If the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the first cultural climax in China, then there is no doubt that the second cultural peak in China was during the Republic of China.

This period is the most disastrous period in China in the past century. On the one hand, the feudal society of more than two thousand years has just been overthrown and the old social system abolished, but the new social system and order have not been well established. The Chinese nation has been ravaged by semi-feudal society and semi-colonialism. Scholars are eager to express their views on saving the country and the people, so a large number of thoughtful scholars have emerged.

Influenced by western democracy and science, China started the New Culture Movement in 19 15, which advocated democracy, science, new literature and new morality. This is a very great ideological emancipation movement under the new historical conditions and has made unprecedented great achievements. It has caused the cultural prosperity and numerous scholars in the Republic of China.

(Lu Xun)

1, active in thought, multicultural, and relatively free in public opinion.

The ideological circle of the Republic of China has obvious multicultural characteristics, the ideological struggle is extremely fierce and complicated, democracy and science are gradually deeply rooted in people's hearts, and various ideological cultures coexist. The ideological and cultural struggle in the Republic of China, like the political struggle in the Republic of China, was extremely sharp, intense and complicated because of the coexistence of various ideological cultures.

2, there are many schools of thought

The formation and growth of new intellectual groups, especially the overseas students sent abroad in the late Qing Dynasty, have returned to China and become the backbone of the new intellectual groups. They are in sharp opposition to the old domestic ideology and culture, resulting in a pluralistic ideological and cultural pattern.

The development of the newspaper industry has promoted the cultural prosperity and the relative freedom of public opinion, and provided the possibility for the ideological elites to freely express their thoughts and opinions. There are many ideological groups and schools, such as New Youth School, Modern Critics School, Jiayin School, Xueheng School, Crescent School, Independent Critics School, New Road School, Village Governance School, China Rural School, Warring States Policy School and New Observer School, among which there are as many as twenty or thirty. On behalf of their respective ideas, they published articles to argue. The contents of these debates include Confucianism, Eastern and Western cultures, Vernacular and Classical Chinese, Science and Metaphysics. Industrial? With? Agrochemical? Controversy, problem and doctrine, old and new literature, anarchism, socialism, China's social nature in the late 1920s and early 1930s, China's social history, materialist dialectics, democracy and dictatorship? Build a country by agriculture? With? Building a country by work? Debate,? China standard? With? Completely westernized? Debate,? Socialism? With? Capitalism? During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression? China? The debate between idealism and materialism, and so on. It can be said that the period of the Republic of China was a period with the most ideological and cultural debates in the history of China, and these debates were of great significance to promoting the development and transformation of the Republic of China.

(Zhu Ziqing)

3, the literati's strong concern for social change

Like the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, during the Republic of China, the society was in urgent need of transformation and change, and it was faced with the question of where the country would go. Will it remain semi-colonial and semi-feudal, or will it be independent, democratic and unified? In the face of the gradual encroachment of western powers, everyone has the idea of rejuvenating the nation. The Qing dynasty representing the old system has been overthrown, but a complete system representing the new order has not been established. People need a new social system.

4, pay attention to the achievements of cultural people's labor

/kloc-from the mid-9th century to the early 20th century, many influential publishing units were established in Shanghai. Shanghai has become a major publishing base in China.

At this time, China's remuneration system has been established, and, because many intellectuals returned from abroad, they brought back the remuneration abroad. The government established a system of remuneration for manuscripts in due course.

There are three basic forms: one is the manuscript fee, which is also called in the industry? Run the pen? 、? Runner fee? . The second is royalties, also known as? Royalty? 、? Edition fee? . Third, the copyright buyout fee, also known as? Buy the manuscript at a fixed price? .

At that time, the remuneration standards were different from place to place and from writer to writer.

According to records, the remuneration for official newspapers, magazines and literary periodicals (including academic periodicals) in Beijing is 4-5 yuan (silver dollar) per thousand words. Newspapers and periodicals in Shanghai are generally 1-3 yuan (silver dollar) per thousand words.

Because readers have different degrees of love for writers, the remuneration given to each writer by newspapers and periodicals is somewhat different. According to some records, the general remuneration for Lu Xun's articles is 3-6 yuan (silver dollar), which should be a higher remuneration in Shanghai at that time.

The royalty standard set by Shanghai publishing industry is generally between 10-25%. According to some records, the royalties of Guo Moruo, Hu Shi and Lu Xun are different, and the highest at that time may be Liang Qichao's royalties.

(Bing Xin)

According to the situation in the early period of the Republic of China, there was no problem for a writer to support a large family with his remuneration. This is also an important reason why there are so many writers and scholars in the Republic of China. Writers, like other workers, are human beings after all, and the fruits of everyone's labor should be respected. Moreover, the writer's labor is a special dual nature of mental and physical labor, which seems to produce spiritual wealth, but the hard work and efforts are often bigger, heavier and more complicated, which deserves special respect from the whole society.

Someone once gave an example that there was an ordinary employee in Shanghai with a monthly salary of 70 silver dollars. In addition, he can earn 60-70 silver dollars by writing in his spare time, so his monthly income is 130- 140 silver dollars. He publishes 18,000 words in newspapers and periodicals every month, and he can maintain a family of several people who almost don't have to go to work, but they still have a good life.

Take Mr. Lu Xun as an example. When he was a civil servant in the Ministry of Education, during the fourteen years (19 12 to 1926), his monthly salary was initially 60 yuan, which rose to 360 yuan every month. Because the government often defaulted at that time, what Lu Xun really got should be a monthly salary of 200 yuan. Someone converted it. According to the present situation, the monthly salary is 22,000 yuan.

From 1927 to 193 1 year, does Lu Xun's contribution income go to the Ministry of Education? Special writer? Part-time job, four years to get 14700 ocean remuneration, equivalent to the current RMB 1600000 yuan. In addition, he often writes for newspapers and periodicals, earning an average of 500 yuan a month. Add in royalties from works, and that's even more. According to some records, 1929 Beixin Bookstore compensated Lu Xun once? Royalty loss? , is twenty thousand dollars.