, as well as winter frost areas, should be implemented to protect flowers and fruits, excess fruit is thinned out in mid-March, to ensure a good yield. The main methods to protect flowers and fruits are: ① early November of the first year (before flowering), late December (after flowering) and the following year in mid-January each sprayed 1 time 0.8% loquat fruit spirit (can refer to the instructions for use). ② 10mg / L (10PPM) of nine two 0 foliar spray can improve the fruit set rate of 38.5%; ③ flower bloom 2/3 with 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2P degrees 4) plus 0.2% urea and 0.1% borax foliar spray can improve the fruit set rate of 34%.

3, flower promotion measures: loquat dense planting garden in the summer of the year after stopping the growth of the tree, the tree strength is more prosperous, especially the draw out of the spring and summer of the second end of the plant should be in July-August measures to promote the differentiation of flower buds, so that in the fall and winter flowering and fruiting. The main methods are: ① in early July and early August each sprayed 1 time 500PPM15% of the doxorubicin or 350 times PB degree. ② In early July, when the summer tip stops growing, pull the branch tip flat, twist the tip, ring cut (cut 3 circles, each circle 1 cm apart) and ring peeling inverted sticker skin, etc.. ③ In July-September, pay attention to drainage work, maintain appropriate drought.

(ii) fruit management:?1, measures to increase fruit: ① the end of February, the end of March, mid-April with 30PPM pyraclostrobin (CPPV) + 500PPM nine two 0 (GA) spray young fruits, can increase fruit. ② end of March, early April, with loquat large fruit spirit 100 times liquid fruit dip 2 times (10 days 1 time). ③ late flowering (5 days after flowering), and young fruit (within 10-15 days after flowering) each sprayed 1 fruit most (50 kg of water per sachet). It can improve the rate of fruit set and increase the size of the fruit. ④ Thinning out too many young fruits and small fruits in mid-March.

2, fruit bagging: fruit bagging can prevent and control purple spot disease, fruit-sucking moths and bird damage, to reduce the sun after the rain caused by cracking fruit. At the same time to avoid the liquid sprayed on the fruit surface, but also can make the fruit coloring, beautiful appearance, improve fruit quality and commercial value. Bagging time to the last fruit thinning is appropriate, generally in late March to early April, before bagging must be sprayed with a mixture of broad-spectrum insecticides and fungicides. The bag paper used can be used old newspapers and specialized fruit bags. Large fruit can be a fruit bag, small fruit is a spike of a bag. First from the top of the tree to start set, then down, to the outer sleeve. Bag mouth with a line tied, can also be stapled.

3, fruit harvesting: loquat fruit is best in the peel fully colored and ripe when harvested in batches, the first coloring of the first pick, if the long-distance transport is appropriate early picking. As the loquat fruit skin thin, tender and juicy, skin with a layer of fluff, so picking should be especially careful, it is appropriate to use the hand to take the fruit spikes or fruit stalks, carefully cut, do not bruise the surface of the fruit fluff, bruising the fruit. After harvesting, gently placed in a fruit basket with a pad of brown pieces or grass. Harvest time morning, afternoon or cloudy day is good. Never in the rain or hot sun harvesting.

Six, pest and disease control:

(a) Disease control:

1, cancerous swelling disease, alias bud blight:?March-April occurrence. In the new shoots produce black ulcers, bud blight symptoms, often make the side shoots cluster, leaf spot black with obvious yellow halo. Affected fruit, fruit surface ulceration rough, fruit stalk surface longitudinal crack. Branches and trunks are infested with irregular yellow-brown spots, the surface is fine and rough, and then ring-like elevated crack lines, exposing black-brown xylem, which is cancerous, causing the branches and trunks to wither and die. It is a bacterial disease, the germs overwinter in the diseased part of the trunk.

Prevention: ①Strengthen the management of the orchard, pay attention to drainage, enhance the resistance of fruit trees to disease, cut the diseased branches in a timely manner, diseased leaves, diseased fruits collected in a timely manner with the fire to remove the source of disease. ② early onset (early March) spray 8000 times Dasheng M-45 or 1200-1500 times more mold Qing 1-2 times.

2, other diseases: leaf spot disease: damage to the leaves, the spot is polygonal, russet, outside the yellow halo, the late growth of black mold in the form of dots, to mycelial masses and conidia overwintering, warm areas, the anniversary of the disease.

Gray spot disease: harm to the leaves, spots round or healed irregular shape, russet, expanding the center of the gray-yellow, gray-brown outer edge, later on the spot produced black dots, sometimes arranged in whorls, to conidiophores and mycelium overwintering on the diseased leaves.

Stained leaf disease: the reverse side of the leaf blade occurs more, the first stained brown spots or irregular, and then grow sooty mold, can be covered with all the leaves, to conidia and mycelium overwintering on the diseased leaves.

Red rust: harm to the leaves, producing orange-yellow to yellow-brown rust spots, granular, with an outer membrane, not scattered. Remove the fallen leaves and spray protection is effective.

Purple spot disease: only in the fruit of purple-red rust spots, only affect the appearance, almost no impact on the flesh, in the loquat fruit ripening late sudden symptoms, related to sunlight exposure. The most effective control measure is fruit bagging.

The prevention and treatment of the above diseases: ① attention to the removal of fallen leaves, combined with pruning, remove diseased branches and leaves, do a good job of drainage in the rainy season, strengthen management, enhance tree strength. ② spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux solution after the new leaves grow or spray 1200-1500 times polymyxin at the beginning of the disease.

(2) pest control:

1, yellow caterpillar: larvae eat loquat shoots and young leaves, occurring more leaves almost eaten, the loss of young tree damage is more serious, to pupa in the cocoon attached to the bark cracks in the depression or the old leaves on the back of the overwintering, the adults appeared in May, laying eggs on the back of the leaves, the first generation of June-July damage to the leaves, the second generation of July to mid-August Occurrence, the third generation occurred from mid-August to mid-September, coinciding with the loquat tender leaf growth period, to 1.2-year-old larvae cluster new shoots damage. The larvae are yellow, then orange flower yellow, mature larvae body length of about 20 centimeters.

Prevention measures: the key in the larval period, available 20% permethrin 4000-5000 times liquid or 2.5% bromothalonil 3000 times liquid, 2.5% methomyl 3 suspension agent 1500-2000 times. When clearing the garden in winter, remove the overwintering cocoon, combined with artificial trapping and killing 1-2 age larvae.

2 boat moth: alias boat-shaped caterpillar, is the main pest of loquat leaves, specializing in eating old mature leaves, began to nibble on the leaf flesh, leaving the epidermis and only the main veins. Occurring one generation a year, with the pupa in the soil near the trunk of the overwintering, July differentiation, in the evening activities. Eggs are laid on the back of the leaf, 10 grains in a row, hatched in late August, 1-2 larvae cluster damage, head outward neatly arranged in a leaf or several leaves on the back of the damage, the infested leaves into a gauze net shape, a tree occurs on the mouth of a very large number of worms, morning and evening feeding, will soon eat up the leaves of the whole tree, the larvae spit drooping, false death phenomenon. 9-10 month old mature larvae into the soil to over-wintering, in the evening activity. In September, the old mature larvae overwinter in the soil, and the larvae are yellow-brown at first, and then purple-brown.

Prevention measures: winter plowing, digging out the pupal cocoon in the soil around the trunk, and in late August focusing on killing clusters of young larvae. If the larvae have spread out to feed, you can choose 20% permethrin 5000 times solution or methomyl 3000 times solution.

3, Sangtianniu: mainly harm loquat tree branches, the larvae first along the bark to eat, and then into the xylem damage, causing branch death. Available 40% dichlorvos and other 50 times solution dipped into cotton and then plugged into the cavity hole, and then seal the hole with yellow mud.

4, spiny moth: commonly known as hot pepper, octagonal ding. There are many types, the main harm loquat has a flat moth, yellow spiny moth and so on. 1-2 generations per year, mid-July to mid-August for the first generation, the beginning of September to the end of October for the second generation, available 20% of the kill chrysanthemum 5000 times liquid in the prevention and control of other pests together. Other pests such as heartworms, aphids, leaf mites, bag moths and so on. The main pests can be controlled at the same time. Can use mizorib, mite gram, keflex and other agents to prevent and control. Loquat planting techniques

Zizhong County, Ganlu Town, loquat planting Zhang Sheng contracted more than 100 acres of mountainous land planting loquat, planting experience, loquat planting households to consult the planting and management issues, he introduced specific planting techniques:

One of the garden and planting

Select the soil is fertile, good drainage, sandy loam soil to build the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the planting of the plant. sandy loam with good drainage to build a garden. Choose a good root system, seedling stem thick, seedling height of 30 ~ 40cm or so of strong seedlings planting.

Two, soil and fertilizer management

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers with a reasonable combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium appropriate ratio of 4:2.5:3, organic fertilizers accounted for more than 60% of the total amount of fertilizer.

Young orchard fertilization should be thinly applied diligently, 4 to 5 times a year, with nitrogen, phosphorus-based. Adult trees can be fertilized three times a year, the first time to fast-acting fertilizer, the second time to fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, the third time to late-acting fertilizer.

Three, shaping pruning

Shaping method: after planting in the first round of lateral branches (from the ground 30 to 60 cm), select the distribution of three evenly distributed branches as the first layer of the main branch cultivation, and select two branches as auxiliary branches.

Pruning methods: thinning out dense branches, cutting out diseased and insect branches, cross branches and overlapping branches, short cutting leafless branches, retracting sagging branches and weak branches.

Four, flower and fruit management

Promoting measures: in the juvenile period to strengthen the fertilizer management, and in the second year of growth to take reasonable measures to promote flowers.

Thinning of flowers and fruits: less thinning of strong trees, more thinning of weak trees, thinning of weak and strong, thinning of late and early, to go on and stay, go outside and stay inside.

Fruit set: 2 to 3 leaves into a paper bag within 1 month after flowering, before a comprehensive spray of metribuzin and pyrethroid pesticides. Bagging order: first up then down, first inside then outside.

Fruit harvesting: take the fruit stalk in hand and cut it down carefully, don't bruise the fruit surface velvet and touch the fruit, after harvesting, put it in a cushioned fruit basket and pack it in a single fruit.

Disease and pest control: winter garden management, cut out diseased and insect branches, centralized burning; scrape off the branches and trunk spots cracks, lime water coated trunks, reduce the source of overwintering pests and diseases; strengthen the management, improve the ability to resist pests and diseases.