Pest Identification and Control On July 5, 2021, Zhang Manyu was honored to participate in the rural revitalization and pest control activities initiated by the School of Biology and Food Engineering of Anyang Institute of Technology for the first time. After a few days of investigation and visits, Zhang Manyu learned about the poverty eradication strategies and living conditions of the residents of her hometown, Lvdian Township, Yichuan County, Luoyang City, Henan Province, which triggered her deep thoughts and many unprecedented insights. She thought y and had many unprecedented feelings. Figure 1. The activity was officially launched on July 5, the rural revitalization of the pest control team in charge of the organization of the PPT presentation, so that members of the team have a certain understanding of the identification and prevention of pests and diseases. Figure 2. Identification and Prevention of Plant Pests and Diseases After returning home in the afternoon of July 5, Zhang Man Yu learned about the pests and diseases in her hometown by searching for information on the Internet and asking local villagers for advice. Beetarmyworm, also known as corn nightshade, corn noctuid, corn greenfly, belongs to the family of Lepidoptera. It is an omnivorous pest that infests more than 170 species of plants, including corn, cotton, sugar beet, sesame, peanut, tobacco, soybean, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, tomato, cowpea, and green onion [1]. The larvae infest the leaves, the first hatch larvae first feed on the egg shell, and then crawl out from the villi one after another, the 1st-2nd instar often gather on the back of the leaf to infest, feeding on the leaf flesh, leaving the epidermis, in the form of windowpaper.After the 3rd instar larvae scattered infestation, they also feed on the bracts, and can eat the leaf blade into the notch or holes, and after the 4th instar they begin to feed on a large number of them, and in severe cases, they can eat up all of the leaf flesh, and only the leaves and the petiole veins are left behind.Larvae of more than 3rd instar also can The larvae above the third instar can also bore the fruit spikes and cause rotten spikes[1]. Hazardous characteristics of the occurrence of the law of prevention and control methods of morphology and characteristics of the adult body length of 10-14 mm, wingspan of 25-30 mm, the body and forewings gray-brown, the outer edge of the forewing line consists of a column of black triangular small spots, kidney-shaped lines and ring lines are yellow-brown. Eggs are round and bun-shaped, with overlapping grains, forming 1-3 layers of egg masses, covered with white downy hairs. Larvae are variable in body color, generally green or dark green, with yellowish-white lower valve line, yellowish-white longitudinal banding on both sides, sometimes pinkish, and 1 conspicuous white spot above the back of each valve. There are 4 pairs of gastropods. The pupal body is about 1 cm long and yellowish brown [1]. Beet nightshade adult damage characteristics of the first hatch larvae loose net in the leaf dorsal cluster feeding on leaf flesh, the damaged parts of the net translucent window spot, drying longitudinal crack: after the third instar larvae began to group damage, can be eaten into the holes of the leaf blade, notch, when serious, all the leaves are eaten up, the whole plant died. After the fourth instar larvae began to feed in large quantities, eating leaves, nibbling petals, stalks and fruit pods [2]. Occurrence of the law in the Yangtze River Basin 5-6 generations a year, a few years occurred 7 generations, the more to the south of the annual occurrence of the number of generations will increase, Guangdong region can occur 10 to 11 generations a year. It mainly overwinters in the soil as a pupa, and there is no overwintering phenomenon in South China, so it can reproduce and infest all year round. Adults have strong phototropism, but chemotropism is weak, day and night, hidden in the back of the leaves, grass and soil cracks and other dark places during the day, began to move in the evening, the most active at night. Eggs are mostly laid on the back of the leaves, and there are more egg masses on the lower leaves of the seedling plant than on the upper leaves. Laying a flat layer or multi-layered overlap, the egg mass is covered with white scaly hairs. The egg masses are arranged in 1-3 layers and covered with white downy hairs on the leaves of the lower part of the plant. Each female can lay 100-600 eggs. The egg period is 2-6 days. The larvae are nocturnal, pseudo-dead, slightly frightened that is rolled into a "C" shape, rolled down to the ground. The larvae are afraid of strong light, mostly in the morning and evening pests, cloudy days can be all day pests. When the density of the population is too large, the larvae can kill each other. The mature larvae enter the soil, spitting silk to build a room to pupate. The time of infestation of various generations of larvae in the Yangtze River Basin is as follows: the peak of the 1st generation is from late May to late June, the peak of the 2nd generation is from early-mid June to mid July, the peak of the 3rd generation is from mid July to late August, the peak of the 4th generation is from early August to mid-late September, the peak of the 5th generation is from late August to mid-October, the peak of the 6th generation is from late September to late November, and the 7th generation is from early-mid November. early to mid-November, and the generation is incomplete. Generally, the overlap of generations occurs from the 3rd generation onwards. Shandong is more heavily infested with the 3rd-5th generations, Nanchang, Jiangxi has more larvae in June, and the peak occurs from mid-September to October throughout the year. In Changsha, Hunan, the larvae also occur more in June, and the peak occurs from mid-September to early November. Temperate (or high temperature) and high humidity environmental conditions are favorable for the growth and development of the beet noctuid moth. Generally July-September is the peak period of infestation, July-August,, less precipitation, low humidity, favorable to its occurrence [1]. Prevention and control methods of agricultural control in the nymphal period combined with the agricultural needs of mid-tillage weeding, winter irrigation, deep turning of the soil. Early spring eradication of weeds on the edge of the field, destroying the early source of insect breeding, habitat, which is conducive to the deterioration of its feeding, egg-laying environment [2]. Physical control in the evening to manually capture large larvae, squeeze and wipe the egg mass, which can effectively reduce the density of insect population. During the adult season, black light, high-pressure mercury lamp and frequency vibration insecticidal lamp are set up in the field to trap the adults, and sex lure is also utilized to trap the adults [2]. Biological control was carried out using Bt preparation for control and protection, and natural enemies such as abdominal cocoon wasp, forked horn ligustrum, star leopard spider, and spotted belly assassin beneficial stink bug were utilized for biological control. The dominant natural enemies of eggs are black egg wasp, short-tubed red-eye wasp, etc.; the dominant natural enemies of larvae are green stiffness [2]. Chemical control application time should be chosen in the early morning is the best, in the larval hatching period, before 8:00 a.m. or after 6:00 p.m. spraying 25% chlorothalonil emulsifiable concentrate 1000-2000 times, high efficiency cyfluthrin emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times plus 5% flufenoxuron emulsifiable concentrate 500 times mixture, or 5% high efficiency cyfluthrin emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times plus 5% flufenoxuron dispersible liquid solution 500. fig. 3. sugar beet nightshade moth Corn big spot disease is a disease caused by big spot disease convex umbilical helminths and occurs in corn. The main damage to the leaves, serious also harm the leaf sheaths and bracts, generally first from the bottom leaves began to occur gradually expanding upward, serious can be throughout the whole plant, but there are also from the middle and upper leaves onset of the situation. [1] Corn spot disease is one of the most important diseases of maize, widely distributed in all maize cultivation areas of the world. In the year of large occurrence, it generally reduces yields by 15-20%, and in severe cases, yields are reduced by more than 50%. The occurrence and prevalence of the disease are affected by a combination of many factors, such as the disease resistance of self-inherited lines, crop rotation system, climatic conditions and cultivation measures. With the popularization of disease-resistant hybrids and changes in cultivation systems, the damage of the disease was once controlled, but further research and control are needed. [1][2] Since the prevalence of maize big spot disease is determined by three factors: first, large areas of planting susceptible varieties, second, the presence of a large number of pathogenic bacteria, and third, the presence of environmental conditions suitable for the onset of the disease. Therefore, the control of corn big spot disease should start from these three aspects. [1] Chinese name of corn big spot disease symptoms of infestation cycle of epidemiological law control methods pathogen characteristics of corn big spot disease pathogen for big spot disease convex umbilical helminths, belonging to the hemiptera subphylum, filamentous spores, convex umbilical helminths genus. Conidiophores grow from the stomata, greenish-brown, solitary or 2-6 roots clustered, not branched, erect or the upper part of the bent, 2-6 (most 3-5) septa, size (12.5-188.7) μm × 10.0 μm, the base of the cells expanded, dark color, to the tip of the color gradually lighter, the top or bent at the spore marks are obvious. Conidia 1 to several terminal, initially colorless, later turning brownish-green, fusiform, straight or curved to one side, mostly 4-7 septate, size (57.7-140.6) μm × (15.1-22.9) μm. Sexual state produced only under artificial culture conditions, heterozygous cooperation, ascospores black, ellipsoid or subglobose, 359-721 μm high, 345-497 μm wide. The ascospores are cylindrical or clavate, with a short stalk, measuring (176-249) μm × (24-31) μm, and generally containing 2-4 ascospores, but also 1-6. Mature ascospores are colorless, fusiform, straight or curved, 3-septate, with constrictions at the septa, and measure (42-78) μm x (13-17) μm. [3] 1 Infested leaves 2 Pathogen conidial peduncles and conidia Great spot disease convex umbilical helminths have distinct physiological differentiation. There are known maize-specialized types, sorghum-specialized types, johnsongrass-specialized types, and stickleback-specialized types. Maize-specific types are distinguished as No. 1 and No. 2 species, and No. 1 species is distributed in China. [3] Symptoms Corn big spot disease mainly affects leaves, and in severe cases also affects leaf sheaths and bracts. The lower leaves of the plant develop first, and then expand upward. Disease spot long shuttle-shaped, gray-brown or yellow-brown, 5-10 cm long, about 1 cm wide, some spots are bigger, or several spots are connected to form a large irregularly shaped dead spot, when severe leaf scorching. Occurs in the susceptible varieties first appeared watery spots, quickly developed into gray-green small spots, spots along the leaf veins rapidly expand and not restricted by the leaf veins, the formation of a long shuttle-shaped, the central gray-brown, the edge of the large spots without the typical discoloration area. In successive rainy days, gray-black mold will appear on the spots, which is mainly due to the large number of pathogenic spores and caused by the onset of the disease, the plant leaves lose photosynthesis function, it is difficult to ensure the normal growth of plants, and in severe cases, it will lead to the death of the plant, resulting in a large-scale reduction in yield. Occurring in resistant varieties, the disease spot extends along the leaf veins, showing brown necrotic stripes, surrounded by a yellow or light brown faded green circle, no or very few spores are produced. [4][5]***13 Zhang corn big spot disease infestation cycle corn big spot disease pathogen to its dormant mycelium or conidia in the disease residue body overwintering, become the next year the onset of the initial source of infestation. Corn growing season, the overwintering fungal source produces spores, with rain splash or airflow spread to the corn leaves, meet the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions germination invasion; after 10-14 days, it can produce a large number of conidia. Later, the conidia spread with the wind and rain, repeat infestation. [5] Epidemiological pattern of soil fertility Soil fertility has a certain impact on the occurrence of corn big spot disease, some fields with low soil fertility will lead to poor growth and development of corn, the resistance to disease is reduced, prone to corn big spot disease. In the production process, the soil should be measured and fertilized, supplemented with nitrogen and potassium to improve soil fertility, which can increase plant growth to a certain extent, improve disease resistance and reduce the degree of incidence. [4] Climatic conditions in the growth process of corn, if encountered lower temperatures, cold climate coupled with rainy weather, high humidity is very easy to occur corn big spot disease, because such climatic conditions are conducive to the big spot pathogen sporulation, conducive to the spread of the disease. [4] varieties of different varieties of resistance to big spot disease is different, in the actual growth, as far as possible to use varieties of strong disease resistance, do not focus on the pursuit of yield and the use of varieties that do not have resistance, because susceptible to self-inheritance and susceptible varieties will lead to the epidemic of the whole field of big spot disease, once a large-scale outbreak, the loss is incalculable. [4] Cultivation system due to corn big spot disease germs will be in the form of mycelium and spores in the disease residue plants, can overwinter the next year, many farmers in the maize harvest link, only the corn cob harvest, the plant is abandoned in the field, some even culm harvest, but some corn stubble and leaves will remain in the field, so a large number of residues of the disease will become a source of infection of the big spot disease. In addition, maize continuous planting more areas, and basically are continuous crop, which also provides the conditions for the occurrence of corn big spot disease, continuous corn field, ventilation, light penetration are poor, a rainy season in the field of the humidity is greater, for the spores to provide the climatic conditions. [4] Prevention and Control Methods Measurement and Reporting System In the corn big spot disease prone areas, designate a person to be responsible for regular and systematic observation of the occurrence and elimination of the corn big spot disease. When the field appears to be diseased, the disease leaves began to expand vertically from the bottom up, such as field humidity, or in recent days the weather forecast has moderate to heavy rain, should be quickly issued "corn big spot disease will be about 10% of the field epidemic" forecast, to guide the farmers to the appropriate time to control. [2] Agricultural control of climate conditions is the determining factor affecting the occurrence of big spot disease. Medium temperature and high humidity is rust hairy big spot disease of the main climatic conditions, for example, the average temperature of the year month, rainy days, field atmospheric humidity, resulting in corn big spot disease outbreaks. 20-25 ℃, relative humidity of more than 90% is conducive to the development of the disease. So it is necessary to choose the place where humidity and temperature are suitable for planting corn, so as to fundamentally control corn big spot disease. [6] Actively promote disease-resistant varieties. Variety resistance reduction is one of the important factors that lead to the disease epidemic, in the case of a large accumulation of pathogens in the field, planting resistant varieties is generally not easy to large occurrence of disease. Different corn varieties have great differences in resistance to big blotch disease, and planting good disease-resistant varieties is the main measure to control big blotch disease in corn. In the corn big spot disease frequent areas, seed selection should be disease resistance as the first element to consider, and should pay attention to the reasonable matching and rotation of varieties, avoid varieties of monoculture. [6] Improve the farming and cultivation environment. Planned implementation of crop rotation and stubble reversal, avoiding heavy stubble and welcome stubble planting. In the form of planting, to change the equal spacing sowing for wide, narrow rows of planting, change the large area of flat sowing for high, short straw crop intercropping sets, in order to improve field ventilation, light transmission conditions, and promote the growth of maize. After the corn harvest, whether Pingchuan or hilly mountainous areas, efforts should be made to eliminate the white stubble land over the winter, adequate bottom fertilizer, optimize the formula fertilization, the promotion of mulching, early sowing at the right time, which can make the most dangerous corn susceptibility to most of the time to avoid high temperature and rainy seasons, which greatly reduces the damage of corn maculopapular disease, in order to improve the plant resistance to disease to create a good ecological environment. [6] Chemical control according to the condition, first remove the yellow leaves at the base of the plant, diseased leaves, to reduce the source of re-infestation, enhance ventilation and light transmission and then spray fungicides. Spray control at the end of the heart leaf to the male pumping stage or the early stage of the disease. Every day 10 days to prevent 1 time, continuous control 2-3 times. Pharmaceutical selection of 50% good speed net wettable powder 1000 times, or 80% fast gram net wettable powder 1000 times, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 600 times, or 5% Chlorothalonil wettable powder 300 times, or 25% benomyl emulsifiable concentrate 800 times, or 40% ketofen emulsifiable concentrate 800-1000 times, or Strychnine water 25 times, or 25% Benomyl emulsion 800 times. or Streptozotocin water 2500 times liquid spray. You can also use 80% diclofenac manganese zinc wettable powder 50 g/ha, or 70% metribuzin wettable powder 1.5 kg/ha, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1.5 kg/ha, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1.5 kg/ha. Figure 4. Corn Spot Disease Zhang Manyu learned about the control methods of beet moth and corn spot disease from the local villagers and from the information she found. The most important thing that Mr. Zhang felt at the end of the activity was that it is very important to identify and control pests and diseases. In the process of agricultural production, pests and diseases are a very big threat to agriculture, so how to do a good job of plant pest control is the focus of current research. And nowadays, many people know little about the damage of pests and diseases, and even do not know how to solve this thing so in this case, it is necessary to carry out a great propaganda on the danger of plant pests and diseases and how to deal with it . So in July 10th ZhangManYu students on their own understanding of the previous in the village to publicize and explain.