What are the common wine tunes?
China is the birthplace of brewing with the original brewing technology in the world. It has been more than 7,000 years since the Chinese started making wine using tillers and quills. Professor Emeritus Sakaguchi of the University of Tokyo, Japan, even believes that the ancient Chinese use of mold brewing can be compared to the "Four Great Inventions".
The Zhou Dynasty book "Shujing - Saying Life" says: "If you want to make wine or sweet wine, you have to have a cork", which means that you have to have a cork if you want to make wine or sweet wine, which means that you have to rely on the role of the wine quill to make the wine. The Northern Wei Dynasty "agricultural encyclopedia" "Qimin Yaojutsu" also specializes in the detailed introduction of the production method of Shenqu, white mash quartz.
On the market, we often see the big song wine, small song wine, but about the types of song can not only big song, small song these two kinds. The world of the quartz is so varied and diverse that it is mainly divided into five types: big quartz, small quartz, red quartz, wheat quartz, and bran quartz.
In this issue, Chuan Wine Research Institute focuses on the big, small and bran quarts used to make white wine.
Wine Quarter -? The big song
Entering the song-making workshop of Sichuan Wine Group's Chuanjiao Base, the staff introduced that for brewing, whether the song is good or not is the key. Chuanjiu Group Chuanjiu Base adopts high-temperature production, the continuation of the traditional technology, the selection of high-quality wheat, and the high starch content of the soft wheat to account for half of the proportion. Through the processes of grain moistening, crushing, watering, mixing and stirring, the final product is made into a billet, cut into pieces and wrapped in straw and fermented at high temperature in a warehouse for nearly 60 days.
If soy sauce wine is good or not, the quartz making is the essence. Soon, a tens of thousands of square meters of the Sichuan Wine Group's Sichuan Sauce base will be completed, and when it is finished, it will be able to produce 10,000 tons of quartz.
So, what is a big song? Why do some of them need high-temperature fermentation?
From a professional point of view, Daqu is wheat (or barley, peas, sorghum, etc.) as the main raw material, after the natural cultivation of bacteria, fermentation, storage and become rich in multi-bacterial groups of multi-enzymes, with the production of wine and aroma of white wine saccharification fermentation agent.
According to the different production processes, Daqu can be divided into traditional Daqu, strengthened Daqu and purebred Daqu, in addition, Daqu can also be categorized according to the temperature of the product, divided into high-temperature Daqu (60-65 ℃), medium-temperature Daqu (50-60 ℃) and low-temperature Daqu (40-50 ℃).
The strange microorganisms in Daqu
A piece of Daqu, square, may look like this to you.
But in fact, it is not a "no story female students", to see its inner, in fact, this is the way
The microbial world under the microscope
The large song contains a wealth of microorganisms, mainly molds, yeasts, bacteria and actinomycetes in four categories.
The principle behind the production of the song is to maximize the growth and reproduction of these molds. The molds include Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Ploughshares, etc.; the main yeasts include Alcohol yeast, Ester yeast, Pseudomallei; bacteria are harmful to the production of ordinary white wine, but for high-quality dacquoise wine bacteria can play a good role in the concentrated cellar mud, Clostridium sporotrophicum to generate acetic acid and its esters, the formation of the main body of the strong aroma dacquoise wine. The main bacteria in Daqu wine are lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, bacillus subtilis and so on.
Sichuan Wine Group Syufu Wine Industry Cuiping Mountain Park Strongly Aromatic Cellar
The process of making Daqu
The process of making Daqu is complicated, and there are a lot of instructions for each process, the most important of which are the moistening and crushing of raw materials, the mixing of ingredients, and the cultivation of Daqu in the cellar. Taking the cultivation in the room as an example, the traditional room is usually made of brick and wood, which should be ventilated, moisturized and insulated, and the temperature and humidity are strictly controlled.
Sichuan Wine Group Chuanjiao Base Quartz Room
Before entering the quartz room, a layer of fresh rice hulls should be sprinkled on the ground, and the quartz blocks should be covered with straw after they are sent into the quartz room. In this closed room, microorganisms begin to multiply and emit heat, and the rising temperature accelerates the evaporation of water, so that the temperature and humidity in the whole room continue to rise.
During the incubation period, the blocks have to go through several turnovers in order for the molds to achieve the best reproduction results. From the beginning of the production of the block to the song into the warehouse, it usually takes 40 to 60 days, and then also need to store more than 3 months, before being put into use.
Wheat and other grains → moistening → turn the brown pile → grinding → mixing with water → loaded into the curve mold → stepping on the curve → drying sweat → into the room Anqu → insulation culture → turn the curve → playing together → out of the curve → storage → finished song
Daqu production process
Daqu production pay attention to the " before the fire can not be too big, the fire after the fire can not be too small "The first is slow, the middle is quite, and the back is slow to fall". This is because in the early part of the billet microbial reproduction exuberant, the temperature is easy to increase, if not controlled in a timely manner, it will allow a large number of bacterial reproduction. Later microbial reproduction is slow, the moisture is gradually reduced, the temperature drops, the beneficial microorganisms will not be able to fully grow.
The wine song -? Xiaoqu
In the Jin Dynasty, the clustered rice quartz had already appeared in the south. The Southern Grass Quarter, also called " Rice Quarter ", was recorded in " Southern Grass and Wood Quarter ", which is the earliest record of Southern Rice Quarter.
Xiaoqu is generally unique to the South, from the Jin Dynasty since the first appearance in the literature, the name of a variety of different places called different, there are wine medicine, wine cake, white qu, rice qu and so on. In fact, they are rice flour, rice bran as raw materials, part of the addition of a small amount of Chinese herbs or polygonum powder, some add a small amount of white clay as filler, inoculated with a small amount of mother song, water billet, in a certain temperature and humidity conditions and cultured. Because of the small size, it is called "small song".
The strange microorganisms in the small song
A small song like the size of a ping-pong ball, which is rich in saccharase and enzyme alcoholization.
The main microorganisms in the small song are molds and yeasts, and the molds are dominated by Rhizoctonia solani. Root mold is an excellent mold, it has many advantages!
Root molds can grow and reproduce, saccharification, fermentation, so the amount of quartz used in the brewing of small quarts of wine is very small, the general dosage of as little as 0.2% or so can achieve a high saccharification and fermentation capacity.
Wow! The excellent "root mold gentleman"!
Root mold has *** habitat, suitable for multi-bacteria mixed culture, it and other bacteria together with the cultivation of the growth of quite vigorous, the small songwriting wine is also said to have a "pure" brewing. In addition, not picky little song generally do not need special production equipment and insulation equipment, general production in July, August and September can be.
The addition of Chinese herbs is considered a major feature of the cultivation of the small song. As early as the 1940s, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese microbiologist Fang Xinfang and other research on the addition of Chinese herbs to cultivate small currant, the results found that some of the herbs in the promotion of beneficial bacteria reproduction, inhibit the growth of stray bacteria, etc. play a role, but also to bring a special medicinal flavor to the white wine.
Mr. Fang Xinfang, a biologist, researched the microbial composition of baijiu
The production process of the quill
If the quill is divided into categories, according to whether or not to add Chinese herbs can be divided into medicinal quill, medicinal quill; according to the raw materials for quill production can be divided into grain quill, bran quill; according to the shape of quill pills, quill cakes, loose quill; according to the use of quill for sweet wines, baijiu quill. If the origin, the most famous is Qionglai rice quarts, Sichuan no medicine chaff quarts, Xiamen white quarts, Guilin wine quarts pill, Guangdong wine quarts cake.
Qionglai, Sichuan, has a long history of rice quartz, Song Dynasty, there have been professional qu room, in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty development flourished. The earliest "qu room" in Qionglai County, 15 kilometers north of Tongqiao (now Qionglai City, Sichuan Tongqiao Village). Qionglai in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there are more than a dozen large song house, of which, Zhang, Lu, Xiong three song house is renowned throughout the country.
Qionglai rice quartet is a famous variety of China's small song classification. It is divided into two kinds: big quemus and small quemus, and small quemus is the seed for cultivating big quemus.
Qionglai is famous for producing wine
The small quill is usually made in March, April and September, when the humidity is low and the climate is mild, and the rice and water are soaked in the production, and then made into rice quill through a process.
Rice and water soaking - milling - ingredients (mother of pearl, Chinese herbs) - making blanks - into the box - culture - out of the box - drying -Rice Qu
The process of making mother quatrain
When making the mother quatrain, rice and the previously made mother quatrain and 72 kinds of herbs such as Shenquan, Tooth Soap, Tongpian, Angelica dahurica, etc. are used in a certain proportion, and then soaked in rice - crushed - mixing the ingredients to make the billet -Into the box culture - out of the box, drying, preservation and other links, and finally made into Qionglai rice qu.
Good Qionglai rice quart, the surface of the quart, the bottom and the heart should be consistent white, quart skin folds and thickness of how much can indicate the degree of microbial growth. The degree of foaming can show the quality of the block. Inside the block, there should be a white mycelium that makes up for the oily and shiny white mycelium. The smell should have a unique fragrance, no sour and rancid flavor.
Bran -?
The emergence of bran quartz marks a reform of the modern Chinese brewing industry, and the development of bran quartz brewing has become one of the main methods of operation for the production of liquor in China.
Branqu is made of pure strain of mold, using bran as the raw material, cultured by artificially controlling the temperature and humidity, and has the advantages of short cycle, high rate of alcohol production, and saving food.
Branquot has a strong saccharification and fermentation power, the utilization rate of brewing raw materials is 10%-20% higher than that of the traditional brewing quill, and the production cycle is short to facilitate mechanized production. Liquid method of white wine is formed on the basis of the bransquare method. Of course, there are shortcomings in the production of brans method of white wine, it lacks in aroma and flavor, it is difficult to be compared with the large and small brewing wine, only suitable for the brewing of low-grade white wine.
Bran in the brewing mainly play a role in saccharification, brewing needs to be mixed with yeast for alcoholic fermentation. In the microcosm of bran, there are four main types of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, cellulose-rich decomposing molds, other molds .
The box method, the curtain method, the ventilation method are all commonly used methods of production of bran. The process of music production is characterized by four stages: solid slant culture, expanded culture, seed culture and bran culture.
The resulting bran should be fluffy cake, no dry skin and white heart, mycelium and inside and outside of the same, no spores or very few spores. Curvilinear gluten inherent curvilinear flavor, there shall be no sour smell and other musty smell. Under the microscope, the mycelium is robust and neat, no heteromorphic mycelium, fewer stray bacteria.
Understanding the classification of the main varieties, exploring the microcosm and brewing process of large, small, and bran, it is not difficult to find that brewing is, frankly, an art of microorganisms. In simplified terms, it is the conversion of grain into monomolecular sugars through the action of microorganisms, which are fermented into wine. Of course, this process to promote them to produce changes in the saccharase, alcohol enzyme is the wine quartz.
Sichuan Wine Group's Sichuan sauce base brewing site
Sichuan Wine Group has always insisted on brewing high-quality Daqu wine with solid pure grain, speaking with the good quality and flavor of Sichuan wine, living up to the reputation of "Sichuan wine", and insisting on brewing "good wine that the people can afford to drink". We will continue to brew "good wine that the people can afford to drink".