Hakka is a branch of Han nationality with remarkable characteristics, and it is also one of the ethnic groups with wide distribution and far-reaching influence in the world. Starting from the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han residents in the Central Plains moved to the south on a large scale, arrived at the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, mixed with local indigenous people, and married each other. After thousands of years of evolution, they finally formed a relatively stable Hakka clan. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to various provinces in South China and even around the world. The four Hakka States are Meizhou, Ganzhou, Tingzhou and Huizhou. Shek Pik in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and Shek Pik is called "Hakka ancestral land". At present, there are two main views on the origin of Hakka: (1) it is purely evolved from the migration of Han people from the north to the south; (2) The Han people who migrated from the north to the south merged with a few indigenous people from the south. 　< /B> In the eyes of ordinary people, Hakkas are a branch of the immigrants of the northern Han people who migrated to the south. In the long years, they have been wandering from place to place and experienced hardships, and they have formed, evolved and developed into a large clan with a population of tens of millions by integrating a small number of local indigenous residents. (1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty. Immigrants who moved to the south kept part of the local accent of their hometown in the Central Plains, while people who stayed in the Central Plains kept another part of the original accent of ancient Chinese, which does not mean that there is no ancient Chinese factor in the northern language now. In the branches of Min dialect, there are some obvious ancient accents in the south of the Yangtze River (ancient Wu dialect) and expressions in the Central Plains in the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. Cantonese dialect, there are some obvious ancient accents of Qin and Han dynasties and expressions of Central Plains in Sui and Tang Dynasties; The pronunciation of Hakka dialect has inherited many Central Plains accents from the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Cantonese inherits both North and South languages, so it is similar to Min dialect and Hakka. Hakka dialects have different names in different places, such as Hakka, Hakka and Cantonese in eastern and northern Guangdong (it is precisely because Hakka is also called Cantonese in eastern Guangdong that Hakka in Sichuan is called Tucantonese); In western Guangdong and southeastern Guangxi, it is called Ya dialect, Majie dialect and Xinmin dialect. Calling the guest's surname in Liuyang, Hunan; In Sichuan, it is called Tucantonese; In Zhejiang, it is called' Tingzhou Dialect', because the ancestors of Hakka in Tingzhou, Zhejiang are from Minting Prefecture. But it is commonly known as Hakka dialect. This is claiming to be one with him. Hakka dialects are mainly divided into three categories according to their accents, namely, Lingbei, Lingnan and Cha dialects. The following will compare these three categories with the past eight large-scale division methods: Lingbei category Jiangting branch. Taking Ganzhou area of Jiangxi Province as the center, it includes Tingzhou old genus of Fujian Province to the east and Shaozhou old genus of Guangdong Province to the west. Jiang refers to Jiangxi; Ting refers to Tingzhou. In the past, this category was divided into five pieces: Yuebei piece, Ninglong piece, Yugui piece, Tonggu piece and Tingzhou piece. In Jiangxi province, it is generally considered that there are three representative voices: Hakka, local Hakka and Ningshi Hakka. Hakka dialect in Fujian Province is divided into Meihang small piece (belonging to Guangdong and Taiwan) and Tingzhou piece (belonging to Lingbei): Changting, Liancheng, Ninghua, Qingliu and Mingxi counties. Although influenced by Minnan dialect, many words have also changed, but the main features of Hakka dialect are basically preserved, which is Tingzhou piece. Lingnan is a branch of evolution, which used to be classified as Guangdong and Taiwan films. In Lingnan category, Hakka dialect in Chixi-Shenzhen-Shaonan-Yongding line can communicate completely without barriers, which is called Cantolo. Hakka dialects, such as Ai dialect, Rao Zhao dialect, Jieling dialect and Hailu dialect, are difficult to fully understand each other's meaning when they are in initial contact with the accent in the core area. Hakka dialects in Shanghang, Yongding and Wuping counties of Fujian Province (once called Fulaoke) are influenced by Minnan dialect, and they are generally unable to communicate with Hakka dialects in other areas of Fujian Province, belonging to Lingnan category. Cha dialect actually refers to Dongjiang dialect, also known as Phok-Low-Hva, but not Hokkien. The word "cha" is homophonic with "snake", and Dongjiang local dialect is also called snake Luo dialect. Named after the ancient name of Dongjiang Chaxi; Boluo county was called Chacheng in ancient times. Some people think that Dongjiang dialect should be classified as Cantonese. In the past, Hakka studies generally classified Cha dialect as (two) Cantonese films and Huizhou films, which are now recorded here for reference. In the past, Guangdong and Taiwan were divided into Chengxiang, Xinhui, Shaonan, Xingning (or Qichang, including Huacheng Town), Ziwu (including Hepo Town), Jieling, Hailu, Raozhao, Aihua and Meihang (Yongding, Tai Po). Some scholars believe that Hakka dialects in Lingnan can be divided into: Guangfu Hakka and Fulao Hakka <; This division is not commonly used now >: . Xinhui, Shaonan and Ai dialects (including Xinmin dialect in Guangxi) belong to Guangfu Hakka. Meihang Small Pieces (Yongding, Shanghang and Wuping in Fujian Province) belong to Fulaoke; Rao Zhao Xiao pian (Rao Ping, Zhao An) is the most typical Fujian guy; Cheng Xiang, Ziwu, Jieling, Hailu, also belong to Fulaoke. Xingning patch (including Huacheng Town in the north of Wuhua County) still belongs to Lingnan class on the whole, but it has some characteristics of Lingbei class. [Edit this paragraph] Hakka distribution in China and Hakka distribution in China Hakka areas are divided into pure Hakka counties and impure Hakka counties. It is generally believed that in daily work, people who only speak Hakka dialect account for 89% of the county's total population without using other dialects ("other dialects" does not include Putonghua), and the county's culture is still a typical Hakka culture, which is a pure Hakka county. Others believe that it needs to reach more than 94%. In short, the number of pure Hakka counties is relatively small. There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities in Jiangxi: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Yudu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 20 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan. Fujian pure Hakka counties and cities are: Changting, Ninghua, Qingliu, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Jianning, Jiangle, Taining, Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhaoan 10. The pure Hakka counties and cities in Guangdong are Meixian, Yingde, Meijiang District, Meizhou, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua and Heyuan, Hakka Weilongwu in Puning City, Guangdong Province, Dongyuan, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Lianping, Luhe, Xinfeng, Shixing, Nanxiong, Wengyuan, Huiyang, Huicheng District and Lechang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Shenzhen, Dongguan, Lechang, Fengshun, Liannan, Jiexi, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng, Lianshan, Yangshan, Lianzhou, Fogang, Renhua, qujiang district, Longmen, Zengcheng, etc., as well as Dianbai, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Xinyi in Maoming, western Guangdong, and Yangxi and Yangjiang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Guangxi: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai, Pubei, Luchuan, Lingshan, Ningming, Chongzuo, Fusui, Yongning, Yulin, Hengxian, Beiliu, Rongxian, Wuming, Guigang, Binyang, tengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan, Mashan and Cangwu. Baxian, Fuling, Chongqing, Hejiang and Hechuan in Chongqing are not pure Hakka counties and cities in Sichuan: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Luxian, Luzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinjin, Shuangliu, Xindu, Wenjiang, Jintang, etc. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Guizhou: Zunyi and Rongjiang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Hunan: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Leiyang, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenzhou and Yizhang 17. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Hainan: 8 counties including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya. Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province, Taiwan Province are mainly distributed in the towns south of Taoyuan, towns in Zhongli, Hsinchu, Zhudong and Miaoli, some towns in Pingtung County and Meinong Town in Kaohsiung County. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei 13. Hong Kong and Macao Hakka people in Hong Kong and Macao live together everywhere, and account for a considerable proportion of local residents. There are many Hakkas who have returned from Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in southern Shaanxi, and there are many Hakka settlements with a population of 200,000. It is not yet possible to determine non-pure Hakka counties and cities. There are many Hakka people who have returned from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Hakka areas in Xinyang, southern Henan Province, Henan Province, and it has not yet been determined which are non-pure Hakka counties. The dialect in this area is no longer Hakka, but only a small number of Hakka words are retained. The non-pure Hakka counties in Zhejiang are Yunhe, Songyang, Qingtian, Lishui (Liandu), Xuanping (now under the jurisdiction of Liandu, Songyang and Wuyi), Longquan, Suichang, Jingning, Jinyun, Taishun, Cangnan, Tangxi (Jinhua) and Jiangshan. Total population/kloc-more than 0/100,000 people. [Edit this paragraph] The distribution of Hakka dialects outside China can be divided into five regions: Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Oceania. Among them, there are 3.5 million people who speak Hakka dialects in Asia, mainly in Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and other countries. There are 54,000 overseas Chinese in Africa, distributed in Mauritius, Reunion and South Africa 12 countries. There are about 460,000 people speaking Hakka dialects in America, which are distributed in 2/kloc-0 countries and regions such as Peru and the United States. There are160,000 and 44,000 overseas Chinese in Europe and Oceania. China, Asia, 70 million Indonesian/KOOC-0/200,000 Malaysian/KOOC-0/250,000 Thai 600,000 Singaporean 600,000 Filipino 6800 Vietnamese/KOOC-0/50,000 Myanmar 55,000 Cambodian/KOOC-0/ 10,000 people in India 25,000 people in Laos 0.5 million people in Saudi Arabia 0.22 million people in Japan10.2 million people in Brunei 0.9 million people in Pakistan 0.2 million people in Nepal 0.4 million people in Sri Lanka 0.0170,000 people in Kuwait 0.0170,000 people in North Korea 0. 1 10,000 people in Korea, 20,000 people in Turkey, 0,500 people in Bangladesh, 0,500 people in America, 284,000 people in Jamaica100,000 people in Trinidad and Tobago, 0.6 million people in Panama, 0.5 million people in Colombia, 0.0 1 10,000 people in Guatemala, 0.0 1 10,000 people in Dominica. 20,000 people in Canada 8. 1 10,000 people in Bolivia 0.0 1 10,000 people in Peru 200,000 people in Brazil 0.24 million people in Chile 0.120,000 people in Guyana 0.6 million people in Argentina 0.05 million people in Cuba 0.8 1 10,000 people in Ecuador 0.2 million people in Suriname 0.4 1 Ten thousand people Venezuela 0.02 million people Mexico 0.0 1 10,000 people Europe France 30,000 people Netherlands 0.2 1 10,000 people Russia 0.120,000 people Denmark 0.120,000 people Norway 0.03 million people Britain152,000 people Germany 0.5 million people Italy 0./ Kloc-0/ 10,000 Swiss 0. 1 10,000 Belgian 0.43 million Portuguese 0.05 million Swedish 0.24 million former Yugoslavia 0.24 million Czech 0.0 1 10,000 Austrian 0.05 million Iceland 0.0 1 10,000 people in Spain 00,200 people in Luxembourg 00,200 people in Madagascar, Africa 00,200 people in Mozambique 00,300 people in Nigeria 00,200 people in Sierra Leone 00,600 people in Zambia 00,600 people in Ghana 00,200 people in Reunion 1.8 million people in Mauritius 35,000 people in Kenya 00110,000 people in South Africa 25,000 people in Democratic Republic of Congo 00,200 people in Angola 00.